UHeinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus |

U-Heinrich Neuhaus

Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus wazalwa ngo-April 12, 1888 e-Ukraine, edolobheni Elisavetgrad. Abazali bakhe babengabaculi-othisha abaziwayo edolobheni, owasungula isikole somculo lapho. Umalume ka-Henry wayengumdlali wopiyano omuhle waseRussia, umbhidisi nomqambi u-FM Blumenfeld, kanye nomzala wakhe - u-Karol Szymanowski, kamuva owaba ngumqambi ovelele wasePoland.

Ithalente lomfana lazibonakalisa ekuqaleni kakhulu, kodwa, ngokuxakile, esemncane akazange athole imfundo yomculo ehlelekile. Ukuthuthuka kwakhe komculo wopiyano kwaqhubeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, elalela amandla amakhulu omculo owawuzwakala kuye. “Lapho ngineminyaka engaba yisishiyagalombili noma eyisishiyagalolunye,” kukhumbula uNeuhaus, “ngaqala ukuthuthuka kancane ngopiyano, ngemva kwalokho ngokwandayo, lapho ngangiluthuthukisa ngentshiseko upiyano. Ngezinye izikhathi (lokhu kwaba kamuva) ngafinyelela eqophelweni lokuthatheka ngokuphelele: Ngangingenaso isikhathi sokuvuka, njengoba ngase ngivele ngizwe umculo ngaphakathi kimina, umculo wami, kanjalo cishe usuku lonke.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, uHenry wabonakala okokuqala emphakathini edolobheni lakubo. Ngo-1906, abazali bathumela u-Heinrich nodadewabo omdala uNatalia, naye owayengumdlali wopiyano omuhle kakhulu, ukuba ayofunda phesheya eBerlin. Ngokweseluleko sika-FM Blumenfeld kanye nomeluleki ka-AK Glazunov kwakungumculi odumile uLeopold Godovsky.

Nokho, u-Heinrich wathatha izifundo eziyishumi kuphela zangasese ku-Godowsky futhi wanyamalala emkhakheni wakhe wombono cishe iminyaka eyisithupha. “Iminyaka yokuzulazula” yaqala. UNeuhaus wamunca ngokulangazela konke isiko laseYurophu elalingamnikeza lona. Umdlali wopiyano osemusha unikeza amakhonsathi emadolobheni aseJalimane, e-Austria, e-Italy, ePoland. I-Neuhaus yamukelwa ngokufudumele ngumphakathi futhi icindezela. Izibuyekezo ziphawula ubukhulu bethalente lakhe futhi ziveza ithemba lokuthi umdlali wopiyano ekugcineni uzothatha indawo evelele emhlabeni womculo.

“Lapho ngineminyaka eyishumi nesithupha noma eyishumi nesikhombisa ubudala, ngaqala “ukucabanga”; ikhono lokuqonda, lokuhlaziya ngiphaphame, ngabeka konke ukudlala kwami ​​upiyano, wonke umnotho wami wokudlala upiyano,” kukhumbula uNeuhaus. “Nganquma ukuthi angazi insimbi noma umzimba wami, kwadingeka ngiqale phansi. Izinyanga (!) Ngaqala ukudlala izivivinyo ezilula kanye nezifundo, ngiqala ngeminwe emihlanu, nginomgomo owodwa kuphela: ukuvumelanisa isandla sami neminwe ngokuphelele emithethweni yekhibhodi, ukusebenzisa isimiso somnotho kuze kube sekupheleni, ukuze dlala “ngokunengqondo”, njengoba i-pianola ihlelwa kahle; Yebo, ukuqina kwami ​​​​ebuhleni bomsindo kwalethwa phezulu (ngangihlala nginendlebe enhle nencane) futhi lokhu cishe kwakuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho mina, ngokufutheka kwengqondo, ngizama kuphela ukukhipha "Imisindo engcono kakhulu" evela kupiyano, nomculo, ubuciko obuphilayo, wawuvalela ngokoqobo phansi kwesifuba futhi awuzange uwukhiphe isikhathi eside, eside (umculo waqhubeka nokuphila kwawo ngaphandle kwepiyano).

