Robert Schumann |

URobert Schumann

Ukukhanyisa ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yomuntu - lunjalo ubizo lomdwebi. R. Schumann

P. Tchaikovsky wayekholelwa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zizobiza ikhulu lesi-XNUMX. Isikhathi sikaSchumann emlandweni womculo. Futhi ngempela, umculo kaSchumann wathwebula into eyinhloko kwezobuciko besikhathi sakhe - okuqukethwe kwawo "kwakuyizinqubo ezijulile ezimangalisayo zokuphila okungokomoya" komuntu, inhloso yawo - ukungena "ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yomuntu."

UR. Schumann wazalelwa edolobheni laseZwickau lesifundazwe saseSaxon, emndenini womshicileli nomthengisi wezincwadi u-August Schumann, owashona ekuqaleni kuka-1826, kodwa wakwazi ukudlulisela endodaneni yakhe isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha kwezobuciko futhi wayikhuthaza ukuba itadishe umculo. nomculi wendawo u-I. Kuntsch. Kusukela esemncane, uSchumann wayethanda ukwenza kangcono upiyano, eneminyaka engu-13 wabhala iHubo lekwaya ne-orchestra, kodwa umculo wamkhanga kakhulu ezincwadini, lapho ekutadisha khona athuthuka kakhulu phakathi neminyaka yakhe. indawo yokuzivocavoca. Le nsizwa ethanda uthando yayingenaso nhlobo isithakazelo somthetho, eyayifunda emanyuvesi aseLeipzig naseHeidelberg (1828-30).

Amakilasi nothisha odumile wepiyano uF. Wieck, ohambela amakhonsathi eLeipzig, ukujwayelana nemisebenzi kaF. Schubert kwaba nesandla esinqumweni sokuzinikela emculweni. Ngobunzima bokunqoba ukuphikiswa kwezihlobo zakhe, u-Schumann waqala izifundo ezijulile zepiyano, kodwa isifo esandleni sakhe sokunene (ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kwemishini yeminwe) savala umsebenzi wakhe njengomdlali wepiyano. Ngentshiseko eyengeziwe, u-Schumann uzinikela ekuqambeni umculo, uthatha izifundo zokuqamba ku-G. Dorn, ufunda umsebenzi ka-JS Bach no-L. Beethoven. Kakade imisebenzi yepiyano yokuqala eshicilelwe (Ukuhlukahluka kwendikimba ka-Abegg, "Butterflies", 1830-31) yabonisa ukuzimela kombhali osemusha.

Kusukela ngo-1834, uSchumann waba umhleli futhi wabe esengumshicileli weNew Musical Journal, eyayihlose ukulwa nemisebenzi ekha phezulu yabaqambi be-virtuoso ababegcwele isiteji sekhonsathi ngaleso sikhathi, ngokulingisa ubuciko bezandla zakudala, ubuciko obusha obujulile. , ekhanyiswa ugqozi lobunkondlo . Ezihlokweni zakhe, ezibhalwe ngendlela yobuciko yasekuqaleni - ngokuvamile ngendlela yezigcawu, izingxoxo, ama-aphorisms, njll. - USchumann unikeza umfundi ubuciko beqiniso obufanele, abubona emisebenzini ka-F. Schubert no-F. Mendelssohn , F. Chopin no-G Berlioz, emculweni wakudala wase-Viennese, emdlalweni ka-N. Paganini kanye nomdlali wepiyano osemusha u-Clara Wieck, indodakazi kathisha wakhe. U-Schumann wakwazi ukuqoqa eduze kwakhe abantu abanomqondo ofanayo abavela emakhasini omagazini njengoDavidsbündlers - amalungu e-"David Brotherhood" ("Davidsbund"), uhlobo lwenyunyana engokomoya yabaculi bangempela. U-Schumann ngokwakhe wayevame ukusayina ukubuyekezwa kwakhe ngamagama aqanjiwe Davidsbündlers Florestan no-Eusebius. UFlorestan uthambekele ekwenyukeni nasekuweni okunobudlova kwenganekwane, ukudideka, izahlulelo zika-Eusebius ophuphayo zithambile. Engxenyeni yemidlalo yesici ethi "Carnival" (1834-35), uSchumann udala izithombe zomculo zikaDavidsbündlers - Chopin, Paganini, Clara (ngaphansi kwegama likaChiarina), u-Eusebius, uFlorestan.

