I-Nototyping |

I-Notoprinting - ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-polygraphic yamanothi. Isidingo sokunyathelisa saba khona ngemva nje kokusungulwa kokunyathelisa (c. 1450); phakathi kwezincwadi zokuqala, isonto lalibusa. izincwadi, eziningi zazo kwanikezwa izingoma zezingoma. Ekuqaleni, izikhala ezingenalutho zazishiywe kubo, lapho amanothi angena khona ngesandla (bheka, isibonelo, i-Latin Psalter - Psalterium latinum, eyanyatheliswa e-Mainz ngo-1457). Eziningi ze-incunabula (ezinhlelweni eziyinhloko), ngaphezu kombhalo, izinduku zomculo nazo zazinyatheliswa, kuyilapho amanothi ayebhalwa noma adwetshwe ngokuvumelana nokukhethekile. izifanekiso. Izincwadi ezinjalo azibonisi ngempela ubuntwana buka-N. (njengoba abacwaningi abaningi beye baphikisa) - abanye abashicileli bomculo abanokuhlangenwe nakho babuye bawakhulula ekuhlaselweni. ngo-15 c. (isampula - incwadi ethi "Ubuciko Bomculo" - "Ars mu-sicorum", eyanyatheliswa eValencia ngo-1495). Isizathu, ngokusobala, ukuthi emiphakathini eyahlukene imithandazo efanayo yayiculwa ngezilimi ezahlukene. imiculo. Ngokuphrinta ingoma ethile, umshicileli kuleli cala uzonciphisa umbuthano wabathengi bencwadi.

Iqoqo lamanothi ekhwaya. "IMisa yamaRoma". Iphrinta u-W. Khan. eRoma. 1476.

Empeleni i-N. yavuka cishe. 1470. Enye yezinhlelo zomculo zokuqala ezisekhona, iGraduale Constantiense, ngokusobala yanyatheliswa ngaphambi kuka-1473 (indawo yokushicilelwa ayaziwa). Kuze kube ngu-1500, bazama ukusondeza ukubukeka kwamanothi abhalwe ngesandla. Isiko lokudweba imigqa yomculo ngoyinki obomvu, nokubhala izithonjana ngokwazo ngombala omnyama, kwavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kombhalo womculo esigabeni sokuqala, kwabaphoqa ukuthi bathole izindlela zokunyathelisa ngemibala emibili—izinti ezihlukene namanothi ahlukene, kanye ukuxazulula izinkinga zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi. inkinga yokuqondanisa kwawo ngqo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwakukhona izindlela u-N. Set. Uhlamvu ngalunye lwalungaba nokukodwa kanye nezimbalwa. (kufika ku-4) amanothi. Ngokuvamile izinti zazinyatheliswa kuqala (uyinki obomvu wawuhlanganisa indawo encane futhi yome ngokushesha), bese (“okwesibili”) amanothi nombhalo. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakunyatheliswa amanothi anombhalo kuphela, futhi imigqa yayidwetshwa ngesandla, isibonelo. kwesithi “Collectorium super Magnificat” (Collectorium super Magnificat), ed. e-Esslingen ngo-1473. Ngakho-ke izincwadi zanyatheliswa, zaqoshwa ekwayeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela engezona ezongqondongqondo. Umculo wamakhwaya wanyatheliswa okokuqala ezinhlamvini zokuhlela ngu-Ulrich Hahn “eMiseni LamaRoma” (“Missale Romanum” Rome 1476). Uhlelo oludala kakhulu olunombhalo we-mensural “I-Short Grammar” ka-P. Niger (“Grammatica brevis”) (iphrinta T. von Würzburg, Venice, 1480).

Isethi yamanothi e-mensural (ngaphandle kwamarula) F. Niger. Uhlelo lolimi olufushane. Umshicileli u-T. von Würzburg, Venice. 1480.

Kuyo, izibonelo zomculo zibonisa ukubola. amamitha ezinkondlo. Nakuba amanothi ephrintiwe ngaphandle kwamarula, asezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ababusi bekufanele badonswe ngesandla.

Ukudweba ngokhuni. "IMisa yamaRoma". Iphrinta O. Scotto. I-Venice. 1482.

