USergei Mikhailovich Slonimsky |

Sergei Slonimsky

Nguye kuphela ofanelwe ifa Ongasebenzisa ifa ekuphileni. I-JW Goethe, “Faust”

Ngempela ungomunye walabo baqambi abambalwa besikhathi samanje ababonakala bengaguquki njengabalandela amasiko. Okabani? Ngokuvamile okuthiwa M. Mussorgsky futhi S. Prokofiev. Ngaphandle kokuqina ekwahluleleni ngeSlonimsky, okuphambene nakho kugcizelelwa: ubuntu obukhanyayo bomculo, ukukhunjulwa kwawo nokuqashelwa kalula. Ukuthembela emasikweni kanye nekaSlonimsky ethi “I” akuhlukani. Kodwa ebunyeni balezi zingxabano ezimbili, okwesithathu kwengezwe - ikhono lokudala ngokuthembekile izitayela zomculo zezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nabantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idolobhana laseRussia lezikhathi zangaphambi kwezinguquko ku-opera Virineya (1967, esekelwe indaba ka-L. Seifullina) noma iScotland endala emdlalweni we-opera uMary Stuart (1980), eyamangaza ngisho nabalaleli baseScotland ngokujula kwayo kokungena. Ikhwalithi efanayo yobuqiniso ilele ezingomeni zakhe "zasendulo": i-ballet "Icarus" (1971); izingcezu zezwi elithi “Ingoma Yezingoma” (1975), “Farewell to a Friends in the Desert” (1966), “Monologues” (1967); i-opera ethi The Master and Margarita (1972, Izigcawu zeTestamente Elisha). Ngasikhathi sinye, umbhali wenza isitayela sasendulo, ehlanganisa izimiso zomculo wezinganekwane, izindlela zakamuva zokuqamba zekhulu lesi-XNUMX. ngobuntu bayo. "USlonimsky, ngokusobala, unaleso sipho esikhethekile esihlukanisa umqambi oyedwa kwabaningi: ikhono lokukhuluma izilimi ezihlukahlukene zomculo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isitembu sekhwalithi yomuntu siqu elele emisebenzini yakhe," umgxeki waseMelika ukholelwa.

Umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi, i-Slonimsky ayinakubikezelwa kulowo nalowo omusha. Ukulandela i-cantata "Izingoma zama-Freemen" (1959, emibhalweni yabantu), lapho ukuqaliswa okumangalisayo kwezinganekwane zaseRussia kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhuluma ngeSlonimsky njengomunye wabagqugquzeli be "wave new folklore", i-Solo Violin Sonata yavela. - i-opus yenkulumo yesimanje kanye nobunkimbinkimbi. Ngemuva kwe-opera yasekamelweni ethi The Master and Margarita, kwavela iConcerto yeziginci ezintathu zikagesi, izinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa kanye ne-orchestra ye-symphony (1973) - ukuhlanganiswa koqobo kwezinhlobo ezimbili nezindlela zokucabanga zomculo: i-rock ne-symphony. Ubukhulu obunjalo kanye noshintsho olubukhali ezithakazelweni ezingokomfanekiso nezesakhiwo zomqambi ekuqaleni kwashaqisa abaningi, kungacacisi: iyini iSlonimsky yangempela? "...Ngezinye izikhathi, ngemva komsebenzi omusha olandelayo, abalandeli bakhe baba "abaphikisi" bakhe, futhi laba bakamuva baba abalandeli. Yinye kuphela into ehlala ingashintshi: umculo wakhe uhlale uvusa isithakazelo sabalaleli, bacabange ngakho futhi baphikisana ngakho. Kancane kancane, ubunye obungenakuhlukaniswa bezitayela ezahlukene ze-Slonimsky zembulwa, isibonelo, ikhono lokunikeza ngisho ne-dodecaphony izici ze-folklore melos. Kwavela ukuthi amasu athuthukile kakhulu njengokusetshenziswa kwesistimu engagxili (izwi lezwi lesithathu nelekota), isigqi samahhala sokuthuthukisa ngaphandle kokuzola, ziyisici sezinganekwane. Futhi ukutadisha ngokucophelela ukuvumelana kwakhe kwembula ukuthi umlobi usebenzisa kanjani izimiso zokuvumelana kwasendulo kanye ne-polyphony yabantu, yebo, kanye ne-arsenal yezindlela zokuvumelana kwezothando nesimanje. Yingakho ku-symphonies yakhe ngayinye yesishiyagalolunye wadala amadrama athile omculo, avame ukuxhunyaniswa nezithombe - abathwali bemibono eyinhloko, benza samuntu ukubonakaliswa okuhlukene kanye nezinhlobo zokuhle nokubi. Njengoba ngokugqamile, ngokucebile, ngokuvumelanayo, iziqephu zazo zozine zezingoma zakhe zasesiteji zomculo - i-ballet nama-opera amathathu - zembulwa ngokunembile emculweni. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zentshisekelo eqhubekayo yabadlali nabalaleli kumculo weSlonimsky, ozwakala kabanzi e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe.