Ukushuba okuphezulu kwamandla angokomoya kanye nokukhuphuka okuphezulu kobuhlakani bokudala ("Izicucu Ezinhle", "Imidanso yamaDavidsbündlers", iFantasia ku-C enkulu, "Kreisleriana", "Novelettes", "Humoresque", "Viennese Carnival") ilethe uSchumann ingxenye yesibili yama-30s. , eyadlula ngaphansi kwesibonakaliso somzabalazo welungelo lokuhlangana noClara Wieck (F. Wieck ngazo zonke izindlela okungenzeka ukuthi wawuvimbela lo mshado). Emzamweni wokuthola inkundla ebanzi yemisebenzi yakhe yomculo nezintatheli, uSchumann uchitha isizini ka-1838-39. e-Vienna, kodwa abaphathi be-Metternich nokucwaninga kwavimbela iphephabhuku ukuthi lishicilelwe lapho. E-Vienna, u-Schumann wathola umbhalo wesandla we-Schubert's Symphony "enkulu" ku-C enkulu, enye yezingqikithi ze-symphonism yothando.

Ngo-1840 - unyaka wenyunyana okudala ilindelwe noClara - yaba unyaka wezingoma kuSchumann. Ukuzwela okumangalisayo ezinkondlweni, ulwazi olujulile lomsebenzi wabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi kwaba nesandla ekugcwalisekeni emijikelezweni eminingi yezingoma kanye nezingoma zomuntu ngamunye zokuhlangana kweqiniso nezinkondlo, ukufana nse emculweni wephimbo lenkondlo lika-G. Heine (“Umbuthano we Izingoma” op. 24, “Uthando Lwezimbongi”), I. Eichendorff (“Umjikelezo Wezingoma”, op. 39), A. Chamisso (“Uthando Nokuphila Kowesifazane”), R. Burns, F. Rückert, J. Byron, GX Andersen nabanye. Futhi kamuva, insimu yokudala amazwi yaqhubeka ikhula imisebenzi emangalisayo ("Izinkondlo Eziyisithupha zikaN. Lenau" kanye ne-Requiem - 1850, "Izingoma ezivela ku-"Wilhelm Meister" ka-IV Goethe" - 1849, njll.).

Impilo nomsebenzi kaSchumann kuma-40-50s. kwageleza ngokushintshana kokukhuphuka nokwehla, okuhlobene kakhulu nokugula kwengqondo, izimpawu zokuqala ezavela ngo-1833. inhloko-dolobha yaseSaxony ngo-40-1845. ), ehambisana nezenzakalo zezinguquko eYurophu, kanye nokuqala kokuphila eDüsseldorf (50). U-Schumann uqamba okuningi, ufundisa eLeipzig Conservatory, eyavulwa ngo-1850, futhi kusukela ngonyaka ofanayo uqala ukwenza njengomqhubi. EDresden naseDüsseldorf, ubuye aqondise ikhwaya, ezinikela kulo msebenzi ngesasasa. Ezinkambweni ezimbalwa ezenziwe noClara, olude noluhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwakuwuhambo oluya eRussia (1843). Kusukela 1844-60s. Umculo kaSchumann ngokushesha waba yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lomculo laseRussia. Wayethandwa nguM. Balakirev noM. Mussorgsky, A. Borodin futhi ikakhulukazi uTchaikovsky, owayebheka uSchumann njengomqambi wesimanje ovelele kakhulu. U-A. Rubinstein wayengumdlali okhaliphile wemisebenzi yepiyano ka-Schumann.

Ukudala kwe-40-50s. okumakwe ukwanda okuphawulekayo kobubanzi bezinhlobo. U-Schumann ubhala ama-symphonies (Okokuqala - "Spring", 1841, Okwesibili, 1845-46; Okwesithathu - "Rhine", 1850; Okwesine, uhlelo lwe-1841-1st, uhlelo lwe-1851 - lwesibili), ama-chamber ensembles (2 strings 3 quartet, 1842 trios , i-quartet yepiyano ne-quintet, ihlanganisa ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-clarinet - kufaka phakathi "Izindaba Ezijabulisayo" ze-clarinet, i-viola nepiyano, i-sonatas engu-3 ye-violin nepiyano, njll.); amakhonsathi opiyano (2-1841), i-cello (45), i-violin (1850); izinhlelo zekhonsathi (“The Bride of Messina” ngokukaSchiller, 1853; “Hermann and Dorothea” ngokukaGoethe kanye “noJulius Caesar” ngokukaShakespeare – 1851), ekhombisa ubuhlakani ekuphatheni izinhlobo zakudala. I-Piano Concerto kanye ne-Fourth Symphony zigqama ngenxa yesibindi sazo sokuvuselela kabusha, i-Quintet ku-E-flat enkulu ngokuhambisana okukhethekile kwe-embodiment kanye nogqozi lwemicabango yomculo. Esinye seziphetho zawo wonke umsebenzi womqambi kwakuwumculo wenkondlo kaByron ethi “Manfred” (1851) – ingqopha-mlando ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-symphonism yothando endleleni esuka kuBeethoven iya eLiszt, Tchaikovsky, Brahms. USchumann naye akakhapheli upiyano lwakhe aluthandayo (Izigcawu Zasehlathini, 1848-1848 nezinye izingcezu) - umsindo wakhe onikeza izingoma zegumbi lakhe kanye nezinhlamvu zezwi ngezwi elikhethekile. Ukufuna umqambi emkhakheni womculo wephimbo nowedrama akuzange kukhathale (i-oratorio “Paradise and Peri” ka-T. Moore – 49; Izigcawu ezivela ku-“Faust” kaGoethe, 1843-1844; ama-ballads abaculi abacula yedwa, ikhwaya ne-orchestra; isebenza yezinhlobo ezingcwele, njll.) . Inkundla ye-Leipzig ye-opera ka-Schumann okuwukuphela kwayo i-Genoveva (53-1847) esekelwe ku-F. Gobbel kanye no-L. Tieck, efana netulo lama-opera omculo wothando waseJalimane ka-KM Weber no-R. Wagner, ayizange imlethele impumelelo.

