Svyatoslav Teofilovych Richter (Sviatoslav Richter) |

Sviatoslav Richter

Uthisha kaRichter, uHeinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus, wake wakhuluma ngomhlangano wokuqala nomfundi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo: “Abafundi bacela ukulalela insizwa yase-Odessa engathanda ukungena ku-conservatory ekilasini lami. "Ingabe useqedile esikoleni somculo?" Ngibuzile. Cha, akafundanga ndawo. Ngiyavuma ukuthi le mpendulo ibingidida ngandlela thize. Umuntu ongazange ayithole imfundo yomculo wayeya endaweni yokufundela umculo! .. Kwakujabulisa ukubuka i-daredevil. Futhi ngakho wafika. Insizwa ende, ezacile, enezinwele ezimhlophe, amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enobuso obuphilayo, obuheha ngendlela emangalisayo. Wahlala phansi ophikweni, wabeka izandla zakhe ezinkulu, ezithambile, ezinovalo ezikhiyeni, waqala ukudlala. Udlale ngokugodla kakhulu, ngingasho, ngisho nangokugcizelela kalula nangokuqinile. Ukusebenza kwakhe kwangithatha ngokushesha ngokungena okumangalisayo emculweni. Ngahlebela umfundi wami, “Ngicabanga ukuthi ungumculi ohlakaniphile.” Ngemuva kwe-Sonata kaBeethoven Yamashumi Amabili Nesishiyagalombili, le nsizwa yadlala izingoma zayo ezimbalwa, ezifundwe eshidini. Futhi wonke umuntu owayekhona wayefuna adlale kakhulu ... Kusukela ngalolo suku kuqhubeke, uSvyatoslav Richter waba umfundi wami. (I-Neigauz GG Reflections, izinkumbulo, idayari // Izindatshana ezikhethiwe. Izincwadi eziya kubazali. S. 244-245.).

Ngakho-ke, indlela yobuciko obukhulu bomunye wabadlali abakhulu besikhathi sethu, uSvyatoslav Teofilovich Richter, ayizange iqale ngokuvamile. Ngokuvamile, bekunokuningi okungajwayelekile kumlando wakhe wobuciko futhi kwakungekho okuningi okujwayelekile kozakwabo abaningi. Ngaphambi kokuhlangana noNeuhaus, kwakungekho ukunakekelwa kwansuku zonke, okunozwela, abanye abakuzwa kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kwakungekho sandla esiqinile somholi nomeluleki, kungekho zifundo ezihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile ethuluzini. Kwakungekho ukuvivinya umzimba kwansuku zonke kwezobuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokutadisha ezinzima nezinde, ukuqhubeka kwe-methodical ukusuka esinyathelweni kuye kwesinye, ukusuka ekilasini kuye kwelinye. Kwakukhona uthando olujulile lomculo, ukusesha okuzenzakalelayo, okungalawulwa kokuzifundisa okumangalisayo ngemuva kwekhibhodi; kwakukhona ukufundwa okungapheli eshidini lemisebenzi ehlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi i-opera claviers), imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqamba; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - umsebenzi wokuphelezela e-Odessa Philharmonic, bese kuba se-Opera ne-Ballet Theatre. Kwakukhona iphupho eliyigugu lokuba umqhubi - kanye nokuwohloka okungalindelekile kwazo zonke izinhlelo, uhambo oluya eMoscow, endaweni yokugcina izinto, ukuya eNeuhaus.

Ngo-November 1940, umdlalo wokuqala we-Richter oneminyaka engu-25 ubudala wenziwa phambi kwezilaleli enhloko-dolobha. Kube yimpumelelo enkulu, ongoti kanye nomphakathi baqala ukukhuluma ngento entsha, egqamayo ekudlalwa kopiyano. I-debut yangoNovemba yalandelwa amakhonsathi amaningi, eyodwa ephawulekayo futhi ephumelela kakhulu kunenye. (Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlala kuka-Richter kwe-First Concerto kaTchaikovsky kobunye bobusuku be-symphony e-Great Hall of the Conservatory kwaba nokuduma okukhulu.) Udumo lomdlali wopiyano lwasakazeka, udumo lwakhe lwaqina. Kodwa ngokungalindelekile, impi yangena empilweni yakhe, impilo yezwe lonke ...

I-Moscow Conservatory yakhishwa, uNeuhaus wahamba. U-Richter wahlala enhloko-dolobha - elambile, eqandisiwe, engenabantu. Kubo bonke ubunzima obawela kubantu abaningi ngaleyo minyaka, wanezela okwakhe: kwakungekho ndawo yokuhlala unomphela, kungekho thuluzi elakhe. (Abangane basiza: omunye wabokuqala kufanele aqanjwe njengomuntu omdala futhi ozinikele wethalente likaRichter, umdwebi u-AI Troyanovskaya). Futhi nokho kwakungalesi sikhathi kanye lapho asebenza khona kakhulu epiyanoni, kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Emibuthanweni yabaculi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi: ukuzivocavoca kwamahora amahlanu, ayisithupha nsuku zonke kuyinkambiso emangazayo. U-Richter usebenza cishe ngokuphindwe kabili. Kamuva, uzothi "ngempela" waqala ukufunda kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX.