Wazalelwa ngo-1932 eLeningrad, emndenini womlobi ovelele waseSoviet uM. Slonimsky, umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wazuza njengefa amasiko angokomoya we-intelligentsia yokudala yentando yeningi yaseRussia. Kusukela esemncane, ukhumbula abangane abaseduze bakayise: E. Schwartz, M. Zoshchenko, K. Fedin, izindaba mayelana M. Gorky, A. Grin, isimo sempilo yomlobi oshubile, onzima, omangalisayo. Konke lokhu kwakhulisa ngokushesha umhlaba wangaphakathi wengane, wafundiswa ukubuka umhlaba ngamehlo omlobi, umculi. Ukuqaphela okubukhali, ukuhlaziya, ukucaca ekuhloleni izenzakalo, abantu, izenzo - kancane kancane kwaqala ukucabanga okumangalisayo kuye.

Imfundo yomculo kaSlonimsky yaqala eminyakeni yangaphambi kwempi eLeningrad, yaqhubeka phakathi nempi ePerm naseMoscow, eCentral Music School; yaphela eLeningrad - esikoleni seminyaka eyishumi, e-Conservatory e-Faculty of composition (1955) kanye nepiyano (1958), futhi ekugcineni, esikoleni esiphakeme - ku-theory yomculo (1958). Phakathi kwabafundisi baseSlonimsky kukhona uB. Arapov, I. Sherman, V. Shebalin, O. Messner, O. Evlakhov (ukuqamba). Ukuthambekela ekuthuthukisweni, uthando lwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yomculo, uthando luka-S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, M. Mussorgsky, olubonakaliswa kusukela ebuntwaneni, ngokuyinhloko lunqume isithombe sokudala somqambi wesikhathi esizayo. Ngemva kokuzwa ama-opera amaningi asendulo phakathi neminyaka yempi ePerm, lapho kwasuswa khona i-Kirov Theatre, uSlonimsky osemusha wathuthukisa zonke izigcawu ze-opera, waqamba imidlalo nama-sonatas. Futhi, mhlawumbe, wayeziqhenya emphefumulweni wakhe, nakuba wayecasulwe ukuthi umculi onjengo-A. Pazovsky, ngaleso sikhathi umqhubi omkhulu wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, wayengakholelwa ukuthi uSergei Slonimsky oneminyaka eyishumi ubudala wabhala uthando emavesini kaLermontov ngokwakhe. .