Isenzakalo esikhulu seminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kuka-Schumann kwaba ukuhlangana kwakhe nama-Brahms oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Isihloko esithi "Izindlela Ezintsha", lapho uSchumann abikezela khona ikusasa elihle lendlalifa yakhe engokomoya (wayehlale ephatha abaqambi abasha ngokuzwela okungavamile), waqeda umsebenzi wakhe wokukhangisa. Ngo-February 1854, ukuhlasela okunzima kokugula kwaholela emzamweni wokuzibulala. Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka engu-2 esibhedlela (Endenich, eduze kwaseBonn), uSchumann washona. Iningi lemibhalo yesandla kanye nemibhalo igcinwe e-House-Museum yakhe eZwickau (eJalimane), lapho kuhlala khona imiqhudelwano yabashayi bopiyano, abahlabeleli kanye namaqoqo aqanjwe ngomqambi.

Umsebenzi ka-Schumann waphawula isigaba esivuthiwe sokuthandana komculo nokunaka kwawo okuphakeme ekufanekiseni izinqubo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphila komuntu. Imijikelezo yepiyano nezwi lika-Schumann, imisebenzi eminingi ye-chamber-instrumental, ye-symphonic yavula umhlaba omusha wobuciko, izinhlobo ezintsha zezinkulumo zomculo. Umculo kaSchumann ungacatshangwa njengochungechunge lwezikhathi zomculo ezinamandla ngokumangalisayo, ezithwebula izimo zengqondo ezishintshayo nezihlukaniswa kahle kakhulu zomuntu. Lokhu kungaba futhi izithombe zomculo, ezithwebula ngokunembile kokubili uhlamvu lwangaphandle kanye nengqikithi yangaphakathi yalowo obonisiwe.

U-Schumann unikeze izihloko zohlelo emisebenzini yakhe eminingi, eklanyelwe ukujabulisa umlaleli nomculi. Umsebenzi wakhe uxhumene kakhulu nezincwadi - nomsebenzi kaJean Paul (JP Richter), TA Hoffmann, G. Heine nabanye. Ama-miniatures ka-Schumann angafaniswa nezinkondlo zamagama, imidlalo enemininingwane eminingi - nezinkondlo, izindaba zothando, lapho izihloko zezindaba ezihlukene ngezinye izikhathi zihlotshaniswa ngendlela eyinqaba, ukuphenduka kwangempela kube okumangalisayo, kuvela ukwehla kwamagama, njll. izidalwa. Kulo mjikelezo wezingcezu zepiyano eziqanjiwe, kanye nasemjikelezweni wezwi wezinkondlo zikaHeine “The Love of a Poet”, kuvela isithombe somculi wothando, imbongi yeqiniso, ekwazi ukuzizwa ibukhali ngendlela engapheli, “inamandla, ivutha futhi ithenda. ”, ngesinye isikhathi ephoqeleka ukuthi afihle ingqikithi yakhe yangempela ngaphansi kwenhlamba kanye nobuffoonery, ukuze kamuva akudalule ngobuqotho nangobubele noma agxile emcabangweni ojulile ... umfutho wokuhlubuka, osesithombeni sakhe kukhona izici zefilosofi nezidabukisayo. Izithombe ezihunyushwayo zemvelo, amaphupho amahle, izinganekwane zasendulo, izithombe zobuntwana (“Izigcawu Zezingane” – 1838; upiyano (1848) kanye nezwi (1849) “Ama-albhamu Entsha”) zihambisana nomkhakha wobuciko womculi omkhulu, “ imbongi esezingeni eliphezulu”, njengoba uV. Stasov akubiza kanjalo.

