UStanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus |

UStanislav Neuhaus

UStanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus, indodana yomculi ovelele waseSoviet, wayethandwa kakhulu umphakathi ngentshiseko nangokuzinikela. Wayehlala ekhangwe isiko eliphakeme lokucabanga nomuzwa - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenzani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayekusiphi isimo. Kukhona abadlali bopiyano abambalwa abangakwazi ukudlala ngokushesha, ngokunembe kakhulu, ngokumangalisayo ukwedlula uStanislav Neuhaus, kodwa ngokwemibandela yokunotha kwe-nuance engokwengqondo, ukucolisiswa kokuhlangenwe nakho komculo, wathola abambalwa abalingana naye; kwake kwashiwo ngempumelelo ngaye ukuthi ukudlala kwakhe kuyisibonelo “sobuhle bemizwelo.”

• Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →

U-Neuhaus wayenenhlanhla: kusukela esemncane wayezungezwe indawo ehlakaniphile, waphefumula umoya wemibono yobuciko ephilayo futhi eguquguqukayo. Abantu abathakazelayo babehlale besondelene naye - abaculi, abaculi, ababhali. Ithalenta lakhe bekungumuntu okufanele aqaphele, amsekele, aqondise endleleni efanele.

Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho eneminyaka engaba mihlanu ubudala, wathatha ingoma evela ku-Prokofiev epiyano - wayizwa kuyise. Baqala ukusebenza naye. Ekuqaleni, ugogo, u-Olga Mikhailovna Neigauz, uthisha wepiyano oneminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho, wasebenza njengothisha; kamuva wathathelwa indawo uthisha Gnessin Music School Valeria Vladimirovna Listova. Mayelana no-Listova, uNeuhaus achitha iminyaka eminingana ekilasini lakhe, kamuva wakhumbula ngomqondo wenhlonipho nokubonga: “Wayenguthisha ozwela ngempela ... kubuchwepheshe”. U-Valeria Vladimirovna wakubona lokhu futhi akazange azame ukungishintsha. Mina naye sasazi umculo kuphela - futhi kwakumnandi ... "

UNeuhaus ubefunda eMoscow Conservatory kusukela ngo-1945. Nokho, wangena ekilasini likayise - iMecca yentsha yopiyano yangalezo zikhathi - kamuva, lapho kakade esenonyaka wakhe wesithathu. Ngaphambi kwalokho, uVladimir Sergeevich Belov wasebenza naye.

“Ekuqaleni ubaba wayengakholelwa ngempela ekusaseni lami kwezobuciko. Kodwa, lapho engibuke kanye ngobusuku babafundi, ngokusobala washintsha umqondo - kunoma yikuphi, wangiyisa ekilasini lakhe. Wayenabafundi abaningi, wayehlale egcwele kakhulu umsebenzi wokufundisa. Ngiyakhumbula ukuthi kwakudingeka ngilalele abanye kaningi kunokuzidlalela mina - ulayini awuzange ufinyelele. Kodwa ngendlela, kwakujabulisa kakhulu ukulalela: kokubili umculo omusha nombono kababa mayelana nencazelo yawo kwaqashelwa. Ukuphawula kwakhe namazwi akhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayeqondiswe kubani, kwazuzisa lonke ikilasi.

Umuntu wayevame ukubona uSvyatoslav Richter endlini yaseNeuhaus. Wayevame ukuhlala phansi ophiyano azilolonge ngaphandle kokushiya ikhibhodi amahora amaningi. UStanislav Neuhaus, ufakazi wokuzibonela nofakazi walo msebenzi, wadlula ohlotsheni lwesikole sopiyano: kwakunzima ukufisa esingcono. Amakilasi kaRichter ayewakhumbula phakade: “USvyatoslav Teofilovich wahlatshwa ukuphikelela okukhulu emsebenzini. Ngingathi, intando engenabuntu. Uma indawo ingazange imsebenzele, wayewela phezu kwayo ngamandla akhe onke nangentshiseko kuze kube yilapho, ekugcineni, eqeda ubunzima. Kulabo ababembuka eceleni, lokhu kwakuhlale kwenza umbono oqinile ... "