Ukudweba ngokhuni (xylography). Abaphrinta babebheka izibonelo zomculo ezincwadini njengohlobo oluthile lomfanekiso futhi bazikhiqize ngendlela yokuqoshwa. Amaphrinti avamile atholakala lapho kunyatheliswa ku-convex eqoshiwe, okungukuthi indlela ye-letterpress. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa komdwebo onjalo kwakudla isikhathi esiningi, ngoba. kwakudingeka ukusika ingxenye enkulu yebhodi, kusale kuphela izici zokunyathelisa zefomu - izimpawu zomculo). Kusukela ekuqaleni kwezinkuni. ukushicilelwa kugqama "uquqaba lwamaRoma" ngumshicileli waseVenice u-O. Scotto (1481, 1482), kanye "nezimbali zomculo zamashuni kaGregory" ("Flores musicae omnis cantus Gregoriani", 1488) yiphrinta yaseStrasbourg I. Prius.

Indlela yokusika izinkuni yayisetshenziswa uCh. ar. lapho uphrinta umculo-wethiyori. izincwadi, kanye nezincwadi, okwakukhona kuzo izingoma. Kwakuqabukela, amaqoqo amasonto anyatheliswe kusetshenziswa le ndlela. izingoma. Ukudweba kubonakale kushibhile futhi kulula lapho kunyatheliswa izibonelo zomculo eziphindaphindwayo ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene. izincwadi. Izibonelo ezinjalo zazivame ukunikezwa emakhasini. Amafomu okuphrinta avame ukudluliswa esuka kwesinye iphrinta aye kwenye; Kungenzeka ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo lezi zibonelo ezaqoshwa okokuqala ngqá ubunye befonti embhalweni wezibonelo nasencwadini ngokwayo.

I-Woodcut. N. yathuthukiswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17. Kusukela ngo-1515 le ndlela yasetshenziswa futhi ukuphrinta umculo ongokomfanekiso. Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 eziningi zanyatheliswa ngale ndlela. Izincwadi zemithandazo yamaLuthela (isibonelo, “Incwadi Eculayo” – “Sangbüchlein” ka-I. Walther, Wittenberg, 16). ERoma ngo-1524, kwanyatheliswa Izingoma Ezintsha (Canzone nove) ka-A. de Antikis, ngesikhathi esifanayo. wayengumqophi wokhuni nomqambi. Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokugunda ngokhuni izinhlelo zakhe ezalandela (Missae quindecim, 1510, kanye noFrottolo intabulatae da suonar organi, 1516). Esikhathini esizayo, u-Antikis, kanye nezibazi zokhuni, nazo zisebenzisa ukuqoshwa kwensimbi. Enye yezincwadi zokuqala zomculo ezanyatheliswa ekuqoshweni kwensimbi ithi “Canzones, Sonnets, Strambotti and Frottola, Book One” (“Canzone, Sonetti, Strambotti et Frottole, Libro Primo” by the printer P. Sambonetus, 1517). Ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhulu le-1515 abashicileli bezincwadi abaningi babengenabo abaqophi bomculo kanye namasethi omculo; izibonelo zomculo ku-pl. amacala enziwe abashicileli bomculo abahambahambayo.

Esikhathini esizayo, zombili izisekelo zathuthukiswa futhi zathuthukiswa. uhlobo N., olwavezwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15 - ukuhlela nokuqopha.

Ngo-1498, u-O. dei Petrucci wathola eMkhandlwini waseVenice ilungelo lokunyathelisa umculo esebenzisa uhlobo olunyakazayo (wathuthukisa indlela kaW. Khan futhi wayisebenzisa ekunyatheliseni amanothi e-mensural). Uhlelo lokuqala lwakhishwa nguPetrucci ngo-1501 (“Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A”). Ngo-1507-08, ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni ka-N., washicilela iqoqo lezingcezu zelute. Ukuphrinta ngokwendlela ye-Petrucci kwenziwa ngokugijima okubili - imigqa yokuqala, bese phezu kwayo - izimpawu zomculo ezimise okwedayimane. Uma amanothi abenombhalo, bekudingeka okunye ukugijima. Le ndlela ivumela ukuphrinta ikhanda elilodwa kuphela. umculo. Ukulungiswa kwezincwadi kwakubiza futhi kudla isikhathi. Ukuhlelwa kukaPetrucci isikhathi eside kwahlala kungenakuqhathaniswa ebuhleni befonti yomculo kanye nokunemba kokuxhumana kwezimpawu zomculo nababusi. Lapho, ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwelungelo likaPetrucci, u-J. Giunta waphendukela endleleni yakhe futhi waphinde wanyathelisa i-Motetti della Corona ngo-1526, akakwazanga ngisho nokusondela ekupheleleni kwezinhlelo zomanduleli wakhe.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 i-N. ithuthuka ngokujulile kwabanye abaningi. amazwe. EJalimane, uhlelo lokuqala olwanyatheliswa ngokwendlela yePetrucci kwakuyi-P. Tritonius' Melopea, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1507 e-Augsburg ngumnyathelisi u-E. Eglin. Ngokungafani noPetrucci, imigqa ka-Eglin yayingaqinile, kodwa yaqashwa ezingxenyeni ezincane. Izinguqulo zephrinta ye-Mainz u-P. Schöffer “Organ Tablature” ka-A. Schlick (Tabulaturen etlicher, 1512), “Incwadi Yezingoma” (Liederbuch, 1513), “Izingoma” (“Сantiones”, 1539) zazingekho ngaphansi kwezama-Italian. , futhi ngezinye izikhathi wayeze azedlule.

Ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe endleleni yokubhala amanothi kwenziwa eFrance.

Ukuphrinta okukodwa okuvela kusethi ka-P. Attenyan. "Izingoma Ezingamashumi Amathathu Nane ezinomculo". Paris. 1528.

Umshicileli waseParis u-P. Attenyan waqala ukukhipha umculo weshidi ngesethi eyodwa. Ngokokuqala ngqa washicilela ngale ndlela "izingoma ezingamashumi amathathu nane ezinomculo" ("Trente et quatre chansons musicales", Paris, 1528). Ukusungulwa, ngokusobala, kungokwephrinta futhi thayipha u-caster P. Oten. Efontini elisha, uhlamvu ngalunye lwaluhlanganisa inhlanganisela yenothi enengxenye encane yesigxobo, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka hhayi nje ukwenza lula inqubo yokunyathelisa (ukuyifeza ngesikhathi esisodwa), kodwa futhi nokubhala i-polygonal. umculo (amazwi angafika kwamathathu kubasebenzi oyedwa). Nokho, yona kanye inqubo yokuqasha iminyuziyamu ye-polyphonic. umkhiqizo. yayidla isikhathi esiningi, futhi le ndlela yalondolozwa kuphela iqoqo lezingoma ze-monophonic. Phakathi kwezinye French. amaphrinta asebenza ngesimiso somshini owodwa wokunyathelisa ovela kusethi - Le Be, izinhlamvu zazo ezatholwa kamuva yifemu kaBallard noLe Roy futhi, zivikelwe yinkosi. nelungelo, zasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18.

Izincwadi zomculo ngoDisemba. abashicileli babehluka ngobukhulu bamakhanda, ubude beziqu kanye nezinga lokuphelela kokubulawa, kodwa amakhanda ezinhlelo zomculo we-mensural ekuqaleni agcina umumo wedayimane. Amakhanda ayindilinga, ayevamile ekubhalweni komculo kakade ekhulwini le-15, aqala ukuphonswa ngo-1530 ngu-E. Briard (wabuye washintsha izingoma zomculo we-mensural ngokuqokwa kobude obugcwele bamanothi). Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo (isibonelo, imisebenzi ye-com. Carpentre), amakhanda ayindilinga (okuthiwa i-musique en copie, okungukuthi “amanothi abhalwe kabusha”) ayengavamile ukusetshenziswa futhi asakazwa kabanzi ku-con. Ikhulu le-17 (eJalimane, uhlelo lokuqala olunamakhanda ayindilinga lwanyatheliswa ngo-1695 ngumshicileli nomshicileli waseNuremberg u-VM Endter (“Amakhonsathi Okomoya” kaG. Wecker).

Ukuphrinta kabili kusukela kusethi. U-A no-B - ifonti nokuphrinta ngu-O. Petrucci, C - ifonti ka-E. Briard.

Setha kufonti ye-Breitkopf. I-Sonnet yombhali ongaziwa, isethwe kumculo ka-IF Grefe. I-Leipzig. 1755.