E. Tsareva

• Impilo nomsebenzi kaSchumann →
• Ipiyano kaSchumann iyasebenza →
• Imisebenzi ye-Chamber-instrumental ka-Schumann →
• Umsebenzi wezwi kaSchumann →
• Imisebenzi kaSchumann yephimbo kanye nemidlalo emangalisayo →
• Imisebenzi yeSymphonic kaSchumann →
• Uhlu lwemisebenzi ka-Schumann →

Amazwi kaSchuman “ukukhanyisa ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yomuntu – lena inhloso yomdwebi” – indlela eqondile yolwazi lobuciko bakhe. Bambalwa abantu abangaqhathaniswa noSchumann ekungeneni lapho edlulisela khona ama-nuances amahle kakhulu wokuphila komphefumulo womuntu ngemisindo. Izwe lemizwa liyintwasahlobo engashi yezithombe zakhe zomculo nezinkondlo.

Okunye okuphawulekayo okunye okwashiwo nguSchumann: “Umuntu akufanele azicwilise ngokweqile, kuyilapho kulula ukulahlekelwa ukubheka umhlaba okuzungezile kalula.” Futhi uSchumann walandela iseluleko sakhe. Lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala wathatha umzabalazo wokulwa ne-inertia kanye ne-philistinism. (i-philistine yigama lesiJalimane elihlangene elenza samuntu umthengisi, umuntu onombono wamaphilistine osemuva ngempilo, ezombusazwe, ezobuciko) kwezobuciko. Umoya wokulwa, wokuvukela kanye nothando, wagcwalisa imisebenzi yakhe yomculo kanye nezihloko zakhe ezibucayi ezinesibindi, ezavula indlela yezenzakalo ezintsha eziqhubekayo zobuciko.

Ukungavumelani nenqubo, inhlamba uSchumann wayenza impilo yakhe yonke. Kodwa lesi sifo, esasikhula ngamandla minyaka yonke, sakhulisa ukwethuka nokuzwela kothando kwemvelo yakhe, ngokuvamile sasivimbela umdlandla namandla ayezinikele ngawo emisebenzini yomculo neyomphakathi. Ubunkimbinkimbi besimo senhlalakahle nepolitiki eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi nakho kwaba nomthelela. Noma kunjalo, ezimweni zesakhiwo se-semi-feudal reactionary state, u-Schumann wakwazi ukulondoloza ukuhlanzeka kwezimiso zokuziphatha, ahlale ehlala yedwa futhi avuse ukuvutha kokudala kwabanye.

“Ayikho into engokoqobo edalwa kwezobuciko ngaphandle komdlandla,” la mazwi amangalisayo omqambi embula ingqikithi yezifiso zakhe zokudala. Umdwebi ozwelayo futhi ocabanga ngokujulile, akakwazanga ukuzibamba kodwa wasabela obizweni lwezikhathi, ukuze avumele ithonya elikhuthazayo lenkathi yezinguquko kanye nezimpi zenkululeko yezwe ezazamazamisa iYurophu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ukungajwayelekile kwezothando kwezithombe zomculo nezingoma, intshiseko uSchumann ayilethe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, yaphazamisa ukuthula obuthongo kwamaphilistina aseJalimane. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi umsebenzi kaSchumann wathuliswa abezindaba futhi akazange athole ukuqashelwa ezweni lakubo isikhathi eside. Indlela yokuphila kaSchumann yayinzima. Kusukela ekuqaleni, umzabalazo welungelo lokuba umculi wanquma isimo esishubile futhi ngezinye izikhathi sokwesaba empilweni yakhe. Ukuwa kwamaphupho ngezinye izikhathi kwathathelwa indawo ukugcwaliseka okungazelelwe kwamathemba, izikhathi zenjabulo enkulu - ukucindezeleka okujulile. Konke lokhu kwagxivizwa emakhasini anyakazayo omculo kaSchumann.

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Kubantu besikhathi sikaSchumann, umsebenzi wakhe wawubonakala ungaqondakali futhi ungafinyeleleki. Ulimi lomculo olungajwayelekile, izithombe ezintsha, amafomu amasha - konke lokhu kwakudinga ukulalela okujulile nokushuba, okungajwayelekile ezithamelini zamahholo ekhonsathi.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaLiszt, owazama ukukhuthaza umculo kaSchumann, kwaphela ngokudabukisayo. Encwadini ayibhalela umlobi wokuphila kukaSchumann, uLiszt wabhala: “Izikhathi eziningi ngangihluleka kakhulu ngemidlalo yeshashalazi kaSchumann emizini yabazalwane nasemakhonsathini omphakathi kangangokuthi ngaphelelwa isibindi sokuwafaka ezingqwembeni zami.”