Kusukela ngo-July 1942, imihlangano ka-Richter nomphakathi jikelele yaqala kabusha. Omunye wababhali bomlando wokuphila kukaRichter uchaza lesi sikhathi ngale ndlela: “Impilo yeciko ishintsha ibe uchungechunge oluqhubekayo lokudlala ngaphandle kokuphumula nokuphumula. Ikhonsathi ngemva kwekhonsathi. Amadolobhakazi, izitimela, izindiza, abantu… Ama-orchestra amasha nabaqhubi abasha. Futhi aphinde rehearsals. Amakhonsathi. Amahholo agcwele. Ukuphumelela okuhle. ”… (Delson V. Svyatoslav Richter. – M., 1961. S. 18.). Nokho, okumangazayo akukhona nje ukuthi umdlali wopiyano uyadlala okuningi; wamangala kanjani okuningi alethwe nguye esiteji ngalesi sikhathi. Izinkathi zonyaka zika-Richter - uma ubheka emuva ezinyathelweni zokuqala zomlando weciko - into engapheli ngempela, ekhangayo ezinhlelweni zayo eziqhumayo ezinemibala eminingi. Izingcezu ezinzima kakhulu ze-piano repertoire zitholwa umculi osemusha ngokoqobo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngakho, ngo-January 1943, wenza Prokofiev Seventh Sonata ekhonsathini evulekile. Iningi lozakwabo belizothatha izinyanga lizilungiselela; abanye abanesiphiwo kakhulu nabanolwazi kungenzeka bakwenzile emavikini. U-Richter wafunda i-sonata ka-Prokofiev nge... izinsuku ezine.

Ekupheleni kwawo-1945, u-Richter wayengomunye wabantu abavelele emthaleni omuhle kakhulu wabaculi bopiyano baseSoviet. Ngemuva kwakhe kukhona ukunqoba emqhudelwaneni we-All-Union Competition of Performing Musicians (1950), ukuthweswa iziqu ezinhle kakhulu endaweni yokugcinwa kwezincwadi. (Indaba eyivelakancane ekusebenzeni kwenyuvesi yomculo yedolobha elikhulu: elinye lamakhonsathi akhe amaningi e-Great Hall of the Conservatory labalwa njengokuhlolwa kombuso kukaRichter; kulokhu, “abahloli” kwakuyizindimbane zezilaleli, ezihlolwayo. kwavezwa ngokucace konke, ngokuqiniseka nangokuvumelana.) Kulandela udumo lomhlaba wonke lweNyunyana yonke futhi kuyeza: kusukela ngo-XNUMX, uhambo lomdlali wopiyano phesheya lwaqala - eCzechoslovakia, ePoland, eHungary, eBulgaria, eRomania, futhi kamuva eFinland, e-USA, eCanada. , England, France, Italy, Japan kanye namanye amazwe. Ukugxekwa komculo kuhambisana kakhulu nobuciko bomculi. Kunemizamo eminingi yokuhlaziya lobu buciko, ukuqonda uhlobo lwalo lokudala, ukucaciswa, izici eziyinhloko nezici. Kungase kubonakale sengathi into elula: isibalo sika-Richter umdwebi sikhulu kakhulu, siqoshwe ngohlaka, sangempela, ngokungafani nezinye ... Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi "wokuxilonga" ovela ekugxekeni komculo ubonakala ungelula.

Kunezincazelo eziningi, izahlulelo, izitatimende, njll., ezingase zenziwe ngoRichter njengomculi wekhonsathi; okuyiqiniso kuzo, ngayinye ngokwehlukana, - uma ihlanganiswa - yakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imangalisa kangakanani, isithombe esingenaso noma yisiphi isici. Isithombe "ngokujwayelekile", cishe, asicacile, asichazeki. Ubuqiniso be-Portrait (lokhu ngu-Richter, futhi akekho omunye) angeke kuzuzwe ngosizo lwabo. Ake sithathe lesi sibonelo: ababuyekezi babhale ngokuphindaphindiwe mayelana ne-repertoire enkulu, engenamkhawulo ngempela yomdlali wopiyano. Ngempela, u-Richter udlala cishe wonke umculo wepiyano, kusukela e-Bach kuya e-Berg futhi kusukela e-Haydn kuya e-Hindemith. Nokho, ingabe uyedwa? Uma siqala ukukhuluma ngobubanzi nokucebile kwezimali ze-repertoire, khona-ke uLiszt, noBülow, noJoseph Hoffmann, futhi-ke, uthisha omkhulu wakamuva, u-Anton Rubinstein, owadlala ku-"Historical Concerts" yakhe edumile evela phezulu. inkulungwane namakhulu amathathu (!) isebenza okuka amashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye ababhali. Kusemandleni ezinye zezingcweti zesimanje ukuqhubeka nalolu chungechunge. Cha, iqiniso lokuthi kumaphosta omculi ungathola cishe yonke into ehloselwe upiyano akumenzi u-Richter abe u-Richter, alisho ukuthi iyiphi inqolobane yomuntu ngamunye yomsebenzi wakhe.