Okuyinhloko ukuntuleka kwesethi yomculo ku-ser. Ikhulu le-18 kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-chords, ngakho-ke yayingasetshenziswa kuphela ukukhipha iminyuziyamu ye-monophonic. umkhiqizo. Ngo-1754, i-IGI Breitkopf (Leipzig) yasungula ifonti yomculo "enyakazayo negoqekayo", eyayifana ne-mosaic, eyakhiwe ngokwehlukana. izinhlayiya (ingqikithi yezinhlamvu ezibalelwa ku-400), isb zonke isishiyagalombili zazibhalwa ngosizo lwezinhlamvu ezintathu - ikhanda, isiqu nomsila (noma ucezu lokunitha). Le fonti yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza kabusha noma yimaphi ama-chords, cishe ngosizo lwayo kwakungenzeka ukulungiselela imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze ishicilelwe. Ngohlobo lukaBreitkopf, yonke imininingwane yesethi yomculo ilingana kahle (ngaphandle kwezikhala). Umdwebo womculo ubufundeka kalula futhi unokubukeka kobuhle. Indlela entsha ye-N. yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1754 ngokushicilelwa kwe-aria Wie mancher kann sich schon entschliessen. Uhlelo lokuphromotha lwe-sonnet olusethelwe emculweni odumisa izinzuzo zokusungulwa kwe-Breitkopf lwalandelwa ngo-1755. Ukushicilelwa kokuqala okukhulu kwaba idlelo elithi Triumph of Devotion (Il trionfo della fedelta, 1756), eyabhalwa inkosazana yaseSaxon u-Maria Antonia Walpurgis. Esikhathini esifushane, ngosizo lwesethi, i-Breitkopf yafinyelela ekuthuthukisweni okungakaze kube khona. Kuphela manje u-N. wakwazi ukuncintisana ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izindawo ngamanothi abhalwe ngesandla, okwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi engazange alahlekelwe ukubusa kwawo emakethe yomculo. I-Breitkopf yanyathelisa imisebenzi cishe yawo wonke amaJalimane amakhulu. abaqambi bale nkathi - amadodana ka-JS Bach, I. Mattheson, J. Benda, GF Telemann nabanye. Indlela ye-Breitkopf yathola okuningi. abalingisi nabalandeli eHolland, Belgium naseFrance.

Ukuqoshwa kwethusi. Iphrinta "Yenjabulo Engokomoya". S. Verovio. eRoma. 1586.

Ukuze con. Ikhulu le-18 isimo sesishintshile - muz. ukuthungwa kwaba inkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi ukuthayipha kwaba okungenanzuzo. Lapho ulungiselela ama-edishini emisebenzi emisha, eyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi i-orc. amaphuzu, kwaba kuhle ukusebenzisa indlela yokuqopha, ngaleso sikhathi isithuthuke kakhulu.

Ngekhulu lama-20 indlela emisiwe isetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela lapho kunyatheliswa izibonelo zomculo ezincwadini (bheka, isibonelo, incwadi ka-A. Beyschlag “Umhlobiso Emculweni” – A. Beyschlag, “Die Ornamentik der Musik”, 1908).

Ukuqoshwa okwenziwe kahle ethusi okuhambisana nendlela yokunyathelisa ye-intaglio kwasetshenziswa okokuqala yiRoma. iphrinta S. Verovio encwadini ethi "Injabulo Engokomoya" ("Diletto spirituale", 1586). Wasebenzisa indlela ye-Niederl. abaqophi, i-to-rye emikhiqizweni yemidwebo eyenziwe ngabaculi abafana noMartin de Vos, baphinde bakhiqiza wonke amakhasi omculo. Izinhlelo zikaVerovio zaqoshwa uNiederl. inkosi M. van Buiten.

Indlela yokuqopha yayidla isikhathi, kodwa yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukudlulisa umdwebo womculo wanoma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi futhi ngenxa yalokho yasakazeka emazweni amaningi. amazwe. ENgilandi, le ndlela yaqala ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ukushicilelwa kwe-O. Gibbons' Fantasy for Viols, 1606-1610 (bd); omunye wesiNgisi sakuqala Abaqophi kwakunguW. Hole, owaqopha iParthenia (1613). EFrance, ukwethulwa kokuqoshwa kwabambezeleka ngenxa yelungelo lendlu yokunyathelisa yaseBallard ku-N. ekuhleleni izinhlobo.

Ukuqopha. I. Kunau. Ukuzivocavoca okusha kwe-clavier. I-Leipzig. 1689.

Uhlelo lokuqala oluqoshiwe lwavela eParis ngo-1667 - "Incwadi Yezitho" kaNever (umdwebi uLuder). Usuvele uhlangene. Ikhulu le-17 pl. Abaqambi baseFrance ababefuna ukugwema ukuzimela kuka-Ballard banikeza izingoma zabo zokuqopha (D. Gauthier, c. 1670; N. Lebesgue, 1677; A. d'Anglebert, 1689).