Kodwa ngisho naphakathi kwabaculi, ubuciko bukaSchumann benza indlela yabo yokuqonda ngobunzima. Ingasaphathwa eye-Mendelssohn, umoya wokuhlubuka ka-Schumann owawungaziwa kakhulu kuye, yena lo Liszt - omunye wabaculi abanokuqonda kakhulu nabazwelayo - wamukela uSchumann kancane, ezivumela inkululeko efana nokwenza "Carnival" ngokusikeka.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-50s kuphela, umculo kaSchumann waqala ukugxila empilweni yomculo neyekhonsathi, ukuthola imibuthano ebanzi yabalandeli nabathandi. Phakathi kwabantu bokuqala abaqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo kwangempela kwakukhona abaculi baseRussia abahamba phambili. U-Anton Grigoryevich Rubinshtein wadlala kakhulu futhi ngokuzithandela uSchumann, futhi kwaba ngokunembile ukusebenza kwe-"Carnival" kanye "ne-Symphonic Etudes" eyenza umxhwele kakhulu kubabukeli.

Uthando ngoSchumann lwafakazelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nguTchaikovsky nabaholi be-Mighty Handful. U-Tchaikovsky wakhuluma ngokujulile ngo-Schumann, ephawula isimanje esijabulisayo somsebenzi kaSchumann, ubusha bokuqukethwe, ubusha bokucabanga komculo womqambi. “Umculo kaSchumann,” kubhala uTchaikovsky, “ohambisana nomsebenzi kaBeethoven futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlukana nawo ngokucijile, usivulela lonke izwe lezinhlobo ezintsha zomculo, uthinta izintambo abanduleli bakhe abakhulu abangakazithinti. Kuyo sithola ukunanela kwalezo zinqubo zomoya ezingaqondakali zempilo yethu engokomoya, lokho kungabaza, ukuphelelwa ithemba kanye nemibono ebheke ebuhleni obungaphezu kwenhliziyo yomuntu wesimanje.

U-Schumann ungowesizukulwane sesibili sabaculi bothando abathathe indawo ka-Weber, uSchubert. U-Schumann ezicini eziningi waqala kusukela ku-Schubert ongasekho, kusukela kulowo mkhakha womsebenzi wakhe, lapho izakhi ze-lyrical-dramatic and psychological zadlala indima ebalulekile.

Itimu eyinhloko yokudala kaSchumann yizwe lezimo zangaphakathi zomuntu, impilo yakhe engokwengqondo. Kunezici ekubukeni kweqhawe likaSchumann elifana nelikaSchubert, kukhona futhi okusha, okungokwemvelo kumculi wesizukulwane esihlukile, onohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi noluphikisanayo lwemicabango nemizwa. Izithombe zobuciko nezinkondlo zikaSchumann, ezintekenteke futhi ezicwengekile, zazalwa engqondweni, zibona kahle ukuphikisana okwandayo ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakuyilokhu kusabela okweqile kokusabela ezenzakalweni zempilo okwadala ukungezwani okungavamile namandla "omphumela wentshiseko yemizwa kaSchumann" (Asafiev). Akekho noyedwa kwabaphila ngesikhathi sika-Schumann waseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngaphandle kuka-Chopin, onothando olunjalo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemizwelo ehlukahlukene.

Esimweni sika-Schumann esamukela ngokwesaba, umuzwa wegebe phakathi kokucabanga, ubuntu obuzwa ngokujulile kanye nezimo zangempela zeqiniso elizungezile, elitholwa abaculi abahamba phambili benkathi, landa kakhulu. Ufuna ukugcwalisa ukungapheleli kobukhona ngephupho lakhe, ukuphikisa impilo engabonakali nezwe elifanele, indawo yamaphupho kanye nenganekwane ebunkondlo. Ekugcineni, lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuphindaphindeka kwezimo zokuphila kwaqala ukuncipha kuze kube semingcele yendawo yomuntu siqu, impilo yangaphakathi. Ukuzijulisa, ukugxila emizweni yomuntu, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwaqinisa ukukhula kwesimiso sengqondo emsebenzini kaSchumann.

Imvelo, impilo yansuku zonke, umhlaba wonke onenjongo, njengokungathi, kuncike esimweni esinikezwe umdwebi, anemibala ethoni yesimo sakhe somuntu siqu. Imvelo emsebenzini kaSchumann ayikho ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe; njalo ibonisa imizwa yakhe, ithatha umbala ohambisana nayo. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezithombe ezinhle kakhulu. Encwadini kaSchumann, uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi kaWeber noma uMendelssohn, ukuxhumana nobukhazikhazi obuvezwa imibono yabantu buthaka ngokuphawulekayo. Inganekwane kaSchumann imane iyiphupho lemibono yakhe, ngezinye izikhathi exakile futhi engenangqondo, ebangelwa umdlalo womcabango wobuciko.