Ingabe ubucwebe obuhle, obusikwe ngendlela encomekayo bomdlali, ikhono lakhe lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, alizivezi yini izimfihlo zakhe? Ngempela, ukushicilelwa okungajwayelekile mayelana no-Richter kwenza ngaphandle kwamagama ashisekayo mayelana nekhono lakhe lokushaya upiyano, ubuciko obuphelele nobungenamibandela bensimbi, njll. Kodwa, uma sicabanga ngendlela eqondile, ukuphakama okufanayo nakho kuthathwe abanye. Eminyakeni ka-Horowitz, Gilels, Michelangeli, Gould, kungaba nzima ukukhetha umholi ophelele kumasu opiyano. Noma, kushiwo ngenhla mayelana nokukhuthala okumangalisayo kukaRichter, ukungapheli kwakhe, ukuphula yonke imibono evamile yokusebenza kahle. Nokho-ke nalapha akuyena yedwa onjengaye, kukhona abantu endimeni yomculo abangaqophisana naye nakulokhu. (Kwashiwo ngoHorowitz osemusha ukuthi akazange aphuthelwe ithuba lokuzilolongela i-keyboard ngisho nasephathini.) Bathi u-Richter cishe akaneliseki ngaye ngokwakhe; USofronitsky, Neuhaus, kanye noYudina bahlushwa phakade ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kokudala. (Futhi yimiphi imigqa eyaziwayo - akunakwenzeka ukuyifunda ngaphandle kwenjabulo - equkethwe kwenye yezincwadi zikaRachmaninov: "Akekho umgxeki emhlabeni, Okuningi kimi nginokungabaza kunami…”) Yini-ke isihluthulelo se-“phenotype” (I-phenotype (phaino – I am a type) iyinhlanganisela yazo zonke izimpawu nezici zomuntu ezakhe ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo.), njengoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo singasho, u-Richter umculi? Kulokho okuhlukanisa into eyodwa ekusebenzeni komculo kwenye. Ezicini umhlaba kamoya umdlali wopiyano. Isesitokweni ubuntu. Kokuqukethwe okungokomzwelo nangokwengqondo komsebenzi wakhe.

Ubuciko buka-Richter ubuciko bezinkanuko ezinamandla, ezinkulu. Kunabadlali abambalwa bamakhonsathi okudlala kwabo kujabulisa izindlebe, okujabulisa ukucija komusa kwemidwebo, “ubumnandi” bemibala ezwakalayo. Ukwenza kuka-Richter kuyashaqisa, futhi kuthuse ngisho nomlaleli, kumkhipha endaweni evamile yemizwa, kujabulisa ekujuleni komphefumulo wakhe. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, izincazelo zomdlali wopiyano zika-Beethoven's Appassionata noma i-Pathetique, i-sonata encane ka-Liszt's B noma i-Transcendental Etudes, i-Concerto Yesibili Yepiyano ka-Brahms noma Eyokuqala Ka-Tchaikovsky, Ka-Schubert's Wanderer noma Ka-Mussorgsky Izithombe embukisweni zazishaqisa ngesikhathi sabo. , inani lemisebenzi ka-Bach, Schumann, Frank, Scriabin, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev, Szymanowski, Bartok… Kusukela kwavamile emakhonsathini ka-Richter umuntu ungezwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi babhekene nesimo esiyinqaba, esingajwayelekile ekudlalweni komdlali wopiyano: umculo, eside futhi eyaziwa kahle, kubonakala sengathi kuyoba ekwandiseni, ukwanda, ekushintsheni kwesikali. Yonke into iba nkulu ngandlela thize, ibe yisikhumbuzo kakhulu, iphawuleke kakhudlwana… U-Andrei Bely wake wathi abantu, abalalela umculo, bathola ithuba lokuzwa lokho imidondoshiya ezizwayo futhi ehlangabezana nayo; Izethameli zikaRichter zazi kahle kakhulu imizwa imbongi eyayicabanga ngayo.

Yile ndlela u-Richter ayeyiyo kusukela esemncane, yile ndlela ayebukeka ngayo ekukhuleni kwakhe. Ngesinye isikhathi, emuva ngo-1945, wadlala emncintiswaneni we-All-Union "Wild Hunt" nguLiszt. Omunye wabaculi baseMoscow owayekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakhumbula: “… Ngaphambi kwethu kwakukhona umculi we-titan, kubonakala sengathi, wadalwa ukuze ahlanganise i-fresco enamandla yothando. Ukushesha okwedlulele kwe-tempo, ukukhuphuka kokunyuka okuguquguqukayo, umoya ovuthayo ... bengifuna ukubamba ingalo yesihlalo ukuze ngimelane nokuhlasela kukaSathane kwalo mculo ... ” (Adzhemov KX Unforgettable. – M., 1972. S. 92.). Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, u-Richter wadlala kwenye yesizini ama-prelude namafugue ka-Shostakovich, i-Third Sonata ka-Myaskovsky, ne-Eighth ka-Prokofiev. Futhi futhi, njengasezinsukwini zakudala, bekuyofaneleka ukubhala embikweni obucayi: "Bengifuna ukubamba ingalo yesihlalo sami ..." - enamandla kakhulu, ethukuthele kwakuyisivunguvungu somzwelo esasivutha emculweni waseMyaskovsky, Shostakovich, ekupheleni umjikelezo Prokofiev.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Richter wayehlale ethanda, ngaso leso sikhathi futhi eguqulwa ngokuphelele, ukuthatha isilaleli singene ezweni elithulile, lokuzindla komsindo, "i-nirvana" yomculo, nemicabango egxilile. Kulowo mhlaba ongaqondakali futhi okunzima ukufinyelela kuwo, lapho yonke into ebonakalayo ekusebenzeni - amakhava aqoshiwe, indwangu, into, igobolondo - iyanyamalala kakade, incibilika ngaphandle komkhondo, idedela kuphela imisebe yomoya enamandla kakhulu, eyinkulungwane. Injalo izwe lama-prelude amaningi ka-Richter kanye nama-fugues avela ku-Bach's Good Tempered Clavier, upiyano lokugcina luka-Beethoven luyasebenza (ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-Arietta ekhaliphile evela ku-opus 111), izingxenye ezihamba kancane ze-sonatas ka-Schubert, izinkondlo zefilosofi ze-Brahms, umdwebo womsindo ocolisiswe ngokwengqondo. kaDebussy noRavel. Ukuchazwa kwalezi zincwadi kwanikeza omunye wababuyekezi bakwamanye amazwe isizathu sokuba abhale: “U-Richter ungumdlali wopiyano ogxilile ngaphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi yonke inqubo yokusebenza komculo yenzeka ngokwayo. (Delson V. Svyatoslav Richter. – M., 1961. S. 19.). Umgxeki ucoshe amagama ahloswe kahle ngempela.

