Isistimu yomsindo |

I-Greek sustnma, isiJalimane. I-Tonsystem

Inhlangano ye-Altitude (isikhawu) yomculo. imisindo esekelwe ku-c.-l. isimiso esisodwa. Enhliziyweni ka-Z. nge. njalo kukhona uchungechunge lwamathoni ngezilinganiso eziqondile, ezilinganisekayo. Igama elithi Z. With.” isetshenziswe ngamavelu ahlukahlukene:

1) ukwakheka komsindo, okungukuthi ingqikithi yemisindo esetshenziswa phakathi nenkathi ethile (ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-octave, isibonelo, imisindo emihlanu, izimiso zemisindo eziyishumi nambili);

2) ukuhlelwa okuqondile kwezakhi zesistimu (uhlelo lomsindo njengesikali; isistimu yomsindo njengenhlanganisela yamaqembu omsindo, isibonelo, ama-chords ohlelweni lwe-tonal of ezinkulu nezincane);

3) uhlelo lwekhwalithi, ubudlelwano be-semantic, imisebenzi yemisindo, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo somgomo othile wokuxhumana phakathi kwabo (isibonelo, incazelo yamathoni ngezindlela zomculo, i-harmonic tonality);

4) ukwakha, izibalo. ukubonakaliswa kobudlelwane phakathi kwemisindo (uhlelo lwePythagorean, uhlelo lwe-temperament olulinganayo).

Okuyinhloko incazelo yomqondo ka-Z. nge. okuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka komsindo nesakhiwo sawo. Z. s. kukhombisa izinga lokuthuthuka, okunengqondo. ukuxhumana nokuhleleka kwamamuse. ukucabanga futhi ngokomlando kuvela kanye nayo. Ukuvela kuka-Z. nge., emlandweni wangempela. Inqubo, eyenziwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi egcwele ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi, kukho konke kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlukaniswa komsindo, ukwanda kwenani lamathoni afakwe ohlelweni, ukuqinisa nokwenza lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo, ukudala inkimbinkimbi. i-branched hierarchy yokuxhumana okusekelwe ekuhlotsheni komsindo.

Isikimu esinengqondo sentuthuko Z. nge. cishe kuphela elihambisana umlando ukhonkolo. inqubo yokubunjwa kwayo. Z. s. ngomqondo wakho izakhi zofuzo zandulela ukucwebezela kwakudala, okungenawo amathoni ahlukene, lapho imisindo eyireferensi esanda kuvela khona.

Ingoma yesizwe samaKubu (iSumatra) ingoma yothando yensizwa. Ngokuka-E. Hornbostel.

Ifomu elingezansi lika-Z. s elingena esikhundleni salo. imelela ukucula kwethoni eyodwa yereferensi, emi (), eduze () ngenhla noma ngezansi.

Ihlaya labantu baseRussia

Kolyadnaya

Ithoni eseduze ingase ingagxili ekuphakameni okuthile noma ilingane nobude.

Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kohlelo kunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukunyakaza kwe-stepwise, i-cantilena yomculo (ngaphansi kwezimo zesistimu yezinyathelo ezinhlanu, eziyisikhombisa noma isakhiwo esihlukile) futhi kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwayo yonke ngenxa yokuthembela emisindweni ebudlelwaneni obuphezulu kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, isigaba esilandelayo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Z. s. - "inkathi yequart", igcwalisa igebe phakathi kwemisindo "yongwaqa wokuqala" (iquart iphenduka ibe umsindo oqhelelene kakhulu nethoni yereferensi yasekuqaleni futhi evumelana ngokuphelele nayo; umphumela, izuza inzuzo ngaphezu kwamanye, ongwaqa abaphelele nakakhulu - i-octave, isihlanu) . Ukugcwalisa i-quart kwakha uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zomsindo - ama-trichords angewona ama-semitone kanye nama-tetrachords amaningana ezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene:

I-TRICHORD

I-TETRACHORDS

Lullaby

I-EPIC CHANT

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathoni aseduze nadlulayo ayaqiniswa futhi abe izisekelo zamathoni amasha aseduze. Ngokwesisekelo se-tetrachord, ama-pentachords, ama-hexachords avela:

MASLENICHNA

umdanso oyindilinga

Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwama-trichords nama-tetrachords, kanye nama-pentachords (ngendlela ehlanganisiwe noma ehlukene), kwakhiwa amasistimu ahlanganisiwe ahluka ngenani lemisindo - ama-hexachords, ama-heptachords, ama-octachords, abuye ahlanganiswe abe yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. , izinhlelo zomsindo ezinezingxenye eziningi. i-octave ne-non-octave:

IPENTATONICA

I-UKRAINIAN VESNIA

I-PLYASOVAYA

Ingoma kaZnamenny

INGOMA YASERUSIAN FOLK

NGOKHISIMUSI WOMAMA KANKULUNKULU, ICULO ESAYINWE

IHEXACHORD SYSTEM

Ukujwayezwa kwethiyori komkhuba wokwethula ithoni eYurophu. umculo wasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance (“musica ficta”), lapho iziphetho zethoni ephelele kanye nokulandelana kwethoni yonke kwashintsha ngokuhlelekile kwathathelwa indawo amathoni amancane (isibonelo, esikhundleni se-cd ed stroke cis-d njll.), evezwa ngo uhlobo lwe-chromatic-enharmonic. Isilinganiso sezinyathelo eziyishumi nesikhombisa (ngu-Prosdochimo de Beldemandis, ngasekupheleni kwe-14 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15):

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphony kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-consonant triad njengento eyinhloko yengoma yomsindo. kwaholela ekuhleleni kabusha kwayo okuphelele kwangaphakathi - ukuqoqwa kwawo wonke amathoni wesistimu ezungeze le consonance eyisisekelo, esebenza njengesikhungo, umsebenzi we-tonic. triad (tonic), futhi ngesimo sokugqwayiza kwayo kuzo zonke ezinye izinyathelo ze-diatonic. i-gamma:

Indima yesici esakhayo Z. s. kancane kancane udlula e-ladomelodich. amamodeli kuya ku-chord-harmonic; ngokuhambisana nalokhu Z. nge. iqala ukwethulwa hhayi ngesimo sesikali ("izitebhisi zemisindo" - scala, Tonleiter), kodwa ngendlela yamaqembu omsindo ahlobene nokusebenza. Kanye nakwezinye izigaba zokuthuthuka kwe-Z. nge., yonke imigqa emikhulu yamafomu angaphambilini Z. nge. akhona futhi ku-Z. ethuthuke kakhulu. amandla omculo. umugqa womugqa, amasistimu amancane asuka kuthoni yereferensi (induku) naseduze, egcwalisa okwesine (nesesihlanu), ukuphindaphindeka kwama-tetrachords, njll. Izinkimbinkimbi eziyingxenye eyodwa. Amaqembu omsindo aphelele-amachodi kuwo wonke amazinga-kanye nezikali ezithile, aba uhlobo olusha lwemisindo s-harmonics. i-tonality (bona inothi elingenhla), futhi inhlanganisela yazo e-oda yakha “uhlelo lwezinhlelo” lokhiye abakhulu nabancane esinyathelweni ngasinye sechromatic. isikali. Isamba sevolumu ye-sonic yesistimu ngokwethiyori sidlulela kokungapheli, kodwa sikhawulelwe amathuba okubona kwephimbo futhi iyibanga eligcwaliswe ngechromatically elisuka cishe ku-A2 ukuya ku-c5. Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-tonal enkulu-encane ekhulwini le-16. idinga ukushintshwa kohlelo lwePythagorean ngengxenye yesihlanu emsulwa (ngokwesibonelo, f – c – g – d – a – e – h) ngolwesihlanu-tertian (okuthiwa okumsulwa, noma okungokwemvelo, uhlelo lweFogliani – Zarlino), kusetshenziswa ezimbili zakha. isikhawu – ingxenye yesihlanu 2:3 kanye nengxenye yesithathu enkulu 4:5 (ngokwesibonelo, F – a – C – e – G – h – D; izinhlamvu ezinkulu zikhombisa u-prima kanye nengxenye yesihlanu kanxantathu, izinhlamvu ezincane zibonisa okwesithathu, ngokusho kukaM. Hauptmann). Ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu ye-tonal (ikakhulukazi umkhuba wokusebenzisa okhiye abahlukene) kwadinga isistimu ye-temperament efanayo.