Ukuqopha. GP Handel. Izinguquko ezivela ku-suite E-dur ye-clavier.

Amanothi aqoshiwe dec. amazwe abukeka ehlukile: isiFulentshi - esidala, isiNtaliyane - esihle kakhulu (okukhumbuza umbhalo wesandla), Eng. umdwebo uyasinda, useduze nokuhlelwa kwezinhlamvu, umbhalo waseJalimane ucacile futhi ucacile. Ezincwadini zomculo (ikakhulukazi zekhulu le-17), igama elithi "intavolatura" (intavolatura) libhekisele ekuqoshweni, "isikolo" (partitura) kusethi yamanothi.

Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-18 isiFulentshi sathola udumo oluthile. abaqophi bomculo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, abadwebi abaningi-abadwebi babehlanganyela ekuqoshweni komculo, benaka kakhulu ukuklanywa kwayo yonke incwadi.

Ngo-1710 e-Amsterdam, ummemezeli u-E. Roger waqala ukubala izincwadi zakhe izinombolo. Phakathi nekhulu le-18 lendlu yokushicilela pl. amazwe alandela okufanayo. Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 yamukelwa emhlabeni wonke. Izinombolo zibekwe emabhodini futhi (hhayi njalo) ekhasini lesihloko. Lokhu kusiza inqubo yokuphrinta (ukushaywa ngephutha kwamakhasi asuka kwezinye izinhlelo akufakiwe), kanye nokuqokwa kwezinhlelo ezindala, noma okungenani ukuqokwa kokukhishwa kokuqala kwalolu hlobo (ngoba izinombolo azishintshi ngesikhathi sokuphrinta kabusha).

Uguquko olukhulu ekuqoshweni komculo, olwawuhlukanisa nobuciko bobuciko. eziqoshiwe, zenzeka kuma-20s. Ikhulu le-18 E-UK, u-J. Kluer waqala ukusebenzisa esikhundleni samabhodi ethusi enziwe ngengxubevange kathayela nomthofu. Emabhodini anjalo ngo-1724 kwakukhona imikhiqizo eqoshiwe. Handel. U-J. Walsh no-J. Eyre (J. Hare) bethula izibhakela zensimbi, ngosizo okwakungenzeka ukuthi kukhishwe zonke izimpawu ezihlale zihlangana nazo. Kusho ukuthi. i-degree yahlanganisa ukubukeka kwamanothi, yawenza afundeka kakhudlwana. Inqubo ethuthukisiwe yokuqoshwa komculo isisakazekele ezindaweni eziningi. amazwe. KULUNGILE. 1750 ngokuqoshwa kwaqala ukusebenzisa amapuleti angu-1 mm ubukhulu enziwe nge-zinc ehlala njalo noma i-alloy of tin, lead kanye ne-antimony (ebizwa ngokuthi i-garth). Kodwa-ke, indlela yokuqoshwa komculo ngokwayo ayizange ibe nezidalwa. izinguquko. Okokuqala ku-spec yebhodi. i-raster (ishizolo elinamazinyo amahlanu) lisika imigqa yomculo. Khona-ke okhiye, amakhanda amanothi, ngephutha, umbhalo okhulunywayo kukhishwa kuwo ngezibhakela ngendlela yesibuko. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuqoshwa kwangempela kwenziwa - ngosizo lwe-graver, lezo zakhi zokubhala zomculo ziyasikwa, okuthi, ngenxa yokuma kwazo ngabanye, azikwazi ukushaywa ngezibhakela (ukuzola, ukubopha, izinhlaka, izimfoloko, njll. .). Kuze kube con. Ikhulu le-18 leminyaka N. lenziwe ngokuqondile emabhodini, okwaholela ekugqokeni kwabo ngokushesha. Ngokusungulwa kwe-lithography (1796), izingcezu ezikhethekile zenziwa ebhodini ngalinye. phrinta ukuze udluliselwe etsheni le-lithographic noma kamuva - ensimbi. amafomu okuphrinta okuyisicaba. Ngenxa yokukhandleka kwamabhodi okukhiqiza aneminyuziyamu eqoshiwe. umkhiqizo. zazibhekwa njengenhloko-dolobha ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indlu yokunyathelisa umculo.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuqopha inqubo.