Ngakho-ke, i-“fortissimo” enamandla kunazo zonke ezenzeke esiteji kanye ne-“pianissimo” ethakathayo ... Kusukela kudala bekwaziwa ukuthi umculi wekhonsathi, kungaba ngumdlali wopiyano, umshayi wevayolini, umbhidisi, njll., uyathakazelisa kuphela njengoba i-palette yakhe injalo. okuthakazelisayo - okubanzi, okucebile, okuhlukahlukene - imizwa. Kubonakala sengathi ubukhulu bukaRichter njengomdlali wekhonsathi abukho nje kuphela ekujuleni kwemizwelo yakhe, eyayibonakala ikakhulukazi ebusheni bakhe, kanye nasenkathini yama-50s nama-60s, kodwa futhi ekuhlukeni kwabo kweShakespearean ngempela, Izinga elikhulu lokujikijela: isiphithiphithi - ifilosofi ejulile, umfutho wenjabulo - ukuzola nokuphupha emini, isenzo esisebenzayo - ukuzihlola okujulile nokuyinkimbinkimbi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi kunemibala enjalo ezinhlobonhlobo zemizwa yabantu u-Richter, njengengcweti, abelokhu eyigwema futhi eyigwema. Omunye wabacwaningi abahlakaniphe kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe, uLeninrader LE Gakkel wake wazibuza umbuzo: yini esemdwebeni kaRichter? cha? (Umbuzo, uma uthi nhlá, uyinkulumo-mpikiswano futhi uyinqaba, kodwa empeleni usemthethweni, ngoba ukungabi khona okuthile ngezinye izikhathi kubonisa ubuntu bobuciko ngokucace kakhudlwana kunokuba khona ekubukekeni kwakhe kwalezo zici nezinye.) Ku-Richter, u-Gakkel uyabhala, “… akukho ukukhanga kwenkanuko, ukuyenga; e-Richter akukho ukuthandwa, ubuqili, ukudlala, isigqi sakhe asinakho ukungabi nalutho ... " (Gakkel L. Ezomculo nezabantu // Izindaba ezimayelana nomculo nabaculi.—L .; M .; 1973. P. 147.). Umuntu angaqhubeka: U-Richter akathambekele kakhulu kulokho ubuqotho, ukusondelana okuyimfihlo lapho umculi othile evula umphefumulo wakhe ezilalelini - ake sikhumbule uCliburn, isibonelo. Njengeciko, u-Richter akayena umuntu “ovulekile” wemvelo, akanabo ubungane ngokweqile (u-Cortot, u-Arthur Rubinstein), ayikho leyo khwalithi ekhethekile - masiyibize ngokuthi ukuvuma - okwakuphawula ubuciko bukaSofronitsky noma u-Yudina. Imizwa yomculi iphakeme, iqinile, iqukethe kokubili ubuqotho nefilosofi; okunye - kungaba ububele, ububele, imfudumalo enozwelo ... - ngezinye izikhathi bayantula. UNeuhaus wake wabhala ukuthi “ngezinye izikhathi, nakuba ayeqabukela kakhulu” entula “ubuntu” eRichter, “naphezu kwakho konke ukuphakama okungokomoya kokusebenza” (Neigauz G. Reflections, izinkumbulo, idayari. S. 109.). Akuyona into engaqondakali, ngokusobala, ukuthi phakathi kwezingcezu zepiyano kukhona nalabo lapho umdlali wepiyano, ngenxa yobuntu bakhe, anzima kakhulu kunabanye. Kukhona ababhali, indlela ebilokhu inzima kuye; ababuyekezi, isibonelo, kudala bephikisana “ngenkinga ye-Chopin” kwezobuciko bokudlala ka-Richter.

Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bayabuza: yini ebusa ubuciko bomculi - umuzwa? wacabanga? (Kuleli “touchstone” lendabuko, njengoba wazi, izici eziningi ezinikezwa abadlali ngokugxekwa komculo ziyahlolwa). Akekho noyedwa noma omunye - futhi lokhu kuyaphawuleka ku-Richter ekudaleni kwakhe okuhle kakhulu kwesiteji. Wayehlala ekude ngokulinganayo kukho kokubili ukuxhamazela kwabaculi bothando kanye nokuhluzeka okunegazi lapho abadlali "abanengqondo" abakha ngayo izakhiwo zabo zomsindo. Futhi hhayi kuphela ngoba ukulingana nokuzwana kusesimweni sikaRichter, kukho konke okuwumsebenzi wezandla zakhe. Nakhu okunye.

U-Richter uyiciko lokwakheka kwesimanjemanje. Njengabaphathi abaningi abakhulu besiko lomculo lekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukucabanga kwakhe kokudala kuwukuhlanganisa okunengqondo nokungokomzwelo. Umniningwane owodwa nje obalulekile. Hhayi ukuhlanganiswa kwendabuko komzwelo oshisayo nomcabango osangulukile, olinganiselayo, njengoba kwakuvamile esikhathini esidlule, kodwa, ngokuphambene, ubunye bobuciko obuvuthayo, obumhlophe obushisayo. imicabango ngobuhlakani, obunenjongo imizwa. (“Umuzwa uhlakaniphe, futhi umcabango ushisa kuze kube yilapho uba umuzwa obukhali” (Mazel L. Ngesitayela sikaShostakovich // Izici zesitayela sikaShostakovich. - M., 1962. P. 15.)- lawa mazwi ka-L. Mazel, echaza esinye sezici ezibalulekile zezwe lanamuhla emculweni, ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi kushiwo ngokuqondile ngo-Richter). Ukuqonda lokhu okubonakala kuyindida kusho ukuqonda into ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni komdlali wopiyano imisebenzi kaBartók, Shostakovich, Hindemith, Berg.