Kusukela ngo-1912, uNeuhaus waphinde waqala ukufunda noGodowsky eSikoleni SeMasters eVienna Academy of Music and Performing Arts, athweswa iziqu ngobuhlakani ngo-1914. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uNeuhaus wakhumbula uthisha wakhe ngemfudumalo enkulu, emchaza njengomunye wabafundi. "Abadlali bopiyano abakhulu benkathi ye-post-Rubinstein." Ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwamjabulisa umculi: “Uma kwenzeka ngigqugquzela abantu, kwakudingeka ngihambe njengomuntu oyimfihlo. Ukuhlanganisa isibongo sami nediploma evela eVienna Academy akuzange kungiphathe kahle. Sabe sesinquma emkhandlwini womkhaya ukuthi kwakudingeka ngithole idiploma e-Russian Conservatory. Ngemva kwezinkinga ezihlukahlukene (nokho ngangiyizwa iphunga lenkonzo yezempi, kodwa ngokushesha ngakhululwa “ngethikithi elimhlophe”), ngaya ePetrograd, entwasahlobo ka-1915 ngaphumelela zonke izivivinyo esikhungweni sokugcinwa kwezilwane futhi ngathola idiploma nesihloko esithi “ umculi wamahhala”. Ngelinye ilanga ekuseni ku-FM Blumenfeld, kwakhala ucingo: umqondisi wegatsha lase-Tiflis le-IRMO Sh.D. U-Nikolaev ngesiphakamiso sokuthi ngivela ekwindla yalo nyaka ukuze ngifundise eTiflis. Ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, ngavuma. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-October 1916, ngokokuqala ngqá, “ngokusemthethweni” ngokuphelele (kusukela ngaqala ukusebenza esikhungweni sikahulumeni) ngathatha indlela kathisha womculo waseRussia nongumdlali wopiyano.

Ngemva kwehlobo ngachitha ingxenye ethile ngiseTimoshovka nabakwaShimanovsky, ngokwengxenye e-Elisavetgrad, ngafika eTiflis ngo-October, lapho ngaqala khona ukusebenza endaweni yokugcinwa kwemvelo yesikhathi esizayo, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi iSikole Somculo Segatsha LaseTiflis kanye ne-Imperial Russian Musical Society.

Abafundi babebuthaka kunabo bonke, iningi labo ngesikhathi sethu lalingakwazi ukwamukelwa esikoleni somculo wesifunda. Ngaphandle kokumbalwa kakhulu, umsebenzi wami ‘wawumsebenzi onzima’ ofanayo nalowo engangiwuzwe e-Elisavetgrad. Kodwa idolobha elihle, eningizimu, abangane abahle, njll. bangivuza kancane ngenxa yokuhlupheka kwami ​​emsebenzini. Ngokushesha ngaqala ukwenza amakhonsathi eyedwa, kumakhonsathi e-symphony nama-ensembles nozakwethu u-violinist u-Evgeny Mikhailovich Guzikov.

Kusukela ngo-October 1919 kuya ku-October 1922 ngaba uprofesa eKyiv Conservatory. Naphezu komthwalo onzima wokufundisa, phakathi neminyaka nginikeze amakhonsathi amaningi anezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene (kusuka eBach kuya eProkofiev naseShimanovsky). U-BL Yavorsky kanye no-FM Blumenfeld babe sebefundisa e-Kyiv Conservatory. Ngo-Okthoba, mina no-FM Blumenfeld, ngesicelo sika-People's Commissar AV Lunacharsky, sadluliselwa eMoscow Conservatory. UYavorsky wayethuthele eMoscow ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwethu. Yaqala kanjalo-ke “inkathi yaseMoscow yomsebenzi wami womculo.”

Ngakho, ekwindla ka-1922, Neuhaus wazinza eMoscow. Udlala kuwo womabili amakhonsathi eyedwa nawe-symphony, wenza ne-Beethoven Quartet. Okokuqala no-N. Blinder, bese kuba noM. Polyakin, umculi unikeza imijikelezo yokuhlwa kwe-sonata. Izinhlelo zamakhonsathi akhe, futhi ezihluke kakhulu ngaphambili, zihlanganisa imisebenzi yababhali abahlukahlukene, izinhlobo nezitayela.