Ukuqiniswa kokuzithoba kanye nezisusa ezingokwengqondo, imvelo evame ukutholakala ngokuphila kwayo kokusungula, akuphazamisi inani eliyingqayizivele lomhlaba wonke lomculo ka-Schumann, ngoba lezi zenzakalo zifana ngokujulile nenkathi ka-Schumann. U-Belinsky ukhulume ngokuphawulekayo ngokubaluleka kwesimiso sokuziphendulela kwezobuciko: "Ethalenteni elikhulu, ukweqisa kwento yangaphakathi, ezithobayo kuwuphawu lwesintu. Ungesabi lesi siqondiso: ngeke sikukhohlise, ngeke sikudukise. Imbongi enkulu, ikhuluma ngayo, ngeyakhe я, ukhuluma ngokujwayelekile - kwesintu, ngoba emvelweni yakhe kukhona yonke into isintu esiphila ngayo. Ngakho-ke, ekudabukeni kwakhe, emphefumulweni wakhe, wonke umuntu uyaqaphela owakhe futhi ubona kuye hhayi kuphela imbongiKodwa abantuumfowabo esintwini. Ngokumqaphela njengomuntu ophakeme ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kunaye, wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esifanayo uyabubona ubuhlobo bakhe naye.

Kanye nokujula emhlabeni wangaphakathi emsebenzini kaSchumann, kwenzeka enye inqubo ebaluleke ngokulinganayo: ububanzi bokuqukethwe okubalulekile komculo buyakhula. Impilo ngokwayo, ukuphakela umsebenzi womqambi ngezimo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, yethula izici zokusatshalaliswa komphakathi, ukucaciswa kwezinhlamvu ezibukhali kanye nobuqiniso kukho. Ngokokuqala ngqa emculweni wezinsimbi, ukuma ngobude, imidwebo, izigcawu ezinembe kakhulu kusici sakho ziyavela. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso eliphilayo ngezinye izikhathi lihlasela amakhasi omculo kaSchumann ngesibindi futhi ngokungajwayelekile. USchumann ngokwakhe uyavuma ukuthi “ujabulisa konke okwenzeka emhlabeni – ezombangazwe, izincwadi, abantu; Ngicabanga ngakho konke lokhu ngendlela yami, bese konke kucela ukuphuma, ngifuna inkulumo emculweni.

Ukusebenzisana okungaphezi kwangaphandle nangaphakathi kugcwalisa umculo ka-Schumann ngokugqama okubukhali. Kodwa iqhawe lakhe uqobo liyaphikisana. Phela, uSchumann unikeze imvelo yakhe ngezinhlamvu ezahlukene zikaFlorestan no-Eusebius.

Ukuhlubuka, ukucindezeleka kokusesha, ukunganeliseki ngempilo kubangela izinguquko ezisheshayo ezimo zemizwa - ukusuka ekuphelelweni yithemba okunesivunguvungu kuya ekukhuthazeni nasekushisekeleni - noma kuthathelwe indawo ukucabanga okuthule, ukuphupha emini.

Ngokwemvelo, lo mhlaba owalukwe ngenxa yokungqubuzana nokuqhathanisa wawudinga izindlela ezithile ezikhethekile namafomu ukuze usetshenziswe. U-Schumann ukuveze kakhulu ngokuphila nangokuqondile kupiyano lwakhe nasemibhalweni yakhe. Lapho wathola amafomu ayemvumela ukuba azitike ngokukhululekile emdlalweni we-whimsical of fantasy, engaphoqwa yizinhlelo ezinikeziwe zamafomu asevele esunguliwe. Kodwa emisebenzini eqanjwe kabanzi, kuma-symphonies, isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingoma ngezinye izikhathi kwakuphikisana nomqondo wohlobo lwe-symphony nesidingo sawo esingokwemvelo sokuthuthukiswa okunengqondo nokungaguquki kombono. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emgudwini womnyakazo owodwa oya kuManfred, ukusondela kwezinye izici zeqhawe lika-Byron ezweni langaphakathi lomqambi kwamkhuthaza ukuba enze umsebenzi omangalisayo ojulile womuntu ngamunye. Isazi semfundo ephakeme u-Asafiev sichaza “uManfred” kaSchumann “njengengoma edabukisayo “yobuntu obuziqhenyayo” obudumele, obulahlekile emphakathini.

