Umculo wabantu basendulo

Naphezu kokungapheleli kwezobuchwepheshe kwezinsimbi kanye nokuntuleka kwezindlela zokukhiqiza umsindo wokufakelwa, izimpucuko zasendulo azikwazanga ukucabanga ukuthi zikhona ngaphandle komculo, owawuhlangene nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule.

Kodwa-ke, yizinhlamvu kuphela zefa labantu basendulo ezehlele kithi, futhi okungcono kakhulu singaqagela ngakho kuphela emithonjeni yezincwadi. Kodwa-ke, ubuciko bomculo be-Sumer ne-Dynastic Egypt, ngenxa yokuntuleka okuyinhlekelele kwemithombo enjalo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza kabusha.

Noma kunjalo, abavubukuli balethe esikhathini samanje ingxenye encane yezinkathi ezidlulile, futhi abaculi, ngokusekelwe ezincazelweni zomlando, bazama ukugcwalisa izikhala ekulandeleni kwezikhathi kwamasiko esintu ngemibono eseduze. Futhi sikumema ukuthi ubazi.

I-Mitanni (ikhulu le-XVII-XIII BC)

Izingoma ze-Hurrian ziyiqoqo lonke lezingoma ezibhalwe ezibhebheni zobumba ezincane, kodwa azikho izibhebhe ezinjalo ezingama-36 ezisinde ngokuphelele. Okwamanje, ziyizikhumbuzo zomculo ezindala kunazo zonke ezisekhona, ukudalwa kwazo kuthiwa ku-1400-1200 BC.

Imibhalo ibhalwe ngolimi lwamaHurrians, okhokho babantu base-Armenia, ababehlala endaweni yaseSiriya yanamuhla, lapho basungula khona isimo sabo saseKhanigalbat noma iMitanni. Ulimi lwabo lwagcina lungafundwanga kangangokuthi ukuhunyushwa kwamagama ezingoma kuseyimpikiswano, kanye nomculo, njengoba ochwepheshe benikeza izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zokuhunyushwa kwe-cuneiform yomculo.

IGreece yasendulo (ikhulu le-XI BC - 330 AD)

Umculo e-Hellas wadlala indima enkulu, ikakhulukazi, kwakungenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zendaba ephawulekayo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukukhiqizwa kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ngaphezu kwabalingisi, kwakuhlanganisa nekhwaya yabantu abangu-12-15, ababehambisana nesithombe. ngokucula nokudansa okuhambisana naye. Kodwa-ke, imidlalo ye-Aeschylus ne-Sophocles ilahlekelwe lesi sici ngesikhathi sethu, futhi ingagcwaliswa kuphela ngosizo lokwakha kabusha.

Njengamanje, lonke ifa lomculo wamaGreki lasendulo limelelwa ukwakheka okukodwa kuphela, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Epitaph kaSeikila, yangekhulu lokuqala AD. Yayiqoshwe esitsheni semabula kanye namagama, futhi ngenxa yamandla ento esetshenziswayo, leli culo liye lehlela kithi lilonke, okwenza laba umsebenzi omdala kunayo yonke oqediwe.

Okuwukuphela kwendawo engafundeki embhalweni amagama-ncazo: noma ngabe u-Seykil unikezele ukuqamba kumkakhe, noma wabonakala eyindodana yowesifazane okuthiwa "u-Euterpos", kodwa amazwi engoma acacile:

Uma nje usaphila, khanya Ungadabuki nakancane. Ukuphila kunikezwa isikhashana esifushane Futhi isikhathi sidinga ukuphela.

IRoma lasendulo (754 BC - 476 AD)

Ngokuphathelene nefa lomculo, amaRoma ayedlula amaGreki - enye ye-supercultures evelele ayizange ishiye amarekhodi omculo nhlobo, ngakho-ke singakwazi ukwakha imibono ngakho kuphela ngesisekelo semithombo yezincwadi.

Izikhali zomculo zaseRoma lasendulo zagcwaliswa ngokubolekwa: ihabhu ne-kithara zaboleka kumaGreki, abanekhono ngokwengeziwe kulo msebenzi, i-lute yavela eMesopotamiya, i-tuba yamaRoma yethusi, i-analogue yepayipi yesimanje, yethulwa ngabase-Etruscans. .

Ngaphezu kwabo, imitshingo yomoya elula kakhulu nama-panflute, izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo, amasimbali, i-analogue yamasimbali, ama-crotals, okhokho be-castanets, kanye nesitho samanzi (hydravlos), okumangazayo ngomklamo wayo oyinkimbinkimbi, ongajwayelekile kulokho. inkathi, asetshenziswa, nokho, bonke labo noma Hellenes.

Noma kunjalo, amanye amatshe esikhumbuzo omculo wobuKrestu angabuye athiwa enkathini yamaRoma asendulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingase izwakale inhlamba kangakanani maqondana nalokhu kwakamuva ochungechungeni lobudlelwano obunzima phakathi kwezwe eliwile kanye nenkolo entsha, kodwa kuphela ngokohlelo lokulandelana kwezikhathi.

U-Ambrose waseMilan (340-397), uMbhishobhi waseMilan, wayesathola izikhathi zombusi ngeqiniso lezwe elibumbene, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe enenani elingenamibandela lamasiko akufanele neze ihlotshaniswe neRoma Lasendulo, ikakhulukazi nomlando wayo.