“Obani eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nantathu abalalele lezi zinkulumo zikaNeuhaus,” kubhala u-Ya.I. Milstein, – wazuza okuthile ukuphila okungenakuvezwa ngamazwi. U-Neuhaus wayekwazi ukudlala kancane noma ngaphansi ngempumelelo (akazange abe ngisho nomdlali wopiyano - ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwanda kokuthakasela kwezinzwa, ukuguquka okubukhali kwemizwa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokubaluleka kwesimiso sokuthuthukisa, amandla esikhathi). Kodwa wayehlala eheha, ephefumulela futhi ekhuthaza ngomdlalo wakhe. Wayehlale ehlukile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umculi-umdali ofanayo: kwakubonakala sengathi akazange enze umculo, kodwa lapha, esiteji, wadala. Kwakungekho lutho olwenziwayo, oluyifomula, olukopishwe emdlalweni wakhe. Wayenokuqapha okumangalisayo nokucaca okungokomoya, umcabango ongapheli, inkululeko yokukhuluma, wayazi ukuzwa nokwembula konke okufihliwe, okufihliwe (ake sikhumbule, isibonelo, uthando lwakhe ngombhalo ongezansi wokusebenza: "Kudingeka uhlole isimo sengqondo. - emva kwakho konke, kulokhu, akubonakali futhi kuvumeleke ekuphawuleni komculo, wonke umnyombo wombono, isithombe sonke ... "). Wayephethe imibala yemisindo ethambile ukuze idlulisele ukuhluka okucashile kwemizwa, lokho kuguquguquka kwemizwa okungaqondakali okuhlala kungenakufinyeleleka kubadlali abaningi. Wakulalela ayekwenzile futhi wakudala kabusha ngobuhlakani. Wazinikela ngokuphelele ekubeni nomuzwa ngezinye izikhathi owawubonakala ungenamkhawulo kuye. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayenesandla esiqinile kuye ngokwakhe, egxeka yonke imininingwane yokusebenza. Naye ngokwakhe wake wavuma ukuthi “umdlali uyisidalwa esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esiphikisanayo”, ukuthi “uthanda akwenzayo, futhi uyamgxeka, futhi umlalela ngokuphelele, futhi amlungise kabusha ngendlela yakhe”, ukuthi “ngezinye izikhathi, futhi akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi umgxeki oqinile othambekele ekubeni umshushisi ubusa emphefumulweni wakhe, "kodwa ukuthi" ngezikhathi ezinhle kakhulu lapho ezwa sengathi umsebenzi owenziwayo, njengokungathi, ngowakhe, futhi ukhala izinyembezi zenjabulo, injabulo nothando yena.

Ukukhula okusheshayo kokudala komdlali wepiyano kwaba lula kakhulu ukuxhumana kwakhe nabaculi abakhulu baseMoscow - K. Igumnov, B. Yavorsky, N. Myaskovsky, S. Feinberg nabanye. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuNeuhaus kwakuyimihlangano evamile nezimbongi, abaculi nababhali baseMoscow. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uB. Pasternak, R. Falk, A. Gabrichevsky, V. Asmus, N. Wilmont, I. Andronikov.

Esihlokweni esithi "Heinrich Neuhaus", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1937, u-V. Delson uyabhala: "Kukhona abantu umsebenzi wabo ongenakuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele nokuphila kwabo. Laba abathanda umsebenzi wabo, abantu bomsebenzi wokudala onamandla, futhi indlela yabo yokuphila iwukushiswa kokudala okuqhubekayo. Unjalo uHeinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus.

Yebo, nokudlala kukaNeuhaus kuyafana nalokhu ayiyo - kunesiphepho, esebenzayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlelekile futhi ecatshangwa ngomsindo wokugcina. Futhi ophiyano, imizwa ephakamayo e-Neuhaus ibonakala "idlula" inkambo yokusebenza kwakhe, futhi ngokuphelelwa isineke, ukuphimisela okubabazayo kuqhume ekudlaleni kwakhe, nakho konke (yikho konke, hhayi nje ama-tempos!) Kulo mdlalo kukhona ngokushesha okungalawuleki, okugcwele “ukugqugquzelwa” okuqhoshayo nokunesibindi, njengoba u-I. Andronikov wake washo kufanele.

