Ukuchezuka |

ukuphambuka (IsiJalimane: i-Ausweichung) ivamise ukuchazwa njengokusuka kwesikhashana ukuya komunye ukhiye, okungalungisiwe i-cadence (micromodulation). Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, izenzakalo zibekwe emgqeni owodwa. ukuhleleka - amandla adonsela phansi aqonde endaweni evamile yethoni kanye namandla adonsela phansi abuthaka kakhulu abheke kusisekelo sendawo. Umehluko wukuthi i-tonic ye-ch. ithonili iveza ukuzinza kwethoni ngokwayo. umqondo wegama, kanye ne-tonic yendawo ekuphambukeni (nakuba endaweni encane ifana nesisekelo se-tonal) ngokuphathelene nokuyinhloko igcina ngokuphelele umsebenzi wayo wokungazinzi. Ngakho-ke, ukwethulwa kwabaphathi besibili (ngezinye izikhathi ama-subdominants) - indlela evamile yokwenza u-O. - ngokuyisisekelo akusho ukushintshela kwesinye isihluthulelo, ngoba siqondile. umuzwa wokukhangwa ku-tonic evamile uhlala. O. ithuthukisa ukungezwani okukhona kulokhu kuvumelana, okungukuthi kujulisa ukungazinzi kwakho. Ngakho-ke ukuphikisana encazelweni (okungenzeka kwamukeleke futhi kuthethelelwe ezifundweni zokuqeqesha ezivumelanayo). Incazelo enembe kakhudlwana ye-O. (evela emibonweni ka-GL Catoire kanye ne-IV Sposobin) njengeseli lethoni yesibili (isistimu engaphansi) ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesistimu evamile yale modi yethoni. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwe-O. kungaphakathi komusho, inkathi.

Ingqikithi ye-O. ayikona ukuguquguquka, kodwa ukunwetshwa kwethonilithi, okungukuthi ukwanda kwenani lokuvumelana ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ngaphansi kwesikhungo. i-tonic. Ngokungafani no-O., ukuguquguquka ngokwakho. incazelo yaleli gama iholela ekusungulweni kwesikhungo esisha samandla adonsela phansi, esiphinde sithobe abantu bendawo. O. inothisa ukuvumelana kwethonility enikeziwe ngokuheha okungeyona i-diatonic. imisindo nama-chords, wona ngokwawo angezabanye okhiye (bheka umdwebo esibonelweni esiku-strip 133), kodwa ezimeni ezithile anamathiselwe kweyinhloko njengendawo ekude kakhulu (yingakho enye yezincazelo ze-O .: " Ukushiya ku-tonality yesibili, eyenziwa ngaphakathi kwe-tonality eyinhloko "- VO Berkov). Lapho kunqunywa u-O. kusuka kuma-modulations, umuntu kufanele acabangele: umsebenzi wokwakhiwa okunikeziwe efomini; ububanzi bomjikelezo we-tonal (ivolumu ye-tonality futhi, ngokufanele, imingcele yayo) kanye nokuba khona kobudlelwane be-subsystem (ukulingisa isakhiwo esiyinhloko semodi emaphethelweni ayo). Ngokwendlela yokusebenza, ukucula kuhlukaniswe okuyiqiniso (nobudlelwano be-subsystemic DT; lokhu kufaka phakathi i-SD-T, bheka isibonelo) kanye ne-plagal (nobudlelwano be-ST; ikhwaya ethi "Glory" evela ku-opera "Ivan Susanin").

U-Rimsky-Korsakov. "Indaba Yedolobha Elingabonakali LaseKitezh kanye Nentombi YaseFevronia", Umthetho IV.

O. kungenzeka kokubili ezindaweni eziseduze zethoni (bheka isibonelo esingenhla), futhi (kancane kancane) kwezikude (L. Beethoven, i-violin concerto, ingxenye 1, ingxenye yokugcina; ngokuvamile etholakala emculweni wesimanje, isibonelo, ku-C. S. Prokofiev). U-O. angase futhi abe yingxenye yenqubo yangempela yokuguquguquka (L. Beethoven, exhuma ingxenye yengxenye yokuqala ye-sonata yesi-1 yepiyano: O. ku-Fisdur lapho imodula esuka ku-E-dur ukuya ku-H-dur).