Futhi esinye isici esihlukanisayo semisebenzi ka-Richter yinhlangano yangaphakathi ecacile. Phambilini kwashiwo ukuthi kukho konke okwenziwa abantu kwezobuciko – ababhali, abaculi, abalingisi, abaculi – “Mina” wabo ongumuntu uhlala egqama; I-Homo sapiens izibonakalisa ngemisebenzi, kukhanya kuyo. U-Richter, njengoba abanye bemazi, akakubekezeleli noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kokunganaki, isimo sengqondo esinobudlabha ebhizinisini, ngokwemvelo akakubekezeleli lokho okungahlotshaniswa "ngendlela" futhi "ngandlela-thile." Ukuthinta okuthakazelisayo. Ngemuva kwakhe kunezinkulungwane zezinkulumo zomphakathi, futhi ngayinye yacatshangelwa nguye, ebhalwe ezincwadini ezikhethekile: ukuthi kudlalwa kuphi futhi nini. Ukuthambekela okufanayo okuzelwe ekuhlelekeni okuqinile nasekuzikhuzeni - ezicathulweni zomdlali wopiyano. Konke okukuzo kuhlelwe ngokuningiliziwe, kukalwe futhi kusatshalaliswe, konke kucacile: ngezinhloso, amasu kanye nezindlela zokwenziwa kwesiteji. Umqondo ka-Richter wenhlangano yezinto ezibonakalayo ugqame ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yamafomu amakhulu afakwe kuqoqo lomdwebi. Njengekhonsathi Yokuqala Yepiyano ka-Tchaikovsky (okurekhodiwe okudumile noKarajan), Ikhonsathi Yesihlanu ka-Prokofiev no-Maazel, Ikhonsathi yokuqala ka-Beethoven no-Munsch; amakhonsathi nemijikelezo ye-sonata kaMozart, Schumann, Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Bartok nabanye ababhali.

Abantu ababemazi kahle uRichter bathi phakathi nohambo lwakhe oluningi, evakashela amadolobha namazwe ahlukene, akazange aphuthelwe yithuba lokubuka indawo yeshashalazi; I-Opera isondele kakhulu kuye. Ungumlandeli wesinema oshisekayo, ifilimu enhle kuye iyinjabulo yangempela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Richter ungumthandi wesikhathi eside futhi oshisekayo wokudweba: wazipenda (ochwepheshe bayaqinisekisa ukuthi wayethakazelisa futhi unekhono), wachitha amahora amaningi eminyuziyamu phambi kwemidwebo ayithandayo; indlu yakhe yayivame ukusetshenziselwa ama-vernissages, imibukiso yemisebenzi yalokhu noma lowo mculi. Futhi enye into: kusukela esemncane akazange asale enothando lwezincwadi, wayemangele uShakespeare, uGoethe, uPushkin, uBlok ... lokhu kukhanyisa ukusebenza kuka-Richter ngokukhanya okukhethekile, kuyenza isimangaliso.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo—enye indida kwezobuciko bomshayi wopiyano!—Igama elithi “I” likaRichter alilokothi lisho ukuthi ngingu-demirgy enqubweni yokudala. Eminyakeni engu-10-15 edlule lokhu kuye kwabonakala ikakhulukazi, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, kuzoxoxwa ngayo kamuva. Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi umuntu ucabanga emakhonsathini omculi, kungaba ukuqhathanisa umuntu-umuntu ekuchazeni kwakhe nengxenye engaphansi kwamanzi, engabonakali ye-iceberg: iqukethe amandla amaningi, isisekelo salokho okungaphezulu. ; ngokubuka amehlo, nokho, kufihliwe - futhi ngokuphelele ... Abagxeki babhale izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa mayelana nekhono leciko “lokuncibilika” ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo kulokho akwenzile, kucacile kanye nesici sesici sokubukeka kwakhe esiteji. Ekhuluma ngomdlali wepiyano, omunye wababuyekezi wake wabhekisela emazwini adumile ka-Schiller: ukudumisa okuphezulu kakhulu komculi ukusho ukuthi siyakhohlwa ngaye ngemuva kwendalo yakhe; kubonakala sengathi ziqondiswe ku-Richter - yilokho ngempela okwenza ukhohlwe yena ngokwakhe ngalokho akwenzayo… Ngokusobala, ezinye izici zemvelo zethalente lomculi zizenza bazizwele lapha – uhlobo lokubhala, imininingwane ethile, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nasi isilungiselelo sokudala esiyisisekelo.

