Ferruccio Busoni |

Ferruccio Busoni

U-Busoni ungomunye weziqhwaga zomlando womhlaba womculo wopiyano, umculi onobuntu obukhanyayo kanye nezifiso ezibanzi zokudala. Umculi uhlanganise izici "zamaMohicans wokugcina" wobuciko bekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye nomboni onesibindi wezindlela zesikhathi esizayo zokuthuthukisa isiko lobuciko.

UFerruccio Benvenuto Busoni wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1, 1866 enyakatho ye-Italy, esifundeni saseTuscan edolobheni lase-Empoli. Wayenguye yedwa indodana ye-clarinetist yase-Italy uFerdinando Busoni kanye nomdlali wepiyano u-Anna Weiss, umama wase-Italy kanye nobaba waseJalimane. Abazali bomfana babenza imisebenzi yekhonsathi futhi bephila impilo yokuzulazula, ingane okwakudingeka ihlanganyele.

Ubaba wayenguthisha wokuqala futhi okhetha kakhulu we-virtuoso yesikhathi esizayo. “Ubaba wayeqonda okuncane ekudlaleni upiyano futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengagxilile esigqini, kodwa wanxephezela la maphutha ngamandla angenakuchazwa ngokuphelele, ukuqina kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo. Wayekwazi ukuhlala eduze kwami ​​amahora amane ngosuku, elawula yonke inothi nayo yonke iminwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakungeke kube nokungabaza nganoma yikuphi ukuzitika, ukuphumula, noma ukunganaki nokuncane. Ukuphumula okuwukuphela kwenkathi kwakubangelwa ukuqhuma kwesimo sakhe sengqondo esicasuke ngendlela engavamile, okulandelwa ukuhlambalaza, iziprofetho ezimnyama, izinsongo, izimpama nezinyembezi ezinkulu.

Konke lokhu kwaphetha ngokuphenduka, induduzo yobaba kanye nesiqiniseko sokuthi izinto ezinhle kuphela ezazifunelwa kimi, futhi ngakusasa konke kwaqala kabusha. Eqondisa uFerruccio endleleni yaseMozartian, uyise waphoqa umfana oneminyaka eyisikhombisa ukuthi aqale ukudlala esidlangalaleni. Kwenzeka ngo-1873 e-Trieste. NgoFebhuwari 8, 1876, uFerruccio wanikeza ikhonsathi yakhe yokuqala ezimele eVienna.

Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kamuva, isibuyekezo esinemininingwane sika-Eduard Hanslick savela ku-Neue Freie Presse. Umgxeki waseAustria waphawula “impumelelo emangalisayo” kanye “namakhono angavamile” omfana, emhlukanisa nesixuku salabo “bantwana abayizimangaliso” “isimangaliso esiphela ngabo ebuntwaneni.” Umbuyekezi wabhala: “Sekuyisikhathi eside kungekho ngane ehlakaniphile eyavusa uzwela kimi njengoFerruccio Busoni omncane. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuncane kakhulu ingane ehlakaniphile kuye futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho, umculi omningi osezingeni eliphezulu ... Udlala entsha, ngokwemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela enzima ukuyichaza, kodwa imizwa yomculo esobala ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho i-tempo elungile, ukuphimisela okulungile kukuyo yonke indawo, umoya wesigqi uyabanjwa, amazwi ahlukaniswa ngokucacile eziqeshini ze-polyphonic ... "

Umgxeki wabuye waphawula “umlingiswa ongathi sína futhi onesibindi ngokumangalisayo” wokuhlolwa kokuqamba ikhonsathi, okwathi, kanye nokubikezela kwakhe “imifanekiso egcwele ukuphila namaqhinga amancane ahlangene,” kwafakazela “ukutadisha uBach ngothando”; inganekwane yamahhala, uFerruccio ayithuthukisile ngaphezu kohlelo, “ikakhulukazi ngomoya wokulingisa noma oweqayo” yahlukaniswa izici ezifanayo, ezihlokweni ezihlongozwe ngokushesha umlobi wokubuyekeza.