Ngawo-1950, uyise nendodana kaNeuhaus babevame ukucula ndawonye njengedawo lepiyano. Ekudlaleni kwabo umuntu wayekwazi ukuzwa i-sonata ka-Mozart ngo-D omkhulu, i-Andante ka-Schumann enezinhlobonhlobo, eka-Debussy ethi “White and Black”, amasudi ka-Rachmaninov… ubaba. Selokhu athola iziqu ku-conservatory (1953), futhi kamuva izifundo ze-postgraduate (XNUMX), uStanislav Neuhaus kancane kancane uye wazibeka endaweni evelele phakathi kwabadlali bopiyano baseSoviet. Naye wahlangana ngemva kwezilaleli zasekhaya nezangaphandle.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, uNeuhaus wayeseduze nemibuthano ye-intelligentsia yobuciko kusukela ebuntwaneni; Wachitha iminyaka eminingi emndenini imbongi ovelele Boris Pasternak. Kwaduma izinkondlo ngakuye. UPasternak ngokwakhe wayethanda ukuzifunda, futhi izivakashi zakhe, u-Anna Akhmatova nabanye, nazo zazifunda. Mhlawumbe isimo lapho uStanislav Neuhaus ehlala khona, noma ezinye izakhiwo ezingokwemvelo, "eziseduze" zobuntu bakhe, zaba nomthelela - kunoma yikuphi, lapho engena esiteji sekhonsathi, umphakathi washeshe wambona njengo. Mayelana nalokhu, hhayi umbhali we-prose, okwakuhlale kukhona abaningi phakathi kozakwabo. ("Ngangilalela izinkondlo kusukela ebuntwaneni. Mhlawumbe, njengomculi, wanginika okuningi ...," uyakhumbula.) Izimo zenqolobane yakhe - ezicashile, ezithuthumelayo, ezingokomoya - ngokuvamile eziseduze nomculo weChopin, Scriabin. UNeuhaus wayengomunye wamaChopinists ahamba phambili ezweni lakithi. Futhi njengoba kwakucatshangelwa ngokufanelekile, omunye wabahumushi abazalwa beScriabin.

Ngokuvamile wayeklonyeliswa ngehlombe elifudumele ngokudlala i-Barcarolle, i-Fantasia, i-waltzes, i-nocturnes, i-mazurkas, i-Chopin ballads. Ama-sonatas kaScriabin kanye nama-lyrical miniatures - "Fragility", "Desire", "Riddle", "Weasel in the Dance", izandulelo ezivela kuma-opus ahlukahlukene, wajabulela impumelelo enkulu kusihlwa sakhe. "Ngoba izinkondlo zeqiniso" (Andronikov I. Ukuze umculo. - M., 1975. P. 258.), - njengoba u-Irakli Andronikov aphawula kahle endabeni ethi "Neigauz Again". U-Neuhaus ongumdlali wekhonsathi ubenekhwalithi eyodwa ngaphezulu emenze waba umhumushi oncomekayo we-repertoire esanda kuqanjwa. Ikhwalithi, ingqikithi yayo ethola isisho esinembe kakhulu kuleli gama ukwenza umculo.

Ngenkathi idlala, i-Neuhaus yayibonakala ithuthuka: umlaleli wezwa ukugeleza okubukhoma komcabango womculo womdlali, engaphoqwa ama-clichés - ukuhlukahluka kwawo, ukungalindelekile okujabulisayo kwama-engeli nokujika. Umdlali wopiyano, isibonelo, wayevame ukuya esiteji nge-Scriabin's Fifth Sonata, ene-etudes (Op. 8 kanye ne-42) yombhali ofanayo, nama-ballads ka-Chopin - isikhathi ngasinye le misebenzi ibukeka ngandlela thize, ngendlela entsha ... Wayazi ukuthi kanjani ukudlala ngokungalingani, ukudlula ama-stencil, ukudlala umculo a la impromptu - yini engase ibe ekhangayo ekhonsathini? Kwashiwo ngenhla ukuthi ngendlela efanayo, ngokukhululeka nangokungathuthukisiwe, u-VV Sofronitsky, owayehlonishwa kakhulu nguye, wadlala umculo esiteji; uyise wadlala esiteji esifanayo. Mhlawumbe kungaba nzima ukubiza umdlali wopiyano eduze kwalaba ongcweti ngokusebenza kunoNeuhaus Jr.

