UMaurice Ravel |

Maurice Ravel

Umculo omnandi, ngiyaqiniseka ngalokhu, uvela enhliziyweni njalo … Umculo, ngigcizelela kulokhu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani, kufanele ube muhle. M. Ravel

Umculo ka-M. Ravel - umqambi ongumFulentshi omkhulu kunabo bonke, umpetha omangalisayo wombala womculo - uhlanganisa ukuthambile okuzwakalayo nokufiphala kwemisindo nokucaca kwakudala nokuvumelana kwamafomu. Ubhale ama-opera angu-2 (Ihora LaseSpain, Ingane Nomlingo), ama-ballet angu-3 (okuhlanganisa noDaphnis noChloe), usebenzela i-orchestra (i-Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero) , amakhonsathi epiyano angu-2, i-rhapsody ye-violin "Gypsy", Quartet, I-Trio, i-sonatas (ye-violin ne-cello, i-violin nopiyano), izingoma zopiyano (kufaka phakathi i-Sonatina, "I-Water Play", imijikelezo ethi "Night Gaspar", "Ama-waltzes ahloniphekile nanozwela", "I-Reflections", i-suite "I-Tomb of Couperin" , izingxenye zazo ezinikezelwe enkumbulweni yabangane bomqambi abafa phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala), amakhwaya, ezothando. Umsunguli onesibindi, uRavel waba nomthelela omkhulu kubaqambi abaningi bezizukulwane ezalandela.

Wazalelwa emndenini wonjiniyela waseSwitzerland uJoseph Ravel. Ubaba wayenesiphiwo somculo, eshaya icilongo nomtshingo kahle. Wethula uMaurice osemusha kwezobuchwepheshe. Intshisekelo emishinini, amathoyizi, amawashi yahlala nomqambi impilo yakhe yonke futhi yabonakala emisebenzini yakhe eminingi (ake sikhumbule, isibonelo, isingeniso se-opera Spanish Hour ngesithombe sesitolo somenzi wamawashi). Umama womqambi wayevela emndenini wamaBasque, umqambi ayeziqhenya ngawo. U-Ravel wasebenzisa kaningi inganekwane yomculo yalesi sizwe esiyivelakancane nesiphetho esingajwayelekile emsebenzini wakhe (i-piano Trio) waze wakhulelwa i-Piano Concerto ngezindikimba zesi-Basque. Umama wakwazi ukwakha isimo sokuzwana nokuqondana emndenini, okulungele ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kwamakhono emvelo wezingane. Ngo-June 1875, umndeni wathuthela eParis, lapho impilo yonke yomqambi ixhunyiwe.

URavel waqala ukufundela umculo eneminyaka engu-7. Ngo-1889, wangena eParis Conservatoire, lapho athola khona iziqu ekilasini lepiyano lika-C. Berio (indodana yomdlali wevayolini odumile) ngomklomelo wokuqala emncintiswaneni ngo-1891 (owesibili. umklomelo watholwa ngalowo nyaka umshayi wepiyano ongumFulentshi omkhulu u-A. Cortot). Ukuphothula ku-conservatory ekilasini lokuqamba akuzange kumjabulise kangako uRavel. Njengoba eseqale ukufunda ekilasini lokuzwana lika-E. Pressar, edanyazwe ukuqagela ngokweqile komfundi wakhe mayelana nokungahlangani, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ekilasini lika-A. Gedalzh, futhi kusukela ngo-1896 wafunda ukuqamba noG. Fauré, okwathi nakuba kunjalo wayengeyena owabameli bezinto ezintsha ezeqile, wazisa ithalenta likaRavel, ukunambitheka kwakhe nomuzwa wesimo, futhi wagcina isimo sengqondo esifudumele ngomfundi wakhe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Ngenxa yokuthweswa iziqu e-conservatory ngomklomelo nokuthola umfundaze wokuhlala iminyaka emine e-Italy, uRavel wabamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni izikhathi ezi-5 (1900-05), kodwa akakaze aklonyeliswe ngomklomelo wokuqala, kwathi ngo-1905, ngemuva komncintiswano. ukuhlolwa kokuqala, akazange avunyelwe ngisho nokubamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni omkhulu . Uma sikhumbula ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi u-Ravel wayesevele eqambe izingcezu zepiyano ezifana nedumela elithi "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "The Play of Water", kanye ne-String Quartet - imisebenzi ekhanyayo nethakazelisayo eyanqoba ngokushesha uthando. yomphakathi futhi wahlala kuze kube yilolu suku omunye repertoire kakhulu imisebenzi yakhe, isinqumo sejaji izobonakala ixakile. Lokhu akuzange kushiye umphakathi womculo waseParis ungenandaba. Ingxoxo yagqama emakhasini bezindaba, lapho uFauré noR. Rolland bathatha uhlangothi lukaRavel. Ngenxa yalokhu "icala le-Ravel", u-T. Dubois waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla somqondisi we-conservatory, uFauré waba umlandeli wakhe. URavel ngokwakhe akazange asikhumbule lesi sigameko esingemnandi, ngisho nakubangane bakhe abaseduze.