Ngemva kokutadisha noW. Mayer-Remy, lo mdlali wopiyano osemusha waqala ukuvakasha izindawo eziningi. Ngonyaka weshumi nanhlanu wokuphila kwakhe, wakhethwa e-Philharmonic Academy edumile e-Bologna. Ngemva kokuphasa ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa okunzima kakhulu, ngo-1881 waba ilungu le-Bologna Academy - icala lokuqala ngemva kukaMozart ukuthi lesi sihloko sokuhlonipha sanikezwa esemncane.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabhala okuningi, wanyathelisa izihloko emaphephandabeni ahlukahlukene kanye nomagazini.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uBusoni wayeselishiyile ikhaya labazali bakhe wayohlala eLeipzig. Kwakungelula ukuthi ahlale lapho. Nansi enye yezincwadi zakhe:

“… Ukudla, hhayi nje kuphela ngekhwalithi, kodwa futhi ngobuningi, kushiya okuningi… U-Bechstein wami wafika ngolunye usuku, futhi ngakusasa ekuseni kwadingeka nginikeze umthwali wezincwadi wami wokugcina. Ngobusuku bangaphambili, ngangihamba emgwaqweni futhi ngahlangana noSchwalm (umnikazi wendlu yokushicilela - umbhali), engammisa ngokushesha: "Thatha imibhalo yami - ngidinga imali." “Ngeke ngikwazi ukwenza lokhu manje, kodwa uma uvuma ukungibhalela inganekwane encane ku-The Barber of Baghdad, bese uze kimi ekuseni, ngizokunika amamaki angamashumi amahlanu kusengaphambili kanye namamaki ayikhulu ngemva kokuba umsebenzi usuphelile. ngomumo.” - "Isivumelwano!" Savalelisana.”

E-Leipzig, uTchaikovsky wabonisa isithakazelo emisebenzini yakhe, ebikezela ikusasa elihle likazakwabo oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala.

Ngo-1889, ngemva kokuthuthela eHelsingfors, uBusoni wahlangana nendodakazi yomqophi waseSweden, uGerda Shestrand. Ngemva konyaka, waba umkakhe.

Ingqophamlando ebalulekile empilweni kaBusoni kwakungu-1890, ngenkathi ebamba iqhaza Emqhudelwaneni Wokuqala Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wabadlali Bopiyano Nabaqambi oqanjwe ngoRubinstein. Kwaklonyeliswa umklomelo owodwa esigabeni ngasinye. Futhi umqambi uBusoni ukwazile ukumwina. Kuyaxaka nakakhulu ukuthi umklomelo kubadlali bopiyano waklonyeliswa uN. Dubasov, igama lakhe elalahleka kamuva ohlwini lwabadlali abaningi ... Naphezu kwalokhu, ngokushesha uBusoni waba uprofesa eMoscow Conservatory, lapho anconywa khona ngu-Anton Rubinstein. yena.

Ngeshwa, umqondisi we-Moscow Conservatory VI Safonov akathandi umculi wase-Italy. Lokhu kwaphoqa uBusoni ukuthi athuthele e-United States ngo-1891. Kulapho-ke okwenzeka khona ushintsho kuye, umphumela waba ukuzalwa kukaBusoni omusha - iciko elamangaza umhlaba wonke futhi lakha inkathi emlandweni. umlando wobuciko bepiyano.

Njengoba u-AD Alekseev ebhala: “Umculo wopiyano kaBusoni uye waba nenguquko ephawulekayo. Ekuqaleni, indlela yokudlala ye-virtuoso encane yayinomlingisi wobuciko bothando obufundiswayo, ilungile, kodwa akukho okuphawulekayo. Engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1890, uBusoni washintsha ngokuphawulekayo izikhundla zakhe zobuhle. Uba yisihlubuki somculi, owadelela amasiko abolile, ummeli wokuvuselela ubuciko obuwujuqu ... "

Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yafika eBusoni ngo-1898, ngemuva komjikelezo wakhe waseBerlin, onikezelwe "ekuthuthukisweni komlando wekhonsathi yepiyano". Ngemva kokudlala emibuthanweni yomculo, baqala ukukhuluma ngenkanyezi entsha eyayiphume emkhathini wopiyano. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi wekhonsathi kaBusoni uthole indawo enkulu.