Ngekhulu lama-20 umdwebo womculo we-photomechanical. Indlela idluliselwa ku-zinc (ye-zincographic cliches) noma kumapuleti amancane (i-zinc noma i-aluminium), okungamafomu okuphrinta kwe-offset. Njengasekuqaleni, esikhundleni samabhodi, ama-slides athathwe kuwo agcinwa.

E-Russia, ukuhlolwa kokuqala nge-N. kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17. Ayexhumene nesidingo sokuhlanganisa isonto. ukucula. Ngo-1652, umbazi uMosk. Kusuka eNdlu Yokuphrinta, u-F. Ivanov wayalwe ukuba aqale "ibhizinisi lokunyathelisa elisayiniwe", okungukuthi N. ngosizo lwezimpawu zomculo ezingezona umugqa. Izibhakela zensimbi zazisikwa futhi kwafakwa umshini, kodwa alukho nolulodwa uhlelo olwanyatheliswa kusetshenziswa lolu hlobo, ngokusobala olwaluhlobene neSonto. izinguquko zikaPatriarch Nikon (1653-54). Ngo-1655 ikhomishana ekhethekile yokulungisa isonto. izincwadi zokucula, ezasebenza kwaze kwaba ngu-1668. U-A. Mezenets (umholi wawo) washintsha izimpawu ze-cinnabar (echaza ukuphakama kwephimbo) “ngezimpawu” ezinyatheliswe ngombala ofanayo koyinhloko. izimpawu, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushicilela ingoma. izincwadi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuphrinta okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemibala emibili. Ngo-1678, ukukhishwa kwefonti yomculo kwaqedwa, okwenziwe ngu-I. Andreev ngemiyalelo yeMezenet. Kufonti entsha, "amabhanela" abekwe ku-otp. izinhlamvu, ezikuvumela ukuthi ushayele inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene. N. ngokusebenzisa le fonti nayo ayizange isetshenziswe. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-linear notation yomculo yaqala ukusabalala eRussia, futhi uhlelo lwe-Mezenz lwaba yi-anachronism kakade ekuqaleni kwalo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kwaqedwa ngesiRashiya. I-N. yayihlotshaniswa nokushintshela ekubhalweni komugqa womculo - lawa kwakungamathebula okuqhathanisa ("uphawu olukabili") wehhuku namanothi omugqa. Ukushicilelwa kwenziwa ca. 1679 kusukela emabhodini aqoshiwe. Umbhali kanye nomenzi walolu shicilelo (ikhasi lesihloko kanye nokuphrinta akukho), ngokusobala, kwakuyi-oganist S. Gutovsky, mayelana nayo emibhalweni yaseMoscow. I-Armory inerekhodi langomhla zingama-22 Nov. 1677 ukuthi "wenza isigayo sokhuni esiphrinta amashidi eFryazh" (okungukuthi imibhalo yethusi). Ngakho-ke, eRussia, i-con. Ikhulu le-17 Zombili izindlela zokuqopha, ezazisakazeke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi eNtshonalanga, zaziwuchwepheshe: ukuhlela nokubhala.

Ngo-1700, i-Irmologist yanyatheliswa eLvov - isikhumbuzo sokuqala esinyathelisiwe sesiRashiya. Ukucula kuka-Znamenny (okunombhalo womculo womugqa). Ifonti yayo yadalwa iphrinta I. Gorodetsky.

Ngo-1766, iphrinta Mosk. Indlu yokunyathelisa ye-Synodal u-SI Byshkovsky uhlongoze ifonti yomculo eyakhiwe nguye, ehlukaniswa ngobuhle nokuphelela. Izincwadi zomculo we-Liturgical zanyatheliswa kule fonti: "Irmologist", "Oktoikh", "Utility", "Holidays" (1770-1772).

Ikhasi elivela ohlotsheni: L. Madonis. I-Sonata ye-violin ene-digital bass. SPB. 1738.

NgokukaVF Odoevsky, lezi zincwadi “ziyingcebo yesizwe engenakulinganiswa, okungekho izwe laseYurophu elingaziqhayisa ngayo, ngoba ngokwako konke ukwaziswa okungokomlando, izingoma ezifanayo eziye zasetshenziswa emasontweni ethu iminyaka engu-700 ziye zalondolozwa kulezi zincwadi” .