Ukungathandi ukunakwa komphakathi ngokweqile kanye nemikhosi esemthethweni kwakungokwemvelo kuye kuyo yonke impilo yakhe. Ngakho, ngo-1920, wenqaba ukuthola i-Order of the Legion of Honor, nakuba igama lakhe lanyatheliswa ezinhlwini zalabo abaklonyelisiwe. Leli cala elisha elithi “Ravel” liphinde labangela umsindo omkhulu emaphephandabeni. Wayengathandi ukukhuluma ngakho. Kodwa-ke, ukwenqaba kwe-oda nokungathandi ukuhlonishwa akubonisi nhlobo ukunganaki komqambi empilweni yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kuthiwa akakufanelekele ukuya empini, ufuna ukuthunyelwa phambili, okokuqala njengomuntu ohlelekile, bese kuba umshayeli weloli. Kuphela umzamo wakhe wokuya endizeni wehlulekile (ngenxa yenhliziyo egulayo). Akazange futhi angabi nandaba nenhlangano ngo-1914 ye "National League for the Defense of French Music" kanye nesidingo sayo sokungenzi imisebenzi yabaqambi baseJalimane eFrance. Wabhalela “iLeague” incwadi ephikisana nombono onjalo wesizwe.

Imicimbi eyengeze ukuhlukahluka empilweni ka-Ravel kwaba uhambo. Wayethanda ukujwayelana namazwe angaphandle, ebusheni bakhe wayezokhonza naseMpumalanga. Iphupho lokuvakashela eMpumalanga lalihloselwe ukufezeka ekupheleni kwempilo. Ngo-1935 wavakashela e-Morocco, wabona umhlaba othakazelisayo, omangalisayo wase-Afrika. Endleleni eya eFrance, wadlula amadolobha amaningana eSpain, kuhlanganise neSeville nezingadi zayo, izixuku ezijabulisayo, ukulwa nezinkunzi. Izikhathi eziningi umqambi wavakashela izwe lakubo, waya emcimbini wokuhlonipha ukufakwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo endlini azalelwa kuyo. Ngamahlaya, uRavel uchaze umcimbi onesizotha wokuzinikezela esihlokweni sokuba udokotela wase-Oxford University. Ohambweni lwamakhonsathi, oluthakazelisa kakhulu, oluhlukahlukene noluyimpumelelo kwaba uhambo lwezinyanga ezine lwaseMelika naseCanada. Umqambi wawela izwe kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga futhi kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu, amakhonsathi yonke indawo ayebanjelwe ngokunqoba, Ravel waba yimpumelelo njengoba umqambi, wopiyano, umbhidisi ngisho nomfundisi. Enkulumweni yakhe emayelana nomculo wesimanje, yena, ikakhulukazi, unxuse abaqambi baseMelika ukuthi bathuthukise izakhi ze-jazz ngenkuthalo, ukukhombisa ukunaka okwengeziwe komculo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuvakashela eMelika, uRavel wathola emsebenzini wakhe lesi simo esisha nesinemibala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Isici somdanso besilokhu siheha u-Ravel. Iseyili yomlando eyisikhumbuzo ye-“Waltz” yakhe ebukekayo nedabukisayo, i-“Noble and Sentimental Waltzes” entekenteke futhi ecolisisiwe, isigqi esicacile se-“Bolero” edumile, i-Malagueña no-Habaner ephuma ku-“Spanish Rhapsody”, i-Pavane, i-Minuet, i-Forlan ne- U-Rigaudon ovela "Ethuneni Le-Couperin" - imidanso yesimanje neyasendulo yezizwe ezahlukahlukene iphikisiwe emqondweni womqambi womculo ibe amaculo amancane obuhle obungavamile.