Amakhasi amaningi omculo wobuhle obungachazeki aqukethe izingoma zegumbi lika-Schumann. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-quintet yepiyano enomfutho womnyakazo wayo wokuqala, izithombe ezihlasimulisa umzimba zesibili kanye nomnyakazo wokugcina wefestive.

Ubusha bokucabanga kukaSchumann buvezwe ngolimi lomculo - olwangempela noloqobo. I-melody, ukuvumelana, isigqi kubonakala kuthobela ukunyakaza okuncane kwezithombe ezixakile, ukuhlukahluka kwemizwa. Isigqi siba siguquguquke ngendlela engavamile futhi sinwebeka, sinikeze indwangu yomculo yemisebenzi ngesici esibukhali esiyingqayizivele. "Ukulalela" ngokujulile "izinqubo ezingaqondakali zempilo kamoya" kubangela ukunakwa okuseduze ikakhulukazi ekuvumelaneni. Akukona ize ukuthi enye yezingoma zikaDavidsbündler ithi: “Emculweni, njengasechess, indlovukazi (umculo womculo) ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa inkosi (ukuvumelana) yiyona enqumayo.”

Zonke izici, "Schumannian" kuphela, zazifakwe ngokugqama okukhulu kumculo wakhe wepiyano. Ubusha bolimi lomculo lukaSchumann buthola ukuqhubeka nokuthuthuka emazwini akhe ezingoma.

V. Galatskaya

Umsebenzi kaSchumann ungomunye weziqongo zobuciko bomculo bomhlaba bekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ukuthambekela okuthuthukisiwe kobuhle besiko lamaJalimane enkathini yama-20s nama-40s kwathola inkulumo ecacile emculweni wakhe. Ukuphikisana okukhona emsebenzini kaSchumann kwabonisa ukuphikisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwempilo yezenhlalo yesikhathi sakhe.

Ubuciko buka-Schumann bugcwele lowo moya wokungaphumuli, wokuhlubuka omenza ahlobane no-Byron, u-Heine, u-Hugo, u-Berlioz, u-Wagner nabanye abaculi bothando abavelele.

Hhayi mangopha Kodwa nginike isikhala maduze. Ngiyesaba ukuminza lapha Ezweni elilahliwe labathengisi… Cha, ububi obungcono Bokugetshengwa, udlame, ukugetshengwa, Kunokuziphatha okuhle kokugcinwa kwamabhuku Kanye nobuhle bobuso obusuthiswe kahle. Hey cloud, ngisuse Thatha nawe ohambweni olude oluya eLapland, noma oluya e-Afrika, Noma okungenani uye eStettin - ndawana thize! - (Kuhunyushwe ngu-V. Levik)

UHeine wabhala ngenhlekelele yomuntu owayecabanga. Ngaphansi kwala mavesi uSchumann wayengabhalisa. Emculweni wakhe ovuthayo, ovuthayo, ukubhikisha komuntu onganelisekile futhi ongahlaliseki kuzwakala njalo. Umsebenzi kaSchumann wawuyinselele “emhlabeni wabahwebi” ozondwayo, ubuwula bawo bokulondoloza imvelo kanye nomqondo omncane wokuzigculisa. Ukhuthazwe umoya wokubhikisha, umculo ka-Schumann waveza ngokucacile izifiso nezifiso zabantu ezihamba phambili.

Ungqondongqondo onombono othuthukile wezepolitiki, onozwela ezinhlakeni zamavukelambuso, isikhulu somphakathi, umsakazi wenkulumo-ze oshisekayo wenhloso yokuziphatha yobuciko, u-Schumann wagxeka ngokucasuka ubuze obungokomoya, ubunxiwankulu bonxiwankulu bempilo yesimanje yobuciko. Uzwela lwakhe lomculo lwalusohlangothini lukaBeethoven, Schubert, Bach, ubuciko bakhe obumsebenzele njengesilinganiso esiphezulu sobuciko. Emsebenzini wakhe, wayefuna ukuthembela emasikweni esizwe, ezinhlotsheni zentando yeningi ezivamile empilweni yaseJalimane.

Ngentshisekelo yakhe yemvelo, u-Schumann wacela ukuvuselelwa kokuqukethwe kokuziphatha komculo, ukwakheka kwawo okungokomfanekiso-ngokomzwelo.