Kwashiwo emakhasini angaphambili ukuthi isitayela sokuthuthukiswa, kuzo zonke izintelezi zaso, sigcwele izingozi ezithile. Kanye nempumelelo yokudala, ukuqhuma kabi kungenzeka lapha: okuphume izolo kungase kungasebenzi namuhla. I-Neuhaus - yini okufanele uyifihle? - wayeqiniseka (izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa) ngokuguquguquka kwenhlanhla yobuciko, wayejwayele umunyu wokuhluleka kwesiteji. Izikhathi ezijwayelekile zamahholo ekhonsathi zikhumbula izimo ezinzima, cishe izimo eziphuthumayo lapho edlala - izikhathi lapho umthetho wokuqala wokusebenza, owakhiwe nguBach, waqala ukwephulwa: ukuze udlale kahle, udinga ukucindezela ukhiye ofanele ngomunwe ongakwesokudla. ngesikhathi esifanele ... Lokhu kwenzeke nge-Neuhaus kanye naku-Chopin's Twenty-four Etude , nasesifundweni sika-Scriabin sika-C-sharp minor (Op. 42), kanye nesandulela sika-Rachmaninov sika-G-minor (Op. 23). Akazange ahlukaniswe njengomdlali oqinile, ozinzile, kodwa—akuyona yini indida?—ukuba sengozini kobuciko bukaNeuhaus njengomdlali wekhonsathi, “ukuba sengozini” kwakhe okuncane kwakunokuthandeka kwakho, okukhangayo: abaphilayo kuphela abasengozini. Kukhona abadlali bopiyano abamisa amabhlogo angenakucimeka omculo ngisho nakuma-mazurka kaChopin; izikhathi ze-sonic ezintekenteke ze-Scriabin noma i-Debussy - futhi baqina ngaphansi kweminwe yabo njengokhonkolo oqinisiwe. Umdlalo kaNeuhaus wawuyisibonelo sokuphambene ncamashi. Mhlawumbe, ngandlela thize walahlekelwa (ulahlekelwe "ubuchwepheshe", ngolimi lwababuyekezi), kodwa wawina, futhi ngendlela ebalulekile. (Ngikhumbula ukuthi engxoxweni phakathi kwabaculi baseMoscow, omunye wabo wathi, “Kumelwe uvume, uNeuhaus uyakwazi ukudlala kancane…” Kancane? ezimbalwa ukwazi ukwenza upiyano. lokho angakwenza. Futhi lokho kuyinto enkulu…”.

I-Neuhaus yayingaziwa kuphela ngama-clavirabends. Njengothisha, wake wasiza uyise, kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha waba inhloko yekilasi lakhe e-conservatory. (Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona uV. Krainev, V. Kastelsky, B. Angerer.) Ngezikhathi ezithile wayehambela phesheya ukuze enze umsebenzi wokufundisa, eqhuba lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe e-Italy nase-Austria. “Ngokuvamile lolu hambo lwenzeka phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo,” esho. “Ndaweni ethile, kwelinye lamadolobha aseYurophu, kuhlangana abadlali bopiyano abasha abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngikhetha iqembu elincane, cishe abantu abayisishiyagalombili noma abayishumi, kulabo ababonakala bekufanelekela ukunakwa, bese ngiqala ukufunda nabo. Abanye bakhona nje, babukele isifundo bephethe amanothi, beqhubeka, njengoba singathi, ukuzijwayeza.

Ngesinye isikhathi omunye wabagxeki wambuza ngesimo sakhe sengqondo ku-pedagogy. “Ngiyakuthanda ukufundisa,” kuphendula uNeuhaus. “Ngiyakuthanda ukuba phakathi kwentsha. Nakuba ... Kufanele unikeze amandla amaningi, izinzwa, amandla ngesinye isikhathi. Uyabona, angikwazi ukulalela “okungewona umculo” ekilasini. Ngizama ukuzuza okuthile, ngizuze ... Kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka ngalo mfundi. Ngokuvamile, i-pedagogy iwuthando olunzima. Noma kunjalo, okokuqala ngithanda ukuzizwa ngingumdlali wekhonsathi.”

I-erudition ecebile ye-Neuhaus, indlela yakhe engavamile yokuchazwa kwemisebenzi yomculo, iminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho kwasesiteji - konke lokhu kwakuyigugu, futhi kukhulu, entsheni yokudala ezungezile. Kuningi okwakumelwe akufunde, kuningi okwakumelwe akufunde. Mhlawumbe, okokuqala, kwezobuciko bepiyano ukuzwakala. Ubuciko lapho ayazi abambalwa abalingana nabo.