Umqambi akazange ahlale eyisithulu kwezobuciko bomdabu bakwamanye amazwe ("Izinsimbi Eziyisihlanu ZamaGreki", "Izingoma Ezimbili ZamaJuda", "Izingoma Ezine Zesintu" zezwi nopiyano). Intshisekelo yesiko laseRussia ayifanga entweni ekhaliphile ethi "Izithombe Embukisweni" ka-M. Mussorgsky. Kodwa ubuciko beSpain neFrance buhlala busendaweni yokuqala kuye.

U-Ravel ongowesiko lesiFulentshi ubonakala endaweni yakhe yobuhle, ekukhetheni izifundo zemisebenzi yakhe, nakumaphimbo ayisici. Ukuvumelana nezimo nokunemba kokuthungwa okucacile nokucijile okuvumelanayo kumenza ahlobane no-JF Rameau no-F. Couperin. Imvelaphi yesimo sengqondo esiqondile sikaRavel ngendlela yokukhuluma nayo isekelwe kwezobuciko baseFrance. Ekukhetheni imibhalo yemisebenzi yakhe yephimbo, wakhomba izimbongi ikakhulukazi ezisondelene naye. Laba abafanekiseli S. Mallarme noP. Verlaine, eduze nobuciko beParnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys ngokuphelela okucacile kwevesi lakhe, abameleli be-French Renaissance C. Maro noP. Ronsard. U-Ravel ubonakale engaziwa ezimbongini zothando, eziphula izinhlobo zobuciko ngokungena kwemizwa enesivunguvungu.

Ngokucatshangelwa kwe-Ravel, izici zesiFulentshi ngempela zavezwa ngokugcwele, umsebenzi wakhe ngokwemvelo futhi ngokwemvelo ungena ku-panorama evamile yobuciko base-French. Ngingathanda ukubeka u-A. Watteau endaweni elinganayo naye ngentelezi ethambile yamaqembu akhe epaki kanye nosizi lukaPierrot olufihliwe emhlabeni, u-N. Poussin ngentelezi enokuthula "yabelusi bakhe base-Arcadian", ukuhamba okujabulisayo izithombe ezithambile ezinembile zika-O. Renoir.

Nakuba u-Ravel ebizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi umqambi we-Impressionist, izici ze-impressionism zibonakala kuphela kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe, kanti kwezinye, ukucaca kwe-classical kanye nenani lezakhiwo, ukuhlanzeka kwesitayela, ukucaca kwemigqa nobucwebe ekuhlobiseni imininingwane kuphumelela. .

Njengendoda yekhulu lesi-XNUMX uRavel wakhokha intela ngothando lwakhe lwezobuchwepheshe. Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zabangela injabulo yangempela kuye lapho ehamba nabangane bakhe ngesikebhe: “Izitshalo ezinhle kakhulu, ezingavamile. Ikakhulukazi eyodwa - ibukeka njengesonto lombhishobhi lamaRoma elenziwe ngensimbi ewukhonkolo ... Uwudlulisela kanjani kuwe umbono wale ndawo yensimbi, lawa mabhilidi agcwele umlilo, lokhu kuvumelana okumangalisayo kwamakhwela, umsindo wamabhande okushayela, ukubhonga kwezando uwe phezu kwakho. Ngenhla kwabo kunesibhakabhaka esibomvu, esimnyama nesivutha amalangabi … Kumnandi kangakanani umculo. Ngizoyisebenzisa nakanjani.” Ukunyathela kwensimbi yesimanje nokugedla kwensimbi kungazwakala kweminye yemisebenzi emangalisa kakhulu yomqambi, i-Concerto for the Left Hand, ebhalelwe umshayi wopiyano wase-Austria uP. Wittgenstein, owalahlekelwa isandla sakhe sokudla empini.