Ama-elementi okuxhumana ayabola. i-tonality iholela ekusungulweni kwezixhumanisi phakathi kwabo, ekuhlanganeni kwabo nokuqhubeka - ukuhlanganisa. Kanye nenqubo yokubala yokukhula kwe-intratonal chromaticity (ukuguqulwa), ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlukene zethoni kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngaphakathi kwethonili efanayo noma yisiphi isikhawu, noma iyiphi i-chord nanoma yisiphi isikali esivela esinyathelweni ngasinye kungenzeka ngokuyisisekelo. Le nqubo ilungiselele ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesakhiwo se-Z. emsebenzini wabaqambi abaningi bekhulu lama-20: zonke izigaba zechromatic. izikali zabo ziyakhululwa, uhlelo lushintsha lube yizinyathelo eziyi-12, lapho isikhawu ngasinye siqondwa khona ngokuqondile (hhayi ngesisekelo sobudlelwano besihlanu noma besihlanu be-tertz); kanye neyunithi yokuqala yesakhiwo Z. s. iba yisemitone (noma eyesikhombisa enkulu) - njengokuphuma kwengxenye yesihlanu nengxenye enkulu yesithathu. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha ama-symmetrical (isibonelo, i-terzochromatic) izindlela nezinhlelo, ukuvela kwesinyathelo se-tonal esiyishumi nambili, okuthiwa. "i-atonality yamahhala" (bona umculo we-Atonal), inhlangano ye-serial (ikakhulukazi, i-dodecaphony), njll.

Non-European Z. nge. (isb., amazwe ase-Asia, e-Afrika) kwesinye isikhathi enza izinhlobo eziqhelelene nezaseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, i-diatonic engaphezulu noma engaphansi evamile yomculo wamaNdiya ihlotshiswe ngephimbo. ama-shades, achazwa ngokwethiyori njengomphumela wokuhlukanisa i-octave ibe izingxenye ezingama-22 (uhlelo lwe-shruti, oluhunyushwa nangokuthi ingqikithi yazo zonke izindawo eziphakeme ezingenzeka).

Emculweni we-Javanese, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyathelo ezi-5 neziyi-7 "ezilinganayo" ze-octave (i-slendro ne-pelog) azihambisani nesilinganiso esivamile se-anhemitonic pentatonic noma isikali se-diatonic sesihlanu noma sesihlanu se-tertz.

References: I-Serov AH, ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia njengesihloko sesayensi (izihloko ezi-3), "Inkathi Yomculo", 1869-70, No 18, 1870-71, No 6 no-13, yanyatheliswa kabusha. encwadini yakhe ethi: Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; I-Sokalsky PP, umculo wesintu waseRussia?, Har., 1888, Peter VI, Ekuqanjweni, izakhiwo kanye nezindlela zomculo wasendulo wamaGreki, K., 1901 Yavorsky B., Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo, vol. 1-3, M., 1908, Tyulin Yu. H., Ukufundisa ngokuvumelana, L., 1937, M, 1966; Kuznetsov KA, Arabic music, in: Essays on the history and theory of music, vol. 2, L., 1940; Ogolevets AS, Isingeniso sokucabanga komculo wesimanje, M.-L., 1946; Ama-acoustic omculo. Konke. U-Ed. HA Garbuzova, M, 1954; Jami A., Isivumelwano Ngomculo. U-Ed. kanye nokuphawula kuka-VM Belyaev, Tash., 1960; I-Pereverzev NK, Izinkinga zezwi lomculo, M., 1966; Meshchaninov P., Ukuvela kwendwangu ye-pitch (i-structural-acoustic substantiation ...), M., 1970 (umbhalo wesandla); I-Kotlyarevsky I., i-Diatonics ne-chromatics njengesigaba sokucabanga komculo, i-Kipv, i-1971; Fortlage K., Das musikalische System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt, Lpz., 1847, Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1, Lpz., 1888, Rus. nge. – Ikhathekizimu yomlando womculo, ingxenye 1, M., 1896), eyakhe, Das chromatische Tonsystem, encwadini yakhe: Preludien und Studien, Bd I, Lpz., 1895.

Yu. H. Kholopov