UHeinrich Schütz |

UHeinrich Schuetz

Schutz. Kleine geistliche konzerte. “O Herr, hilf” (i-orchestra nekhwaya eqhutshwa uWilhelm Echmann)

Injabulo yabafokazi, isibani saseJalimane, isonto, uMfundisi okhethiwe. Umbhalo osethuneni likaG. Schütz eDresden

H. Schutz emculweni waseJalimane uthatha indawo yodumo lwenzalamizi, “uyise womculo omusha waseJalimane” (inkulumo yesikhathi sakhe). Igalari yabaqambi abakhulu abaletha udumo lomhlaba wonke eJalimane iqala ngayo, futhi indlela eqondile eya ku-JS Bach nayo iyavezwa.

U-Schutz wayephila enkathini eyayiyivelakancane ngokuphathelene nokugcwala kwezehlakalo zaseYurophu nezomhlaba wonke, uguquko, ukuqala kokubala okusha emlandweni namasiko. Ukuphila kwakhe okude kwakuhlanganisa nezenzakalo ezibalulekile ezikhuluma ngokuhlukana kwezikhathi, iziphetho neziqalo, njengokushiswa kukaG. Bruno, ukuhoxiswa kukaG. Galileo, ukuqala kwemisebenzi ka-I. Newton kanye no-GV Leibniz, ukudalwa kuka-G. Hamlet futhi Don Quixote. Isikhundla sikaSchutz ngalesi sikhathi soshintsho asikho ekusungulweni okusha, kodwa ekuhlanganisweni kwezingqimba ezicebile zesiko kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, kanye nempumelelo yakamuva evela e-Italy. Wavula indlela entsha yentuthuko yomculo waseJalimane osemuva.

Abaculi baseJalimane babona uSchutze njengoMfundisi, ngisho nangaphandle kokuba abafundi bakhe ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama. Nakuba abafundi bangempela abaqhubeka nomsebenzi awuqala ezikhungweni zamasiko ezehlukene zezwe, ushiye okuningi. U-Schutz wenza okuningi ukuthuthukisa impilo yomculo eJalimane, eluleka, ehlela futhi eguqula inhlobonhlobo yama-chapel (akubanga ukushoda kwezimemo). Futhi lokhu kungaphezu komsebenzi wakhe omude njengomphathi webhendi kwenye yezinkantolo zomculo zokuqala eYurophu - eDresden, futhi iminyaka eminingana - eCopenhagen ehlonishwayo.

Uthisha wawo wonke amaJalimane, waqhubeka efunda kwabanye ngisho neminyaka yakhe yokukhula. Ngakho-ke, waya kabili eVenice ukuze athuthukise: ebusheni bakhe wafunda noG. Gabrieli odumile futhi kakade inkosi eyaziwayo yayikwazi ukutholwa nguC. Monteverdi. Umculi okhuthele, umhleli webhizinisi nososayensi, owashiya ngemuva imisebenzi yetiyetha ebalulekile eyaqoshwa ngumfundi wakhe amthandayo u-K. Bernhard, uSchutz kwakuyiyona ndlela efanelekile abaqambi besimanje baseJalimane ababeyifisa. Wayehlukaniswa ngolwazi olujulile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ezinhlobonhlobo zabakhulumeli bakhe kwakukhona izimbongi ezivelele zaseJalimane uM. Opitz, P. Fleming, I. Rist, kanye nabameli abaziwayo, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, nososayensi bemvelo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukukhetha kokugcina komkhakha womculi kwenziwa nguSchütz kuphela eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu, okuyinto, nokho, futhi yathinteka yintando yabazali bakhe, ababephupha ngokumbona njengommeli. USchütz waze waya nasezifundweni zezomthetho emanyuvesi aseMarburg naseLeipzig.

Ifa lokudala lomqambi likhulu kakhulu. Cishe izingoma ezingu-500 ziye zasinda, futhi lokhu, njengoba ochwepheshe basikisela, kuyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuphela zalokho akubhala. USchütz waqanjwa naphezu kobunzima obuningi nokulahlekelwa kwaze kwaba sekugugeni. Lapho eneminyaka engu-86, esezokufa futhi enakekela umculo ozozwakala emngcwabeni wakhe, wakha enye yezingoma zakhe ezihamba phambili - "German Magnificat". Nakuba kuphela umculo wezwi kaSchutz owaziwayo, ifa lakhe liyamangaza ngokuhlukahluka kwawo. Ungumbhali wama-madrigals ase-Italy amahle kanye nezindaba zevangeli ze-ascetic, ama-monologue avusa amadlingozi namahubo amahle kakhulu ahlukahlukene. Ungumnikazi we-opera yokuqala yesiJalimane, i-ballet (enokucula) ne-oratorio. Isiqondiso esiyinhloko somsebenzi wakhe, noma kunjalo, sihlotshaniswa nomculo ongcwele emibhalweni yeBhayibheli (amakhonsathi, ama-motets, izingoma, njll.), okwakuhambisana nezici zesiko lamaJalimane ngaleso sikhathi esimangalisayo saseJalimane kanye nezidingo ze izigaba ezibanzi kakhulu zabantu. Phela, ingxenye ebalulekile yendlela yokudala ye-Schutz yaqhubeka phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, iyamangalisa ngonya namandla ayo okubhubhisa. Ngokwesiko elide lamaProthestani, wayesebenza emisebenzini yakhe ngokuyinhloko hhayi njengomculi, kodwa njengomeluleki, umshumayeli, elwela ukuvusa nokuqinisa izimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme ezilalelini zakhe, ukuze amelane nokwesabeka kweqiniso ngesibindi nangobuntu.

Iphimbo elibalulekile lemisebenzi eminingi ka-Schutz ngezinye izikhathi lingabonakala lizincisha injabulo, liwomile, kodwa amakhasi angcono kakhulu omsebenzi wakhe asathintana nobumsulwa nenkulumo, ubuhle kanye nobuntu. Kulokhu banokuthile abafana ngakho nama-canvases ka-Rembrandt - umculi, ngokusho kwabaningi, ujwayelene no-Schutz futhi waze wamenza umfanekiso we-"Portrait of a Musician" yakhe.

O. Zakharova