Imibhalo yezwe kuze kube ngama-70s. Ikhulu le-18 lanyatheliswa kuphela endlini yokunyathelisa ye-Academy of Sciences and Arts, izingcwecwe zokunyathelisa zenziwa ngokuqoshwa ethusi. Uhlelo lokuqala lwaluthi "Ingoma eyaqanjwa e-Hamburg yokugubha okunesizotha kokugcotshwa koMbusi Wakhe u-Anna Ioannovna, i-Autocrat of All Russia, i-tamo yangaphambili Agasti 10 (ngokwezibalo ezintsha), 1730" ngu-V. Trediakovsky. Ngaphezu kwenani lamanye “amashidi ethreyi” amukelekile aphrintiwe axhumene ne-decomp. imigubho yasenkantolo, ngeminyaka yama-30s. izinhlelo zokuqala ze-instr. umculo – 12 sonatas for violin nge-bass digital by G. Verocchi (phakathi 1735 kanye 1738) kanye 12 sonatas (“Izinsimbi ezihlukene eziyishumi nambili ngenxa violin kanye bass …”) by L. Madonis (1738). Okuphawuleka kakhulu yileyo eyashicilelwa kuma-50s. kanye neqoqo eladuma kamuva elithi “Okwamanje, ukungenzi lutho, noma iqoqo lezingoma ezihlukahlukene ezinamathoni anamathiselwe amaphimbo amathathu. Umculo ka-GT (eplova)”. Ngama-60s. Indlu yokunyathelisa ye-Academy of Sciences yathola ifonti yomculo ka-Breitkopf (ngokushesha nje ngemva kokusungulwa kwayo). Uhlelo lokuqala olwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela ebekiwe kwaba V. Manfredini sika 6 clavier sonatas (1765).

Kusukela kuma-70s. Ikhulu le-18 leminyaka N. eRussia lithuthuka ngokushesha. Kuvela abaningi. abashicileli abazimele. amafemu. Amanothi aphinde aphrintwe ngamafomethi ahlukahlukene. amamagazini nama-almanacs (bona Abashicileli bomculo). NgesiRashiya uN. wasebenzisa zonke izimpumelelo ezithuthukile zokunyathelisa. ubuchwepheshe.

Ngekhulu lama-20 izinhlelo zomculo zinyatheliswa ch. ar. emishinini yokunyathelisa ye-offset. Ukuhunyushwa koqobo lomculo kumafomu aphrintiwe kwenziwa yi-photomechanics. indlela. Inkinga ka-Main N. ilele ekulungiseni umculo wokuqala. Umkhiqizo ngamunye oyinkimbinkimbi womculo. inomklamo ngamunye. Kuze kube manje, isixazululo esilula ngokwanele nesingabizi kakhulu senkinga yokukhiqizwa kwemishini yoqobo yomculo asikatholakali. Njengomthetho, zenziwa ngesandla, kuyilapho izinga lomsebenzi lincike kwezobuciko. (ingcaca) amathalente ochwepheshe. Kusetshenziswe ngokulandelayo. izindlela zokulungiselela okwangempela kwe-N.:

Umdwebo (bheka ngenhla), ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuncipha kuwo wonke amazwe, ngoba ngenxa yokukhandleka nokulimaza komsebenzi ku-garth, amazinga amakhosi cishe awagcwaliswa.

Ukugxiviza amanothi ngoyinki wokuphrinta ephepheni lemilimitha kusetshenziswa isethi yezitembu, izifanekiso kanye nepeni lokudweba. Le ndlela, eyethulwa ngekhulu lama-30 lama-20, ivame kakhulu e-USSR. Kudla isikhathi esincane kunokuqoshwa, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ukhiqize kabusha okwangempela kwanoma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi ngokunemba okukhulu. Le ndlela ihambisana nokudweba amanothi ephepheni elisobala, elisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezincwadi zomculo ezindlini zokunyathelisa ezingenazo izitembu.

izincwadi ze-calligraphic zamanothi (okhiye kuphela abagxivizwayo). Ukukhiqizwa komculo wokuqala ngale ndlela sekuthole ukuduma emazweni amaningi. amazwe futhi iqala ukwethulwa e-USSR.

Ukudluliselwa kwezimpawu zomculo ephepheni lomculo ngokuvumelana nesimiso se-decals yezingane (Klebefolien). Naphezu kokukhandleka kanye nezindleko eziphakeme ezihambisanayo, le ndlela isetshenziswa emazweni amaningi angaphandle. amazwe.