Ifa lokudala lomqambi alishayi inani lemisebenzi, ivolumu yabo ngokuvamile incane. I-miniaturism enjalo ihlotshaniswa nokulungiswa kwesitatimende, ukungabi khona "kwamagama engeziwe". Ngokungafani no-Balzac, u-Ravel wayenesikhathi “sokubhala izindaba ezimfushane”. Singaqagela kuphela mayelana nakho konke okuhlobene nenqubo yokudala, ngoba umqambi wayehlukaniswa ngokuyimfihlo kokubili ezindabeni zokudala kanye nasemkhakheni wokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, impilo engokomoya. Akekho owabona ukuthi uqambe kanjani, akuzange kutholakale imidwebo noma imidwebo, imisebenzi yakhe ayizange ibe nezimpawu zokushintshwa. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba okumangalisayo, ukunemba kwayo yonke imininingwane kanye nemithunzi, ukuhlanzeka okuphelele kanye nemvelo yemigqa - yonke into ikhuluma ngokunaka kuzo zonke "into encane", yomsebenzi wesikhathi eside.

U-Ravel akayena omunye wabaqambi abashintshayo abaguqule ngokuqaphela indlela yokukhuluma futhi benza izingqikithi zobuciko zibe zesimanje. Isifiso sokudlulisela kubantu lokho okujulile komuntu siqu, okusondelene naye, angathandi ukukusho ngamagama, kwamphoqa ukuba akhulume ngolimi lomculo olujwayelekile, olwakhiwe ngokwemvelo noluqondakalayo. Ububanzi bezihloko zobuciko be-Ravel bubanzi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile umqambi uphendukela emizweni ejulile, ecacile futhi ephawulekayo. Umculo wakhe uhlezi unobuntu ngendlela emangalisayo, ukukhanga kwawo kanye nemigubho kusondelene nabantu. I-Ravel ayifuni ukuxazulula imibuzo yefilosofi nezinkinga zendawo yonke, ukumboza izihloko eziningi emsebenzini owodwa kanye nokuthola ukuxhumana kwazo zonke izenzakalo. Ngezinye izikhathi akagxili ekunakeni kwakhe kokukodwa nje - umuzwa obalulekile, ojulile futhi onezici eziningi, kwezinye izimo, ngokudabukisayo okucashile nokuhlabayo, ukhuluma ngobuhle bezwe. Ngihlale ngifuna ukukhuluma nalo mculi ngozwela nangokuqaphela, ubuciko bakhe obuseduze nobuntekenteke buthole indlela eya kubantu futhi bazuza uthando lwabo oluqotho.

V. Bazarnova

• Izici zokubukeka kokudala kweRavel →
• Ipiyano isebenza nguRavel →
• I-French musical impressionism →