Ngokomlando, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-O. kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokwakheka nokuqiniswa kwesistimu yethoni enkulu emaphakathi eYurophu. umculo (i-main arr. ngekhulu le-17-19th). Isenzakalo esihlobene Nar. kanye noprofesa waseYurophu wasendulo. umculo (i-choral, i-Russian Znamenny chant) - ukuhlukahluka kwe-modal kanye ne-tonal - kuhlotshaniswa nokungabikho kokukhanga okunamandla nokuqhubekayo esikhungweni esisodwa (ngakho-ke, ngokungafani no-O. efanele, lapha esikweni lendawo akukho ukukhanga jikelele) . Ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yamathoni esingeniso (musica ficta) kungase kuholele ku-O. wangempela (ikakhulukazi emculweni wekhulu le-16) noma, okungenani, kuma-preforms abo. Njengento evamile, i-O. yagxiliswa ngekhulu le-17-19. futhi agcinwe kuleyo ngxenye yomculo wekhulu lama-20, lapho amasiko eqhubeka nokuthuthuka. izigaba zokucabanga kwethoni (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, futhi ingxenye P. Hindemith). Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubandakanyeka kwama-harmonies kusuka kokhiye abangaphansi kuya emkhakheni weyona eyinhloko kube nomthelela ngokomlando ku-chromatization yesistimu ye-tonal, kwaguqula okungeyona i-diatonic. Ukuvumelana kuka-O esikhungweni esingaphansi ngokuqondile. tonic (F. Liszt, imigoqo yokugcina ye-sonata ku-h-moll; AP Borodin, i-cadano yokugcina ye-"Polovtsian Dances" kusukela ku-opera "Prince Igor").

I-Phenomena efana ne-O. (kanye nama-modulations) iyisici sezinhlobo ezithile ezithuthukisiwe zasempumalanga. umculo (otholakala, ngokwesibonelo, kumamugham ase-Azerbaijani “Shur”, “Chargah”, bheka incwadi ethi “Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music” ka-U. Hajibekov, 1945).

Njengomcabango umqondo we-O. waziwa kusukela ku-1st floor. Ikhulu le-19, lapho ihlukana nomqondo we "modulation". Igama lasendulo elithi "modulation" (kusuka ku-modus, imodi - fret) njengoba lisetshenziswe ku-harmonic. ukulandelana ekuqaleni kwakusho ukuthunyelwa kwemodi, ukunyakaza ngaphakathi kwayo (“ukulandela kokuvumelana ngemva kwenye” – G. Weber, 1818). Lokhu kungasho ukusuka kancane kancane ku-Ch. okhiye kwabanye bese ubuyela kuyo ekugcineni, kanye noguquko ukusuka kokhiye kuya kwesinye (IF Kirnberger, 1774). U-AB Marx (1839), ebiza sonke isakhiwo sethoni sokuguquguquka kocezu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlukanisa phakathi kwenguquko (kumatemu ethu, ukuguquguquka ngokwako) kanye nokuchezuka (“ukugwema”). U-E. Richter (1853) uhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zokuguquguquka - "ukudlula" ("ukungashiyi ngokuphelele uhlelo oluyinhloko", okungukuthi i-O.) kanye "nokunwetshwa", okulungiselelwe kancane kancane, nge-cadence kukhiye omusha. U-X. Riemann (1893) ubheka amathonikhi esibili ephimbweni njengemisebenzi elula yokhiye oyinhloko, kodwa kuphela “njengokubusa kubakaki” (le yindlela aqoka ngayo ababusi besibili nabangaphansi). U-G. Schenker (1906) ubheka u-O. njengohlobo lokulandelana kwethoni eyodwa futhi aze aqoke okubusayo kwesibili ngokuya ngokuyinhloko yakhona. ithoni njengesinyathelo ku-Ch. ukuguquguquka. U-O. uvela, ngokusho kuka-Schenker, ngenxa yokuthambekela kwama-chords tonicize. Ukuhunyushwa kuka-O. ngokusho kuka-Schenker:

L. Beethoven. I-String quartet op. 59 No 1, ingxenye I.

U-A. Schoenberg (1911) ugcizelela umsuka wababusi abaseceleni “kusukela ezindleleni zesonto” (ngokwesibonelo, ohlelweni lwe-C-dur olusuka kumodi ye-Dorian, okungukuthi kusukela kukhulunyaka lesi-II, ukulandelana kwe-ah-cis-dcb kuza -a nokuhlobene amachords e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, njll.); njenge-Schenker's, izinduna zesibili ziqokwa ngokuyinhloko. ithoni kukhiye oyinhloko (isibonelo, kokuthi C-dur egb-des=I). U-G. Erpf (1927) ugxeka umqondo ka-O., ephikisa ngokuthi “izimpawu ze-tonality yomunye umuntu azikwazi ukuba umbandela wokuphambuka” (isibonelo: itimu eseceleni yengxenye yokuqala ye-sonata yama-1 kaBeethoven, imigoqo 21-35).

U-PI Tchaikovsky (1871) uhlukanisa phakathi “kokubalekela” kanye “nokuguquguquka”; ku-akhawunti ezinhlelweni ezivumelanayo, uqhathanisa ngokucacile u-“O.” kanye "noguquko" njengezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuguquguquka. U-NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) uchaza u-O. ngokuthi “ukuguquguquka, lapho uhlelo olusha lungalungiswanga, kodwa luthinteke kancane futhi lushiywe ngokushesha ukuze lubuyele ohlelweni lwangempela noma ukuchezuka okusha”; prefixing diatonic chords. inani lababusi babo, uthola “izinguquko zesikhashana” (okungukuthi O.); baphathwa ngokuthi "ngaphakathi" ch. isakhiwo, i-tonic to-rogo igcinwa enkumbulweni. Ngesisekelo sokuxhumana kwethoni phakathi kwe-tonics ekuphambukeni, u-SI Taneev wakha umbono wakhe "wokuhlanganisa ithoni" (ama-90s wekhulu le-19). U-GL Catuar (1925) ugcizelela ukuthi ukwethulwa kweminyuziyamu. umcabango, njengomthetho, uhlotshaniswa nokubusa kwe-tonality eyodwa; ngakho-ke, u-O. kusihluthulelo sokuzalana kwe-diatonic noma okukhulu-okuncane kuchazwa nguye ngokuthi "mid-tonal", main. i-tonality ayilahliwe; I-Catoire ezikhathini eziningi ihlobanisa lokhu nezinhlobo zenkathi, ezilula ezimbili-nezingxenye ezintathu. IV Sposobin (ngeminyaka yama-30) wayethatha inkulumo njengohlobo lwesethulo sethoni eyodwa (kamuva wawushiya lo mbono). Yu. N. Tyulin uchaza ukubandakanyeka kokuyinhloko. ithoni yokushintshwa kwamathoni esingeniso (izimpawu zethonilikhi ehlobene) nge-“variable tonicity” resp. abathathu.

References: Tchaikovsky PI, Umhlahlandlela esifundweni esisebenzayo sokuvumelana, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), okufanayo, Poln. khola. usho., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, okufanayo, Poln. khola. usho., vol. IV, M., 1960; Catuar G., Inkambo yethiyori yokuvumelana, izingxenye 1-2, M., 1924-25; U-Belyaev VM, "Ukuhlaziywa kokuguqulwa kwe-Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, encwadini: Incwadi yesiRashiya mayelana noBeethoven, M., 1927; Inkambo ewusizo yokuvumelana, ingxenye 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Inkambo esebenzayo yokuvumelana, ingxenye 2, M., 1935; Tyulin Yu. N., Ukufundisa ngokuvumelana, v. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Izincwadi eziya ku-HH Amani, “SM”, 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Okuyisisekelo komculo wesintu wase-Azerbaijan, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Izinkulumo ngenkambo yokuvumelana, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (inguqulo yesiRashiya, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre …, L. – NY, (1893) (Inguqulo yesiRashiya, Riemann G., I-Simplified Harmony, M. – Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. – V. – W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studien zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.

Yu. H. Kholopov