Ngo-1943, uSlonimsky wathenga kwesinye sezitolo ze-haberdashery zaseMoscow i-clavier ye-opera ethi Lady Macbeth yaseMtsensk District - umsebenzi owenqatshelwe nguShostakovich wachithwa. I-opera yabanjwa ngekhanda futhi amakhefu e-Central Music School amenyezelwa “njengeSigcawu Esihlabayo” ngaphansi kokubuka okudidekile nokungavumeli othisha. Umbono womculo kaSlonimsky wakhula ngokushesha, umculo womhlaba wathathwa ngohlobo lomculo, isitayela ngesitayela. Okubi kakhulu kumculi osemusha kwakungu-1948, okwanciphisa umhlaba womculo wesimanje endaweni enyinyekile enqunyelwe izindonga "ze-formalism". Njengabo bonke abaculi balesi sizukulwane abafunda kuma-conservatories ngemva kuka-1948, wakhuliswa kuphela ngefa lakudala. Kungemva kweCongress ye-XNUMX ye-CPSU kuphela lapho kwaqala khona ucwaningo olujulile nolungenabandlululo ngesiko lomculo lekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umqambi osemusha waseLeningrad, eMoscow wenza ngokujulile isikhathi esilahlekile. Kanye no-L. Prigogine, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke. S. Gubaidulina, bafunda komunye nomunye.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinganekwane zaseRussia zaba isikole esibaluleke kakhulu seSlonimsky. Uhambo oluningi lwezinganekwane - "i-folklore conservatory," ngokusho kombhali - lwalubanjwe ngokuqondisisa hhayi kuphela ingoma, kodwa nomlingiswa wendabuko, indlela yesigodi saseRussia. Nokho, isimo sobuciko esinesimiso se-Slonimsky sasidinga ukulalela okuzwelayo kumlando wesimanje wasemadolobheni. Ngakho-ke izingoma zezivakashi nezingoma ze-bard zeminyaka yama-60s zangena emculweni wakhe. I-cantata “Voice from the Chorus” (ku-A. Blok's st., 1964) ingumzamo wokuqala wokuhlanganisa izitayela ezikude zibe ubuciko obuphelele, kamuva obuchazwa ngu-A. Schnittke ngokuthi “i-polystylistics”.

Ukucabanga kobuciko besimanje kwasungulwa nguSlonimsky kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kodwa ukuphela kweminyaka yama-50s nasekuqaleni kwawo-60 kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuxhumana okuningi nezimbongi zaseLeningrad u-E. Rein, G. Gerbovsky, I. Brodsky, nabalingisi uM. Kozakov, S. Yursky, noLeninist V. Loginov, umqondisi wefilimu uG. Poloka, uSlonimsky wakhulela emlanjeni wamathalenta akhanyayo. Kuhlanganisa ngokuphelele ukuvuthwa kanye nobubi, isizotha, ukufinyelela ukucophelela, nesibindi, isikhundla sempilo esebenzayo. Izinkulumo zakhe ezibukhali, ezithembekile zihlala ziqinisekisa, zisekelwa umuzwa wobulungisa kanye ne-erudition enkulu. Amahlaya ka-Sergei Slonimsky amnandi, anembe, anamathela njengebinzana lesintu elihloselwe kahle.

USlonimsky akayena nje umqambi nomdlali wepiyano. Ungumthuthukisi okhaliphile, onekhono kakhulu kwezobuciko, isazi somculo esikhulu (umbhali wencwadi ethi “Symphony by S. Prokofiev”, izihloko ezikhuluma ngoR. Schumann, G. Mahler, I. Stravinsky, D. Shostakovich, M. Mussorgsky, N. U-Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Balakirev, izinkulumo ezibukhali nezixakile mayelana nokudala komculo wesimanje). Futhi unguthisha - uprofesa eLeningrad Conservatory, eqinisweni, umdali wesikole sonke. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe: V. Kobekin, A. Zatin, A. Mrevlov - sebebonke amalungu angaphezu kuka-30 e-Union of Composers, kuhlanganise nezazi zomculo. Umuntu ocula umculo nosesidlangalaleni onendaba ngokuqhubekisela phambili inkumbulo futhi enze imisebenzi ekhohliwe ngokungafanele ka-M. Mussorgsky, V. Shcherbachev, ngisho no-R. Schumann, uSlonimsky ungomunye wabaculi besimanje baseSoviet abanegunya elikhulu.

M. Rytsareva