Udumo lomshayi wopiyano lwanda futhi lwavunyelwa uhambo oluningi lwamakhonsathi emadolobheni ahlukahlukene eJalimane, e-Italy, eFrance, eNgilandi, eCanada, e-USA nakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1912 no-1913, ngemva kwekhefu elide, uBusoni waphinde wavela ezitebhisini zaseSt.

UMN Barinova uyabhala: “Uma emdlalweni kaHoffmann ngimangazwa ubuqili bomdwebo womculo, ukucaca kobuchwepheshe nokunemba kokulandela umbhalo,” kubhala uMN Barinova, “emdlalweni kaBusoni ngangizizwa ngihlobene nobuciko obuhle. Ekwenzeni kwakhe, uhlelo lokuqala, lwesibili, lwesithathu lwalucacile, emgqeni omncane womkhathizwe kanye nenkungu efihle amakhonsathi. I-shades ehluke kakhulu yepiyano, njengokungathi, i-depressions, kanye nayo yonke i-shades ye-forte ibonakala sengathi iyimpumuzo. Kulolu hlelo oluqoshiwe lapho uBusoni enza khona “Sposalizio”, “II penseroso” kanye “Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa” kusukela “kuNyaka Wokuzula” wesibili ka-Liszt.

U-“Sposalizio” uzwakale ezolile, ephinda phambi kwezithameli isithombe esiphefumulelwe sika-Raphael. Ama-octave kulo msebenzi owenziwa uBusoni ayengewona awemvelo. Iwebhu encane yendwangu ye-polyphonic ilethwe ku-pianissimo enhle kakhulu, e-velvety. Iziqephu ezinkulu, eziphambene azizange ziphazamise ubunye bomcabango ngomzuzwana.

Lena kwakuyimihlangano yokugcina yezethameli zaseRussia nomculi omkhulu. Ngokushesha kwaqala iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi uBusoni akazange aphinde eze eRussia.

Amandla ale ndoda ayengenamingcele. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wahlela “ubusuku bezinsimbi” eBerlin, lapho imisebenzi eminingi emisha nengavamile eyenziwa nguRimsky-Korsakov, Franck, Saint-Saens, Fauré, Debussy, Sibelius, Bartok, Nielsen, Sindinga. , Isaya...

Wayenaka kakhulu ukuqamba. Uhlu lwemisebenzi yakhe lukhulu kakhulu futhi luhlanganisa imisebenzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene.

Intsha enekhono iqoqelwe ndawonye eduze kwe-maestro edumile. Emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, wafundisa izifundo zepiyano futhi wafundisa ezindaweni zokulondoloza imvelo. Abadlali abaningi besigaba sokuqala bafunda naye, kuhlanganise no-E. Petri, M. Zadora, I. Turchinsky, D. Tagliapetra, G. Beklemishev, L. Grunberg nabanye.

Inqwaba yemibhalo kaBusoni egxile emculweni kanye nensimbi yakhe ayintandokazi, upiyano, ayikalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo.

Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBusoni wabhala ikhasi elibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womculo wopiyano womhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithalente lika-Eugene d'Albert elikhanyayo lakhanya ezitejini zekhonsathi naye. Eqhathanisa nalaba baculi ababili, umshayi wopiyano ovelele ongumJalimane u-W. Kempf wabhala: “Yebo, kwakunemicibisholo engaphezu kowodwa emgodleni ka-d'Albert: lo mthakathi omkhulu wopiyano naye waqeda uthando lwakhe lokudlala okumangalisayo endimeni ye-opera. Kodwa, uma ngimqhathanisa nesibalo se-Italo-German Busoni, esilingana nenani eliphelele lakho kokubili, ngiphakamisa isikali ngivuna uBusoni, umdwebi ongenakuqhathaniswa nhlobo. U-D'Albert oculweni lwepiyano unikeze umbono wamandla ayisisekelo awe njengombani, ahambisana nokushaya kwezandla okukhulu kokuduma, emakhanda ezilaleli ezidumele ngokumangala. UBusoni wayehluke ngokuphelele. Ubebuye abe ngumthakathi wepiyano. Kodwa akazange aneliseke yiqiniso lokuthi, ngenxa yendlebe yakhe engenakuqhathaniswa, ukungenzi iphutha okumangalisayo kwesu nolwazi oluningi, washiya uphawu lwakhe emisebenzini ayeyenzile. Kokubili njengomdlali wopiyano nanjengomqambi, wakhangwa kakhulu izindlela ezingakanyathelwa, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zikhona zamkhanga kangangokuthi, enqotshwa ukulangazelela kwakhe, waqala ukuyofuna izindawo ezintsha. Nakuba u-d'Albert, indodana yangempela yemvelo, wayengazi noma yiziphi izinkinga, nalowo “mhumushi” onobuhlakani wemisebenzi yobuciko (umhumushi, ngendlela, olimini olunzima ngezinye izikhathi), kusukela kumabha okuqala wazizwa udluliselwe ezweni lemibono enemvelaphi engokomoya kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukubona okukha phezulu - iningi kakhulu, ngokungangabazeki - ingxenye yomphakathi yayincoma kuphela ukuphelela okuphelele kwesu lenkosi. Lapho le nqubo ingazange ibonakale khona, umdwebi wabusa yedwa ngokumangalisayo, embozwe umoya ohlanzekile, osobala, njengonkulunkulu okude, lowo i-languor, izifiso nokuhlupheka kwabantu akunakuba namuphi umphumela.