Kulapho elinye, mhlawumbe ikhono elimangalisa kakhulu lika-Richter njengomdlali wekhonsathi, liqala khona - ikhono lokuphindukuzalwa ngokudala. I-crystallized kuye ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphelela kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe, imbeka endaweni ekhethekile kumbuthano wozakwabo, ngisho nabavelele kakhulu; kulokhu ucishe angenakuqhathaniswa. UNeuhaus, owathi izinguquko zesitayela ekudlalweni kuka-Richter zabangelwa isigaba sezingcweti eziphakeme kakhulu, wabhala ngemva kwesinye sezingoma zakhe zomculo: “Lapho edlala u-Schumann ngemva kukaHaydn, yonke into yashintsha: upiyano lwaluhlukile, umsindo wawuhlukile, isigqi sasihlukile, uhlamvu lwenkulumo lwaluhlukile; futhi kucace kakhulu ukuthi kungani - kwakunguHaydn, futhi lowo kwakunguSchumann, futhi uS. Richter ngokucace kakhulu wakwazi ukuhlanganisa ekusebenzeni kwakhe hhayi nje ukubonakala kombhali ngamunye, kodwa futhi nenkathi yakhe ” (Neigauz G. Svyatoslav Richter // Ukucabanga, izinkumbulo, idayari. P. 240.).

Asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngempumelelo eqhubekayo ka-Richter, impumelelo inkulu kakhulu (indida elandelayo neyokugcina) ngoba umphakathi ngokuvamile awuvunyelwe ukuncoma ngezikhathi zakusihlwa zikaRichter yonke into ojwayele ukuyincoma kusihlwa kwabaningi abadumile “ ama-aces” omculo wopiyano: hhayi ngobuhle bensimbi enemiphumela , akukho msindo owubukhazikhazi "wokuhlobisa", noma "ikhonsathi" egqamile ...

Lokhu bekulokhu kuyisici sesitayela sika-Richter sokudlala - ukwenqaba ngokuphelele yonke into ekhangayo ngaphandle, enokuzenzisa (iminyaka yama-XNUMX ne-XNUMX kuphela yaletha lesi simo ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu). Konke okungase kuphazamise izethameli entweni eyinhloko futhi eyinhloko emculweni - gxila ezintweni ezinhle umlingisiFuthi hhayi iyasebenza. Ukudlala ngendlela u-Richter adlala ngayo cishe akwanele kokuhlangenwe nakho kwasesiteji kukodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhulu kangakanani; isiko lobuciko elilodwa kuphela - ngisho eliyingqayizivele ngesilinganiso; ithalente lemvelo - ngisho nelikhulu ... Nakhu okunye okudingekayo. Inhlanganisela ethile yezimfanelo nezici zomuntu. Abantu abamazi ngokuseduze uRichter bakhuluma ngazwi linye mayelana nesizotha, ukungabi nandaba, isimo sengqondo sokungabi nandaba nemvelo, ukuphila nomculo.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka ambalwa, u-Richter eqhubekela phambili engayeki. Kungase kubonakale sengathi uqhubeka kalula nangokujabula, kodwa empeleni udlula emsebenzini ongapheli, ongenasihe, nongenabuntu. Amahora amaningi amakilasi, achazwe ngenhla, asalokhu eyinkambiso yokuphila kwakhe. Kuncane okushintshile lapha eminyakeni edlule. Ngaphandle uma isikhathi esiningi sinikelwe ekusebenzeni ngethuluzi. U-Richter ukholelwa ukuthi ngokukhula kudingekile ukuthi unganciphisi, kodwa ukwandisa umthwalo wokudala - uma uzibekela umgomo wokugcina "ifomu" elisebenzayo ...

Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, izenzakalo eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezinto ezifeziwe zenzeka empilweni yokudala yomculi. Okokuqala nje, umuntu akakwazi ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokukhumbula Izikhathi Zobusuku Zango-December - lo mkhosi wobuciko oyingqayizivele (umculo, imidwebo, izinkondlo), lapho u-Richter enikeza khona amandla namandla amakhulu. I-December Evenings, ebilokhu ibanjwe kusukela ngo-1981 ePushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, manje isiphenduke yendabuko; ngenxa yomsakazo nomabonakude, bathole ababukeli abaningi. Izifundo zabo zihlukahlukene: zakudala kanye nesimanje, ubuciko Russian kanye angaphandle. U-Richter, umqalisi nomgqugquzeli we-“Evenings”, uhlolisisa ngokoqobo yonke into ngesikhathi sokulungiselela kwabo: kusukela ekulungiseni izinhlelo nokukhethwa kwabahlanganyeli kuya kwabancane kakhulu, kubonakala sengathi, imininingwane kanye nezinto ezincane. Nokho, cishe azikho izinto ezincane kuye uma kuziwa kwezobuciko. “Izinto ezincane zidala ukuphelela, futhi ukuphelela akuyona into encane” – lawa mazwi kaMichelangelo angaba i-epigraph enhle kakhulu ekusebenzeni kukaRichter nakuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe.

Ngobusuku buka-December, kwavezwa enye ingxenye yethalente lika-Richter: kanye nomqondisi u-B. Pokrovsky, wabamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ama-opera ka-B. Britten u-Albert Herring kanye ne-The Turn of the Screw. “USvyatoslav Teofilovich wasebenza kusukela ekuseni kakhulu kwaze kwaba sebusuku kakhulu,” kukhumbula umqondisi we-Museum of Fine Arts I. Antonova. “Ubambe inqwaba yezivivinyo nabaculi. Ngisebenze nezikhanyisi, wabheka ngokoqobo zonke izibani, yonke into ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu. Yena ngokwakhe wahamba nalo mculi emtatsheni wezincwadi ukuze akhethe imibhalo eqoshiwe yesiNgisi yokuklama umdlalo. Angizange ngithande imvunulo - ngaya kumabonakude futhi ngaphenya egumbini lokubhalela amahora ambalwa ngaze ngathola okumfanele. Yonke ingxenye yesiteji yacatshangelwa nguye.