Ngo-1922, kwenzeka umcimbi owanquma yonke ikusasa lokudala leNeuhaus: waba uprofesa eMoscow Conservatory. Iminyaka engamashumi amane nambili, umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa waqhubeka kule nyuvesi edumile, eyanikeza imiphumela emangalisayo futhi ngezindlela eziningi yaba nomthelela ekuqashelweni okubanzi kwesikole sepiyano saseSoviet emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1935-1937, uNeuhaus wayengumqondisi we-Moscow Conservatory. Ngo-1936-1941 futhi kusukela ngo-1944 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1964, wayeyinhloko yoMnyango Wezopiyano Ezikhethekile.

Kuphela eminyakeni esabekayo yeMpi Yezwe Enkulu, waphoqeleka ukuba amise imisebenzi yakhe yokufundisa. “Ngo-July 1942, ngathunyelwa eSverdlovsk ukuze ngiyosebenza e-Ural and Kyiv (eyathuthwa isikhashana yayiswa eSverdlovsk),” kubhala uGenrikh Gustavovich encwadini yakhe yokuphila. - Ngahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-October 1944, lapho ngibuyiselwa eMoscow, e-conservatory. Phakathi nokuhlala kwami ​​e-Urals (ngaphandle komsebenzi wokufundisa okhuthele), ngenza amakhonsathi amaningi eSverdlovsk ngokwayo nakwamanye amadolobha: Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Kirov, Sarapul, Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Perm.

Isiqalo sothando sobuciko bomculi siphinde sabonakala ohlelweni lwakhe lokufundisa. Ezifundweni zakhe, kwabusa izwe lamaphupho amaphiko, likhulula amandla okudala abadlali bopiyano abasha.

Kusukela ngo-1932, abafundi abaningi baseNeuhaus bawina imiklomelo emiqhudelwaneni yopiyano emele kakhulu i-All-Union kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe - eWarsaw naseVienna, eBrussels naseParis, eLeipzig naseMoscow.

Isikole i-Neuhaus siyigatsha elinamandla lobuciko bepiyano besimanje. Yiziphi abaculi abahlukene abaphuma ngaphansi kwephiko lakhe - Svyatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak, Evgeny Malinin, Stanislav Neigauz, Vladimir Krainev, Alexei Lyubimov. Kusukela ngo-1935, u-Neuhaus wayevame ukuvela emaphephandabeni enezihloko eziphathelene nezihloko eziphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo, futhi wabuyekezwa amakhonsathi abaculi baseSoviet nabangaphandle. Ngo-1958, incwadi yakhe ethi "On the Art of Piano Playing" yanyatheliswa eMuzgiz. Amanothi kathisha”, aphinde anyatheliswa emashumini eminyaka alandelayo.

“Emlandweni wesiko lokudlala upiyano laseRussia, uHeinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus uyivelakancane,” kubhala u-Ya.I. UMilstein. - Igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa nomqondo wokuqina komcabango, ukuphakama kwemizwa, ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuqotho bemvelo. Noma ubani oye wazibonela amandla ethalente lakhe, kunzima ukukhohlwa umdlalo wakhe ophefumulelwe ngempela, owanikeza abantu injabulo enkulu, injabulo nokukhanya. Yonke into yangaphandle ihlehlele ngemuva ngaphambi kobuhle nokubaluleka kwesipiliyoni sangaphakathi. Bezingekho izikhala ezingenalutho, izifanekiso nezitembu kulo mdlalo. Wayegcwele ukuphila, ezenzakalela, ethandwa hhayi kuphela ngokucaca komcabango nokuqiniseka, kodwa futhi nemizwa yangempela, ipulasitiki engavamile kanye nokukhululeka kwezithombe zomculo. U-Neuhaus udlale ngobuqotho ngokwedlulele, ngokwemvelo, kalula, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngentshiseko eyedlulele, ngentshiseko, ngokuzinikela. Umfutho ongokomoya, ukukhuphuka kokudala, ukuvutha kwemizwelo kwakuyizimfanelo ezibalulekile zemvelo yakhe yobuciko. Iminyaka yadlula, izinto eziningi zakhula, zaphela, zaphelelwa amandla, kodwa ubuciko bakhe, ubuciko bomculi-imbongi, buhlala buncane, buthukuthele futhi buphefumulelwe.