Umculi omningi - ngomqondo weqiniso wegama - kunabo bonke abanye abaculi besikhathi sakhe, akubanga ngenhlanhla ukuthi athathele inkinga kaFaust ngendlela yakhe. Akazange yini yena ngokwakhe ngezinye izikhathi anikeze umbono we-Faust ethile, edluliselwe ngosizo lwefomula yomlingo kusukela ekufundeni kwakhe kuya esiteji, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, hhayi uFaust osekhulile, kodwa kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bobuhle bakhe bobudoda? Ngoba kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Liszt - inani eliphakeme kakhulu - ubani omunye ongaqhudelana ngepiyano nalo mculi? Ubuso bakhe, iphrofayili yakhe ejabulisayo, yayinophawu lokungajwayelekile. Ngempela, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Italy neJalimane, okuye kwazama kaningi ukuba kwenziwe ngosizo lwezindlela zangaphandle nezinobudlova, ezitholakala kuyo, ngomusa wonkulunkulu, inkulumo yayo ephilayo.

U-Alekseev uphawula ithalente likaBusoni njengomthuthukisi: "U-Busoni wavikela inkululeko yokudala yomhumushi, ekholelwa ukuthi le ncwajana ihloselwe kuphela "ukulungisa ukuthuthukiswa" nokuthi umculi kufanele azikhulule "emivubukulweni yezibonakaliso", "azibeke. ngokunyakaza”. Ekuqeqesheni kwakhe ikhonsathi, wayevame ukushintsha umbhalo wezingoma, azidlale ngokuyisisekelo enguqulweni yakhe.

U-Busoni wayeyi-virtuoso eyingqayizivele eyaqhubeka futhi yathuthukisa amasiko e-virtuoso coloristic pianism ka-Liszt. Njengoba enazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko bepiyano ngokulinganayo, wamangaza abalaleli ngokusebenza okukhazimulayo, isiphetho esijahayo namandla okukhala kweminwe, amanothi akabili nama-octave ngesivinini esisheshayo. Okwakuthakazelisa kakhulu kwakuwukucwebezela okumangalisayo kwephalethi yakhe yomsindo, ebonakala idonsa izinsimbi ze-symphony orchestra ne-ogani ... "

UMN Barinova, owavakashela umdlali wopiyano omkhulu ekhaya eBerlin ngaphambi nje kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uyakhumbula: “UBusoni wayengumuntu ofunde ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Wayezazi kahle izincwadi, eyisazi somculo kanye nesazi sezilimi, engusolwazi kwezobuciko obuhle, isazi-mlando kanye nesazi sefilosofi. Ngikhumbula indlela ezinye izazi zezilimi zeSpanishi ezake zeza ngayo kuye ukuze zixazulule ingxabano yazo ephathelene nezici zolunye lwezilimi zesigodi zeSpanishi. I-erudition yakhe yayinkulu. Umuntu kwakumele azibuze ukuthi usithathaphi isikhathi sokugcwalisa ulwazi lwakhe.

UFerruccio Busoni wafa ngoJulayi 27, 1924.