U-Richter usavakashela kakhulu e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1986 wanikeza amakhonsathi angaba ngu-150. Inombolo iyamangalisa ngempela. Cishe kabili kunokuvamile, inkambiso yekhonsathi eyamukelwa ngokuvamile. Ukudlula, ngendlela, "isimiso" sikaSvyatoslav Teofilovich ngokwakhe - ngaphambili, njengomthetho, akazange anikeze amakhonsathi angaphezu kuka-120 ngonyaka. Izindlela zokuvakasha zikaRichter ngokwazo ngo-1986, ezazihlanganisa cishe isigamu somhlaba, zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele kakhulu: konke kwaqala ngokudlala eYurophu, kwabe sekulandelwa uhambo olude lwamadolobha ase-USSR (ingxenye yaseYurophu yezwe, ESiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude), ngaleso sikhathi - eJapane, lapho uSvyatoslav Teofilovich wayenezingoma ezingu-11 ze-solo - futhi futhi amakhonsathi ezweni lakubo, manje kuphela ngokulandelana okuphambene, kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga. Okuthile kwalolu hlobo kwaphindwa ngu-Richter ngo-1988 - uchungechunge olude olufanayo lwamadolobha amakhulu hhayi amakhulu kakhulu, uchungechunge olufanayo lwemidlalo eqhubekayo, okungapheli okufanayo okuhambayo kusuka endaweni kuya kwenye. "Kungani amadolobha amaningi kangaka nalawa athile?" Svyatoslav Teofilovich wake wabuzwa. “Ngoba angikawadlali,” ephendula. “Ngiyafuna, ngifuna ngempela ukubona izwe. […] Uyazi ukuthi yini engikhangayo? intshisekelo yendawo. Hhayi “ukuzulazula”, kodwa yilokho kuphela. Ngokuvamile, angithandi ukuhlala isikhathi eside endaweni eyodwa, akukho ndawo ... Akukho okumangazayo ohambweni lwami, akukho okuhle, kuyisifiso sami nje.

Me Ezithakazelisayo, lokhu kuye Ukunyakaza. IJografi, ukuvumelana okusha, okuvelayo okusha - lokhu futhi kuwuhlobo lobuciko. Yingakho ngijabula uma ngisuka kwenye indawo futhi kuzoba nokunye okunye new. Ngaphandle kwalokho impilo ayijabulisi.” (Rikhter Svyatoslav: "Akukho lutho olumangalisayo ohambweni lwami.": Kusukela kumanothi okuhamba ka-V. Chemberdzhi // Sov. Umculo. 1987. No. 4. P. 51.).

Indima ekhulayo ekusebenzeni kwesiteji sika-Richter muva nje idlalwe ukwenziwa komculo we-chamber-ensemble. Ubelokhu engumdlali osezingeni eliphezulu, ethanda ukudlala nabaculi nabadlali bezinsimbi; eminyakeni yamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi. U-Svyatoslav Teofilovich uvame ukudlala no-O. Kagan, N. Gutman, Yu. I-Bashmet; phakathi kwabalingani bakhe omunye wayengabona uG. Pisarenko, V. Tretyakov, i-Borodin Quartet, amaqembu entsha ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Y. Nikolaevsky nabanye. Kwakhiwa uhlobo lomphakathi wabadlali bemisebenzi ethile ekhethekile; Abagxeki baqala ukukhuluma, hhayi ngaphandle kwezindlela ezithile, mayelana "nomthala waseRichter"... Ngokwemvelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabaculi abaseduze noRichter ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe eliqondile nelinamandla - nakuba cishe akenzi noma yimiphi imizamo enqumayo kulokhu. . Kodwa nokho… Ukuzinikela kwakhe okuseduze emsebenzini, ubuciko bakhe bokudala, inhloso yakhe angeke kwazithelela, kufakazela izihlobo zomdlali wopiyano. Ukuxhumana naye, abantu baqala ukwenza lokho, okubonakala kungaphezu kwamandla abo kanye namakhono abo. “Uwufiphazile umugqa phakathi kokuprakthiza, ukuzilolonga nekhonsathi,” kusho umculi wamangqamuzana uN. Gutman. “Abaculi abaningi kwesinye isikhathi bangabheka ukuthi umsebenzi usulungile. U-Richter usanda kuqala ukusebenza ngakho ngalesi sikhathi. "

Kuningi okumangazayo ku-Richter "ephuzile". Kodwa mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwakho konke - uthando lwakhe olungapheli lokuthola izinto ezintsha emculweni. Kubukeka sengathi ngeqoqo lakhe elikhulu le-repertoire - kungani ubheka into angakaze ayenze ngaphambili? Ingabe kuyadingeka? ... Kodwa ezinhlelweni zakhe zamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili umuntu angathola inqwaba yemisebenzi emisha ayengakaze ayidlale ngaphambili - isibonelo, uShostakovich, uHindemith, uStravinsky, nabanye ababhali. Noma leli qiniso: iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ilandelana, u-Richter wahlanganyela emkhosini womculo edolobheni laseTours (eFrance). Futhi akazange nakanye ngalesi sikhathi aziphindaphinde ezinhlelweni zakhe...

