Isitayela esiqinile nesikhululekile ku-polyphony

I-Polyphony wuhlobo lwe-polyphony olusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni nasekuthuthukisweni kanyekanye kwemiculo emibili noma ngaphezulu ezimele. Ku-polyphony, ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, izitayela ezimbili zakhiwe futhi zathuthukiswa: eziqinile nezikhululekile.

Isitayela esiqinile noma ukubhala okuqinile ku-polyphony

Isitayela esiqinile sapheleliswa emculweni wephimbo nowomculo wamakhwaya wekhulu le-15-16 (nakuba i-polyphony ngokwayo, vele, yavela ngaphambili kakhulu). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwakheka okukhethekile komculo kwakuncike kakhulu emandleni ezwi lomuntu.

Ububanzi bomculo banqunywa i-tessitura yezwi umculo owawuhloselwe wona (imvamisa ububanzi abuzange budlule isikhawu se-duodecimus). Lapha, ukugxumela ezindaweni zesikhombisa ezincane nezinkulu, izikhawu ezincishisiwe nezandisiwe, ezazibhekwa njengezingasizi ukucula, azifakwanga. Ukuthuthukiswa komculo kwakubuswa ukunyakaza okushelelayo nokunezinyathelo ngesisekelo se-diatonic scale.

Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, inhlangano yesigqi yesakhiwo iba ngokubaluleka okuyinhloko. Ngakho-ke, ukwehluka okunesigqi emisebenzini eminingana kuwukuphela kwamandla okuthuthukisa umculo.

Abamele i-polyphony yesitayela esiqinile, isibonelo, u-O. Lasso no-G. Palestrina.

Isitayela samahhala noma ukubhala kwamahhala ku-polyphony

Isitayela samahhala ku-polyphony sithuthukiswe emculweni wezinsimbi nezinsimbi kusukela ngekhulu le-17. Kusuka lapha, okungukuthi, emandleni omculo wezinsimbi, kuphuma umsindo wamahhala nokhululekile wetimu yomculo, njengoba ungasancikile ebangeni lezwi eliculayo.

Ngokungafani nesitayela esiqinile, ukweqa okukhulu kwezikhawu kuvunyelwe lapha. Ukukhethwa okukhulu kwamayunithi anesigqi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemisindo ye-chromatic neshintshiwe - konke lokhu ku-polyphony kuhlukanisa isitayela samahhala kwesiqinile.

Umsebenzi wabaqambi abadumile u-Bach no-Handel uyinhloko yesitayela samahhala ku-polyphony. Cishe bonke abaqambi kamuva balandela indlela efanayo, isibonelo, uMozart noBeethoven, uGlinka noTchaikovsky, uShostakovich (ngendlela, naye wazama i-polyphony eqinile) noShchedrin.

Ngakho-ke, ake sizame ukuqhathanisa lezi zitayela ezi-2:

• Uma ngesitayela esiqinile itimu ingathathi hlangothi futhi kunzima ukuyikhumbula, khona-ke ngesitayela samahhala itimu ingumculo ogqamile okulula ukuwukhumbula.
• Uma inqubo yokubhala okuqinile ithinta ikakhulukazi umculo wezwi, khona-ke ngesitayela samahhala izinhlobo zihlukene: zombili ezivela emkhakheni womculo wezinsimbi kanye nomkhakha womculo wezinsimbi.
• Umculo obhalwe nge-polyphonic oqinile ngokwesisekelo sawo se-modal wawuncike ezindleleni zesonto zasendulo, futhi ekubhaleni kwe-polyphonic mahhala abaqambi basebenza ngamandla nangokuyinhloko kokukhulu okumaphakathi nokuncane ngamaphethini abo avumelanayo.
• Uma isitayela esiqinile sibonakala ngokungaqiniseki kokusebenza futhi ukucaca kuza kuphela kuma-cadences, khona-ke ngesitayela samahhala isiqiniseko emisebenzini ye-harmonic ivezwa ngokucacile.

Ngekhulu le-17-18, abaqambi baqhubeka nokusebenzisa kabanzi izinhlobo zenkathi yesitayela esiqinile. Lawa ama-motet, izinhlobonhlobo (kuhlanganise nalezo ezisekelwe ku-ostinato), i-ricercar, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulingisa ze-chorale. Isitayela samahhala sihlanganisa i-fugue, kanye namafomu amaningi lapho isethulo se-polyphonic sisebenzisana nesakhiwo se-homophonic.