Yena ngokwakhe, lapho esesiteji, wayenomsindo omangalisayo wepiyano: lokhu kwakucishe kube yihlangothi elinamandla kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwakhe; akukho lapho izicukuthwane zemvelo yakhe yobuciko zavela khona ngokusobala njengomsindo. Futhi hhayi kuphela engxenyeni "yegolide" ye-repertoire yakhe - i-Chopin ne-Scriabin, lapho umuntu engakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokukwazi ukukhetha ingubo yomsindo omuhle - kodwa futhi kunoma yimuphi umculo awuhumushayo. Ake sikhumbule, isibonelo, ukuhumusha kwakhe ama-E-flat major ka-Rachmaninoff (Op. 23) noma ama-F-minor (Op. 32), ama-watercolor opiyano ka-Debussy, adlalwa ngu-Schubert nabanye ababhali. Yonke indawo lapho umdlali wopiyano edlala khona ukhangwa umsindo omuhle nohloniphekile wensimbi, indlela ethambile, cishe engacindezelwe, nemibala ethambile. Yonke indawo wawubona thanda (awukwazi ukusho ngenye indlela) isimo sengqondo kukhibhodi: yilabo kuphela abathanda upiyano, izwi layo langempela neliyingqayizivele, badlale umculo ngale ndlela. Kukhona abadlali bopiyano abambalwa abakhombisa isiko elihle lokuzwakalisa umsindo ekudlalweni kwabo; bambalwa kakhulu abalalela insimbi yodwa. Futhi abekho abaculi abaningi abanombala ngamunye we-timbre womsindo otholakala kubo kuphela. (Phela, i-Piano Masters - futhi yibo kuphela! - banephalethi yomsindo ehlukile, ukukhanya okuhlukile, umbala nemibala yabadwebi abakhulu.) U-Neuhaus wayenepiyano yakhe, ekhethekile, yayingenakudideka nanoma iyiphi enye.

… Isithombe esiyindida ngezinye izikhathi sibonakala ehholo lekhonsathi: umdlali osethole imiklomelo eminingi emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe ngesikhathi sakhe, uthola abalaleli abanentshisekelo kunzima; emicimbini yomunye, onezimpahla zokugqoka, ukuhluka neziqu ezimbalwa kakhulu, ihholo lihlala ligcwele. (Bathi kuyiqiniso: imiqhudelwano inemithetho yayo, izethameli zekhonsathi zineyazo.) UNeuhaus akazange abe nethuba lokuwina imincintiswano nozakwabo. Noma kunjalo, indawo ayehlala kuyo empilweni ye-philharmonic yamnikeza ithuba elibonakalayo ngaphezu kwama-fighters amaningi anolwazi. Wayedume kakhulu, amathikithi e-clavirabends yakhe kwesinye isikhathi ayebuzwa ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude eziya emahholo ayecula kuwo. Ubenakho lokho wonke amaciko okuvakasha aphupha ngakho: izethameli zayo. Kubonakala sengathi ngaphezu kwezimfanelo esezibaluliwe kakade - ingoma eyinqaba, ukuthakazelisa, ubuhlakani bukaNeuhaus njengomculi - kukhona okunye okuzenze kwaba nomuzwa wokuthi kwavusa uzwela lwabantu ngaye. Yena, ngangokunokwenzeka ukwahlulela ngaphandle, wayengakhathazeki kakhulu ngokufuna impumelelo ...

Umlaleli ozwelayo uyakuqaphela ngokushesha lokhu (ubumnandi bomculi, ukuzinikela esiteji) - njengoba bebona, futhi ngokushesha, noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kobuze, ukuma, ukuzibonisa esiteji. UNeuhaus akazange azame ngazo zonke izindlela ukujabulisa umphakathi. (I. Andronikov ubhala kahle: "Ehholo elikhulu, uStanislav Neuhaus uhlala eyedwa ephethe insimbi kanye nomculo. Njengokungathi akukho muntu ehholo. Futhi udlala uChopin njengokungathi uzenzele yena. Njengeyakhe, ngokujulile komuntu siqu. ”… (Andronikov I. Kumculo. S. 258)) Lokhu kwakungeyona i-coquetry ecwengisisiwe noma ukwamukelwa kochwepheshe - lokhu kwakuyimpahla yemvelo yakhe, umlingiswa. Lokhu mhlawumbe kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthandwa kwakhe ngabalaleli. "... Uma umuntu ephoqelelwa kancane kwabanye abantu, abanye bayaba nesithakazelo kumuntu," isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esiteji esikhulu uStanislavsky siqinisekisa, sithatha kulokhu ukuthi "ngokushesha nje lapho umlingisi eyeka ukubala nesixuku ehholo, uya aqale asondele kuye (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch. T. 5. S. 496. T. 1. S. 301-302.). Ehlatshwe umxhwele umculo, futhi ngawo kuphela, uNeuhaus wayengenaso isikhathi sokukhathazeka ngempumelelo. Lapho efika kuye ngokweqiniso.

G. Tsypin