Inothisethi (ukuguqulwa okungahlanganise lutho nefonti ye-Breitkopf). Indlela yathuthukiswa futhi yafakwa ekukhiqizeni ngo-1959-60 ngabasebenzi bePolygraphy Research Institute kanye nabasebenzi bendlu yokushicilela yeSoviet Composer. Uma uthayipha, umbhalo wekhasi lomculo ugxunyekwa ebhodini elimnyama. Zonke izakhi - ababusi, amanothi, izilimi, i-subtext, njll - zenziwe ngerabha nepulasitiki futhi zihlanganiswe ne-phosphor. Ngemuva kokuhlola nokulungisa amaphutha, ibhodi liyakhanyiswa futhi lithwetshulwe. Imiphumela esobala idluliselwa kumafomu aphrintiwe. Le ndlela izibonakalise kahle ekulungiseleleni izinhlelo zemibhalo eminingi ephimisayo, noma. amavoti, njll.

Imizamo iyenziwa yokwenza inqubo yokwenziwa komculo wokuqala. Ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi (ePoland, e-USA) kusetshenziswa imishini yokubhala umculo. Ngemiphumela yekhwalithi ephezulu ngokwanele, le mishini ayisebenzi kahle. E-USSR, abazange bathole ukusatshalaliswa. Amathuba ayahlolwa ukuze kujwayelwe imishini yokusetha i-phototypesetting yamanothi okusetha. Imishini ye-Phototypesetting kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-70s lama-20 liya litholakala yonke indawo ngokuthayipha kombhalo, tk. zikhiqiza kakhulu, ngokushesha zinikeza iphozithikhi esezilungele ukuphrinta i-offset futhi zisebenza kuzo aziyingozi empilweni. Imizamo yokujwayela le mishini ku-N. yenziwa abaningi. amafemu (inkampani yaseJapane i-Morisawa inelungelo lobunikazi bomshini wayo we-photocomposite emazweni amaningi). Amathemba amakhulu kakhulu okulinganisa ukukhiqizwa komculo wangempela awe-phototypesetting.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela ezingenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezindala ze-N. kuvamile, okuthi, ngemva kokulungiswa kanye nokuthinta kabusha okudingekayo, kusebenza njengesiqalo sokuthwebula izithombe nokudluliselwa okulandelayo kumafomu aphrintiwe. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zezithombe ezihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kokuphrinta kabusha (ukuphrinta kabusha kwezinhlelo zangempela zama-classics), kanye nezinhlelo ze-facsimile, okuyikhwalithi ephezulu yokukhiqizwa kombhalo wesandla wombhali noma i-k.-l. uhlelo oludala olunazo zonke izici zalo (phakathi kwezinhlelo zakamuva zefacsimile zaseSoviet ukushicilelwa kombhalo wesandla wombhali othi “Izithombe Embukisweni” nguMP Mussorgsky, 1975).

Ukuze uthole ukuphrinta okuncane, kanye nokwandulelayo. ukujwayelaniswa kochwepheshe amanothi aphrintwa kumakhophi.

References: I-Bessel V., Izinto zomlando wokushicilela umculo eRussia. Isithasiselo sencwadi: Rindeizen N., VV Bessel. Indatshana yemisebenzi yakhe yomculo nezenhlalo, iSt. Petersburg, 1909; Yurgenson V., Indatshana yomlando wokuqanjwa komculo, M., 1928; Volman B., izincwadi zesiRashiya ezinyathelisiwe ekhulwini le-1957, L., 1970; yakhe, izinhlelo zomculo zesiRashiya ze-1966 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1970, L., 50; Kunin M., Ukuphrinta Umculo. Izindatshana zomlando, M., 1896; Ivanov G., Ukushicilelwa komculo eRussia. Inkomba yomlando, M., 1898; Riemann H., Notenschrift und Notendruck, ku: Festschrift zum 1-jahrigen Jubelfeier der Firma CG Röder, Lpz., 12; Eitner R., Der Musiknotendruck und seine Entwicklung, “Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde”, 1932, Jahrg. 26, H. 89; Kinkeldey O., Umculo ku-Incunabula, Amaphepha e-Bibliographical Society of America, 118, v. 1933, p. 37-1934; Guygan B., Histoire de l'impression de la musique. La typographie musicale en France, “Arts et métiers graphics”, 39, No 41, 43, No 250, 1969, 35; Hoffmann M., Immanuel Breitkopf und der Typendruck, e: Pasticcio auf das 53-jahrige Bestehen des Verlages Breitkopf und Härtel. I-Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hauses, Lpz., (XNUMX), S. XNUMX-XNUMX.

U-HA Kopchevsky