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera – The Spanish Hour (L'heure espagnole, comic opera, elibre by M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet , mahhala GS Colet, 1920-25, ehlelwe ngo-1925, Monte Carlo); amabhalethi – Daphnis and Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony in 3 parts, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, set in 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, noma Mother Goose (Ma mère l 'oye, okusekelwe izingcezu zepiyano zegama elifanayo, mahhala R., ehlelwe ngo-1912 “Tr of the Arts”, Paris), Adelaide, noma Ulimi Lwezimbali (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, ngokusekelwe kumjikelezo wepiyano uNoble and Sentimental Waltzes, mahhala R., 1911, eyahlelwa ngo-1912, eChâtelet store, eParis); ama-cantata – Mirra (1901, not published), Alsion (1902, not published), Alice (1903, not published); ye-orchestra – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic poem, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); amakhonsathi ne-orchestra – 2 for pianoforte (D-dur, for the left hand, 1931; G-dur, 1931); ama-ensembles wezinsimbi zegumbi - Izingoma ezi-2 ze-violin nopiyano (1897, 1923-27), uLullaby egameni likaFaure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, wevayolini nopiyano, 1922), i-sonata ye-violin ne-cello (1920-22), i-piano trio (a-moll, 1914), i-quartet yezintambo (F-dur, 1902-03), Isingeniso kanye ne-Allegro yehabhu, i-string quartet, umtshingo kanye ne-clarinet (1905-06); ngoba upiyano 2 izandla – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, also orc. version), uPavane wengane eshonile (Pavane pour une infante défunte, 1899, also orc. version), Amanzi adlalayo (Jeux d') eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Izimvemvane zasebusuku - Noctuelles, Izinyoni ezidabukisayo - Oiseaux tristes, Isikebhe olwandle - Une barque sur l océan (futhi inguqulo ye-orc), i-Alborada, noma i-Morning serenade ye-jester – Alborada del gracioso (futhi inguqulo ye-Orc.), Valley of the Ringings – La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard of the Night (Izinkondlo ezintathu ezilandela u-Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, the eyaziwa nangokuthi Izipoki Zobusuku: Ondine, Gallows – Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet egameni likaHaydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Isandulelo (1913), Ngendlela … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's I-Tomb (Le tombeau de Couperin, isandulela, i-fugue (futhi inguqulo ye-orchestral), i-forlana, i-rigaudon, i-minuet (futhi inguqulo ye-orchestral), toccata, 1917); ngoba upiyano 4 izandla – Umama wami uhansi (Ma mère l'oye: Pavane to the Beauty elele ehlathini – Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Thumb boy – Petit poucet, Ugly, Empress of the Pagodas – Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Beauty and the Beast – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); ngamapiyano ama-2 – Auditory landscapes (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Phakathi kwezinsimbi – Entre cloches; 1895-1896); ye-violin nepiyano - i-fantasy yekhonsathi ye-Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; kanye ne-orchestra); kwaya – Izingoma ezintathu (Trois chansons, for mixed choir a cappella, lyrics by Ravel: Nicoleta, Izinyoni ezintathu ezinhle zasepharadesi, Ungayi ehlathini lika-Ormonda; 1916); ngezwi eline-orchestra noma iqoqo lezinsimbi - I-Scheherazade (ne-orchestra, amagama abhalwe ngu-T. Klingsor, 1903), Izinkondlo ezintathu zikaStefan Mallarmé (nopiyano, i-quartet yezintambo, imitshingo emi-2 nezinsimbi ezi-2: Ukububula - I-Soupir, Ukuncenga okuyize - Indawo eyize, Eqoqweni lehhashi eligijimayo – Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), izingoma zaseMadagascar (Chansons madécasses, with flute, cello and upiano, lyrics by ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Ungabethembi abelungu, Lala kahle ekushiseni; 1926); okwezwi nopiyano – Ballad of a Queen of a love (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896 ), Ama-epigrams amabili (amagama kaMarot, 1898), Ingoma yesondo eliphothayo (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Ingubo yezimbali (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, also with orc.), Christmas of toys (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, also with orchestra.), Imimoya emikhulu yaphesheya kwezilwandle (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, amagama ka-AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Umlando Wendalo (Histoires naturelles, amazwi ka-J. Renard, 1906, futhi ne-orchestra), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, lyrics ka-Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise ngendlela kaHabanera (1907), 5 folk Greek melodies (ehunyushwe nguM. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. izingoma (iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiJuda, isiScottish, isiFlemish, isiRashiya; 1910), izingoma ezimbili zamaJuda (1914), uRonsard - emphefumulweni wakhe (Ronsard à son âme, lyrics by P. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves , amazwi ka-LP Farga, 1927), Izingoma Ezintathu zikaDon Quixote to Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, lyrics by P. Moran, 1932, also with orchestra); i-orchestration - I-Antar, izingcezu ze-symphony. ama-suites “Antar” kanye ne-opera-ballet “Mlada” kaRimsky-Korsakov (1910, ayishicilelwanga), Isethulo se“Ndodana Yezinkanyezi” kaSati (1913, esingashicilelwe), Nocturne kaChopin, Etude noWaltz (akushicilelwe) , "I-Carnival" ka-Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" ka-Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" kanye "noMdanso" kaDebussy (1922), "Izithombe Embukisweni" ka-Mussorgsky (1922); amalungiselelo (ngamapiyano angu-2) – “Nocturnes” kanye “Nesandulela Ntambama Yezilwane” kaDebussy (1909, 1910).