Kodwa ingqikithi yokuhlubuka yathola kuye uhlobo lokuchazwa kwezingoma nezingokwengqondo. Ngokungafani no-Heine, u-Hugo, u-Berlioz nabanye abaculi bothando, ama-civic pathos ayengeyona into ephawulekayo kuye. USchumann muhle ngenye indlela. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu yefa lakhe elihlukahlukene “ukuvuma kwendodana yenkathi.” Le timu yakhathaza abantu abaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sika-Schumann futhi yafakwa kweka-Byron ethi Manfred, Müller-Schubert ethi The Winter Journey, kanye ne-Fantastic Symphony ka-Berlioz. Izwe elicebile langaphakathi lomculi njengesibonakaliso sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuphila kwangempela okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kobuciko bukaSchumann. Lapha umqambi ufinyelela ukujula okukhulu komqondo namandla okukhuluma. U-Schumann waba ngowokuqala ukukhombisa emculweni izinhlobonhlobo eziningi kangaka zokuhlangenwe nakho kontanga yakhe, izinhlobonhlobo zemithunzi yabo, izinguquko ezicashile zezimo zengqondo. Idrama yenkathi, inkimbinkimbi nokungahambisani kwayo kwathola ukuphikiswa okungavamile ezithombeni zengqondo zomculo kaSchumann.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi womqambi awugcwaliswa nje kuphela ngokuvukela, kodwa futhi nokuphupha kwezinkondlo. Edala izithombe ze-autobiographical zika-Florestan no-Eusebius emisebenzini yakhe yezincwadi nezomculo, uSchumann empeleni uhlanganise kuzo izinhlobo ezimbili ezeqisayo zokuveza ukungezwani kwezothando neqiniso. Enkondlweni kaHeine engenhla, umuntu angawabona amaqhawe kaSchumann - uFlorestan ophikisayo (ukhetha ukugetshengwa “kokuziphatha okuhle kwezimali kobuso osuthé kahle”) kanye nomphuphi u-Eusebius (kanye nefu eliyiswe emazweni angaziwa). Itimu yephupho lothando isebenza njengentambo ebomvu kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Kukhona into ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthi u-Schumann wahlobanisa omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ayithanda kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ngobuciko nesithombe sika-Hoffmann's Kapellmeister Kreisler. Imiyalo enesivunguvungu eya emuhle ngendlela engafinyeleleki yenza u-Schumann ahlobane nalo mculi onamawala, ongalinganiseli.

Kodwa, ngokungafani ne-prototype yakhe yemibhalo, u-Schumann "akakhuphuki" kakhulu ngaphezu kweqiniso njengoba elinkondlo. Wayazi indlela yokubona ingqikithi yayo yobunkondlo ngaphansi kwegobolondo lempilo yansuku zonke, wayazi ukuthi angakhetha kanjani okuhle okuvela emibonweni yempilo yangempela. U-Schumann uletha amathoni amasha, emikhosi, acwebezelayo emculweni, ebanikeza izithunzi eziningi ezimibalabala.

Mayelana nobusha bezindikimba nezithombe zobuciko, ngokuya ngobuhlakani bawo obungokwengqondo neqiniso, umculo kaSchumann uyinto eyandisa kakhulu imingcele yobuciko bomculo bekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Umsebenzi kaSchumann, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yepiyano kanye nezinhlamvu zephimbo, ube nomthelela omkhulu emculweni wengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Izingcezu zepiyano nama-symphonies e-Brahms, izingoma eziningi nezinsimbi zikaGrieg, imisebenzi kaWolf, uFrank nabanye abaqambi abaningi basukela emculweni kaSchumann. Abaqambi baseRussia balazisa kakhulu ikhono likaSchumann. Ithonya lakhe labonakala emsebenzini kaBalakirev, uBorodin, uCui, ikakhulukazi uTchaikovsky, ongagcini nje ekamelweni, kodwa futhi emkhakheni we-symphonic, wathuthukisa futhi wahlanganisa izici eziningi zesici sobuhle bukaSchumann.

“Kungashiwo ngokuqiniseka,” kubhala u-PI Tchaikovsky, “ukuthi umculo wengxenye yesibili yekhulu leminyaka lamanje uzokwakha inkathi emlandweni wezobuciko wesikhathi esizayo, izizukulwane ezizayo ezizowubiza ngokuthi okaSchumann. Umculo kaSchumann, osondelene nomsebenzi kaBeethoven futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlukanisa kakhulu nawo, uvula umhlaba wonke wezinhlobo ezintsha zomculo, uthinta izintambo abanduleli bakhe abakhulu abangakazithinti. Kuyo sithola ukunanela kwalezo … izinqubo ezijulile zempilo yethu engokomoya, lokho kungabaza, ukuphelelwa ithemba kanye nemibono ebheke empumelelweni ebusa inhliziyo yomuntu wesimanje.

V. Konen

• Impilo nomsebenzi kaSchumann →
• Ipiyano kaSchumann iyasebenza →
• Imisebenzi ye-Chamber-instrumental ka-Schumann →
• Umsebenzi wezwi kaSchumann →
• Imisebenzi yeSymphonic kaSchumann →