Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Ama-Pergoles. "Incekukazi". I-Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)

Umqambi we-opera wase-Italy u-J. Pergolesi wangena emlandweni womculo njengomunye wabadali bohlobo lwe-opera ye-buffa. Emsuka wayo, exhumene namasiko amahlaya esintu kamaski (dell'arte), i-opera buffa yaba nesandla ekusungulweni kwezimiso zezwe, zentando yeningi enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi yekhulu lesi-XNUMX; wacebisa i-arsenal yedramaturgy ye-opera ngamagama amasha, amafomu, namasu esiteji. Amaphethini ohlobo olusha olwakhiwe emsebenzini kaPergolesi embule ukuguquguquka, ikhono lokuvuselelwa kanye nokwenza izinguquko ezihlukahlukene. Ukuthuthukiswa komlando kwe-onepa-buffa kuholela ezibonelweni zokuqala zikaPergolesi ("Inceku-Mistress") - kuya ku-WA ​​Mozart ("Umshado kaFigaro") kanye noG. Rossini ("I-Barber yaseSeville") kanye nokunye. ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX (“Falstaff” ka-J. Verdi, “Mavra” ka-I. Stravinsky, umqambi wasebenzisa izingqikithi zikaPergolesi ku-ballet ethi “Pulcinella”, “The Love for Three Oranges” ka-S. Prokofiev).

Impilo yonke kaPergolesi yachithwa eNaples, edume ngesikole sayo esidumile se-opera. Lapho waphothula e-conservatory (phakathi kothisha bakhe kwakukhona abaqambi be-opera abadumile - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). Ethiyetha ye-Neapolitan yaseSan Bartolomeo, i-opera yokuqala kaPergolesi, i-Salustia (1731), yadlalwa, kwathi ngemva konyaka, i-opera ethi The Proud Prisoner yenzeka endaweni yeshashalazi efanayo. Kodwa-ke, kwakungewona umdlalo oyinhloko owakhanga umphakathi, kodwa izixuku ezimbili zamahlaya, lapho uPergolesi, elandela isiko elakhiwe kumathiyetha ase-Italy, wabeka phakathi kwezenzo ze-opera seria. Ngokushesha, ekhuthazwe yimpumelelo, umqambi wahlanganisa lezi zingoma ze-opera ezimele - "I-Servant-Mistress". Konke kwakukusha kulo mdlalo - itulo elilula lansuku zonke (inceku ehlakaniphile nenobuqili uSerpina ishada nenkosi yayo u-Uberto futhi iba yinkosikazi uqobo), izici zomculo ezihlakaniphile zabalingiswa, ama-ensembles ajabulisayo, asebenzayo, isitolo sengoma nomdanso wamaphimbo. Ukushesha kwemidlalo yasesiteji bekudinga amakhono amakhulu okulingisa kubadlali.

Enye yama-buffa opera yokuqala, eyaduma kakhulu e-Italy, i-Maid-Madame yaba nesandla ekuchumeni kwe-comic opera kwamanye amazwe. Impumelelo yokunqoba yahambisana nemikhiqizo yakhe eParis ehlobo lika-1752. Ukuvakasha kweqembu lama-"Buffons" ase-Italy kwaba umcimbi wengxoxo ebukhali kakhulu (okuthiwa "iMpi YamaBuffons"), lapho abalandeli be- uhlobo olusha lwangqubuzana (phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ama-encyclopedist - uDiderot, uRousseau, uGrimm nabanye) kanye nabalandeli be-opera yasenkantolo yesiFulentshi (inhlekelele yomculo). Nakuba, ngomyalo wenkosi, "ama-buffons" asheshe axoshwa eParis, izinkanuko azizange ziphele isikhathi eside. Emkhathini wezingxabano mayelana nezindlela zokuvuselela inkundla yomculo, kwavela uhlobo lwe-French comic opera. Omunye wabokuqala - "I-Village Sorcerer" ngumlobi odumile waseFrance uRousseau - wenza umncintiswano ofanelekayo ku-"The Maid-Mistress".

U-Pergolesi, owaphila iminyaka engu-26 kuphela, washiya ifa elicebile, eliphawulekayo ngenani layo lokudala. Umbhali odumile we-buffa operas (ngaphandle kwe-The Servant-Mistress - The Monk in Love, Flaminio, njll.), wabuye wasebenza ngempumelelo kwezinye izinhlobo: wabhala ama-seria opera, umculo wamakwaya ongcwele (izixuku, ama-cantatas, ama-oratorios) , izinsimbi imisebenzi (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, i-cantata "i-Stabat Mater" yadalwa - enye yemisebenzi ephefumulelwe kakhulu yomqambi, ebhalelwe iqoqo elincane lekamelo (i-soprano, i-alto, i-quartet yezintambo nesitho), egcwele ingoma ephansi, eqotho futhi ejulile. umuzwa.

Imisebenzi kaPergolesi, eyakhiwe cishe emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka edlule, ithwele lowo muzwa omangalisayo wobusha, ukuvuleka kwamagama, umoya othakazelisayo, ongenakuhlukaniswa nomqondo womlingiswa kazwelonke, wona kanye umoya wobuciko base-Italy. “Emculweni wakhe,” uB. Asafiev wabhala ngoPergolesi, “kanye nothando olukhangayo nokudakwa kwezingoma, kunamakhasi agcwele umuzwa onempilo, oqinile wokuphila kanye nejusi yomhlaba, futhi eduze kwawo kuneziqephu. lapho umdlandla, ubuqili, amahlaya kanye nokunethezeka okungenakuvinjwa okungenakuvinjwa kubusa kalula nangokukhululeka, njengasezinsukwini zemigubho.

I. Okhalova

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera - lungaphezu kuka-10 uchungechunge lwe-opera, okuhlanganisa The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, ne-interlodes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, ” Theatre Tordinona, Rome), buffa operas, kuhlanganise The Monk in Love (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Fiorentini Theatre, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); ama-oratories, ama-cantata, uquqaba neminye imisebenzi engcwele, okuhlanganisa i-Stabat Mater, amakhonsathi, ama-trio sonatas, ama-arias, ama-duets.