Ingabe indlela yokudlala yomdlali wopiyano isishintshile muva nje? Isitayela sakhe sokwenza ikhonsathi? Yebo futhi cha. Cha, ngoba eRichter eyinhloko wahlala yena. Izisekelo zobuciko bakhe zizinzile futhi zinamandla kunoma yiziphi izinguquko ezibalulekile. Ngaso leso sikhathi, eminye yemikhuba ewuphawu lokudlala kwakhe eminyakeni edlule ithole ukuqhubeka nokuthuthuka namuhla. Okokuqala - lokho "kungacacile" kuka-Richter umculi, osekushiwo kakade. Leso sici, isici esiyingqayizivele sendlela yakhe yokwenza, ngenxa yalokho abalaleli bathola umuzwa wokuthi baqondile, ubuso nobuso, behlangana nababhali bemisebenzi eyenziwe - ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umhumushi noma umlamuli. Futhi kwenza umbono uqine ngendlela engavamile. Akekho lapha ongaqhathanisa noSvyatoslav Teofilovich ...

Ngaso leso sikhathi, akunakwenzeka ukungaboni ukuthi injongo egcizelelwe ka-Richter njengomhumushi - ukungelula kokusebenza kwakhe nanoma yikuphi ukungcola okuzimele - kunomphumela kanye nomphumela oseceleni. Iqiniso liyiqiniso: ezincazelweni eziningi zomdlali wopiyano weminyaka yamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uzwa “ukuhluzeka” kwemizwa ethile, uhlobo oluthile “lobuntu obungaphezu kobuntu” (mhlawumbe kungaba okunembile kakhulu ukuthi -ubuntu”) bezitatimende zomculo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi okuvela ezilalelini ezibona imvelo kuzenza zizwele. Ngezinye izikhathi, kwezinye zezinhlelo zakhe, u-Richter wayebukeka engabonakali njengomculi, engazivumeli lutho - ngakho-ke, okungenani, kwakubonakala ngaphandle - lokho kwakuzodlula ukukhiqizwa okunembile kwencwadi. Siyakhumbula ukuthi i-GG Neuhaus yake yantula “ubuntu” kumfundi wakhe odumile emhlabeni wonke futhi ovelele – “naphezu kwakho konke ukuphakama kokomoya kokusebenza.” Ubulungiswa bufuna ukuqashelwa: lokho uGenrikh Gustavovich akhuluma ngakho akuzange kunyamalale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunalokho okuphambene…

(Kungenzeka ukuthi yonke into esikhuluma ngayo manje iwumphumela womsebenzi ka-Richter wesikhathi eside, oqhubekayo futhi onamandla kakhulu. Ngisho nalokhu bekungeke kumthinte.)

Eqinisweni, abanye babalaleli babevume ngokungananazi ngaphambili ukuthi babezwa ngezikhathi zakusihlwa zika-Richter umuzwa wokuthi umdlali wopiyano wayendawana thize kude nabo, ohlotsheni oluthile lwezinyawo eziphakeme. Futhi phambilini, u-Richter kwabaningi wayebonakala efana nomuntu oziqhenyayo nobabazekayo wengcweti “yasezulwini”, i-Olympian, engafinyeleleki kubantu nje abafayo ... Namuhla, le mizwa mhlawumbe inamandla nakakhulu. I-Pedestal ibukeka ihlaba umxhwele nakakhulu, inkulu futhi… ikude kakhulu.

Futhi ngokuqhubekayo. Emakhasini angaphambilini, ukuthambekela kukaRichter ekuzisunguleni kokuzijulisa, ukuzihlola, “ifilosofi” kwaphawulwa. (“Yonke inqubo yomculo yenzeka kuyena”…) Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kwenzeka ukuthi anyukele phezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-stratosphere kamoya kangangokuthi kube nzima ngomphakathi, okungenani engxenyeni ethile yawo, ukubamba. ukuxhumana nabo ngqo. Futhi ukushayelwa kwehlombe okujabulisayo ngemuva kokudlala komdwebi akulishintshi leli qiniso.

Konke lokhu okungenhla akukhona ukugxeka ngomqondo ovamile, ovame ukusetshenziswa waleli gama. U-Svyatoslav Teofilovich Richter ubaluleke kakhulu isibalo esidala, futhi umnikelo wakhe kwezobuciko bomhlaba mkhulu kakhulu ukuthi ungasondelana namazinga abalulekile ajwayelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, asikho isidingo sokufulathela okuthile okukhethekile, izici zemvelo kuphela zokubukeka kokwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zembula amaphethini athile eminyaka eminingi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengengcweti nomuntu.

Ekupheleni kwengxoxo emayelana no-Richter weminyaka yamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungaqapheli ukuthi Ukubalwa Kobuciko komdlali wepiyano manje sekunembe kakhulu futhi kwaqinisekiswa. Imiphetho yemisindo eyakhiwe nguye yacaca nakakhulu futhi yaqina. Ukuqinisekiswa okucacile kwalokhu izinhlelo zekhonsathi zakamuva zika-Svyatoslav Teofilovich, nokuqoshwa kwakhe, ikakhulukazi izingcezu ze-The Seasons kaTchaikovsky, imidwebo ye-etudes ka-Rachmaninov, kanye ne-Quintet ka-Shostakovich ethi "Borodinians".

… Izihlobo zikaRichter zibika ukuthi cishe akaneliseki ngokuphelele ngalokho akwenzile. Uhlale ezwa ibanga elithile phakathi kwalokho akuzuzayo ngempela esiteji nalokho angathanda ukukuzuza. Lapho, ngemva kwamakhonsathi athile, etshelwa - ngokusuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yakhe futhi enomthwalo wemfanelo ophelele womsebenzi - ukuthi usecishe wafinyelela umkhawulo walokho okungenzeka ekusebenzeni komculo, uphendula - ngokungananazi nangokuzibophezela: cha, cha, Mina ngedwa ngiyazi ukuthi kufanele kube kanjani...

Ngakho-ke, u-Richter uhlala e-Richter.

G. Tsypin, 1990