U-Martti Talvela (Martti Talvela) |

UMarti Talvela

IFinland inikeze umhlaba abaningi abahlabeleli nabahlabeleli, kusukela ku-Aino Akte odumile kuya kunkanyezi uKarita Mattila. Kodwa umculi waseFinnish okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu i-bass, isiko lokucula laseFinnish elivela kuKim Borg lidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngamabhesi. Ngokumelene neMedithera "ama-teners amathathu", i-Holland yabeka ama-countertenors amathathu, i-Finland - ama-bas amathathu: u-Matti Salminen, u-Jaakko Ryuhanen no-Johan Tilly baqopha i-disc efanayo ndawonye. Kulolu chungechunge lwesiko, u-Martti Talvela uyisixhumanisi segolide.

I-Classical Finnish bass ngokubukeka, uhlobo lwezwi, i-repertoire, namuhla, eminyakeni eyishumi nambili ngemva kokufa kwakhe, usevele eyinganekwane ye-opera yase-Finnish.

UMartti Olavi Talvela wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 4, 1935 eKarelia, eHiitol. Kodwa umndeni wakhe awuzange uhlale lapho isikhathi eside, ngoba ngenxa "yempi yasebusika" ka-1939-1940, le ngxenye yeKarelia yaphenduka indawo yomngcele ovaliwe endaweni yeSoviet Union. Umculi akaphindanga wakwazi ukuvakashela izindawo zakubo, nakuba evakashele eRussia izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. E-Moscow, wezwakala ngo-1976, lapho enza ekhonsathini emcimbini wokugubha iminyaka engu-200 ye-Bolshoi Theatre. Khona-ke, ngemva konyaka, waphinde weza, wahlabelela yaseshashalazini amakhosi amabili - Boris futhi uFiliphu.

Umsebenzi wokuqala kaTalvela uwuthisha. Ngentando yesiphetho, wathola idiploma kathisha edolobheni laseSavonlinna, lapho esikhathini esizayo kwakudingeka acule kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside ahole umkhosi omkhulu we-opera eScandinavia. Umsebenzi wakhe wokucula waqala ngo-1960 ngokunqoba emqhudelwaneni owawusedolobheni laseVasa. Njengoba eqale ukucula ngonyaka ofanayo eStockholm njengoSparafucile, uTalvela wacula lapho iminyaka emibili eRoyal Opera, ngenkathi eqhubeka nezifundo zakhe.

Umsebenzi kaMartti Talvela wamazwe ngamazwe waqala ngokushesha - umdondoshiya waseFinland waduma emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1962, wenza e-Bayreuth njenge-Titurel - futhi i-Bayreuth yaba enye yezindawo zakhe eziyinhloko zokuhlala ehlobo. Ngo-1963 wayenguMshushisi Omkhulu e-La Scala, ngo-1965 wayeyiNkosi u-Heinrich e-Vienna Staatsoper, ngo-19 wayeseHunding e-Salzburg, ngo-7 engu-Grand Inquisitor eMet. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, amathiyetha akhe amakhulu yiDeutsche Oper kanye neMetropolitan Opera, futhi izingxenye eziyinhloko ngamakhosi aseWagnerian uMark noDaland, uPhilip kaVerdi noFiesco, uSarastro kaMozart.

UTalvela wacula nabo bonke abaqhubi abakhulu besikhathi sakhe - noKarajan, Solti, Knappertsbusch, Levine, Abbado. UKarl Böhm kufanele aqokwe ngokukhethekile - uTalvela angabizwa ngokufanelekile njengomculi weBöhm. Hhayi nje ngoba amabhesi ase-Finnish ayevame ukudlala no-Böhm futhi waqopha naye i-opera ne-oratorio yakhe ehamba phambili: U-Fidelio no-Gwyneth Jones, The Four Seasons with Gundula Janowitz, Don Giovanni with Fischer-Dieskau, Birgit Nilsson noMartina Arroyo, Rhine Gold. , u-Tristan und Isolde no-Birgit Nilsson, uWolfgang Windgassen no-Christa Ludwig. Laba baculi ababili basondelene kakhulu ngesitayela sabo sokwenza, uhlobo lwenkulumo, etholwe ngokunembile inhlanganisela yamandla nokuzithiba, uhlobo oluthile lokulangazelela okungokwemvelo kwe-classicism, umdlalo wokudlala ovumelana ngokungenakuphikiswa, owakhiwa yilowo nalowo eyedwa. insimu.

Ukunqoba kwakwamanye amazwe kwe-Talvela kuphendule ekhaya ngokuthile okungaphezu kokuhlonipha umuntu wakubo odumile. EFinland, iminyaka yomsebenzi kaTalvela iminyaka “ye-opera boom”. Lokhu akukhona nje ukukhula komphakathi olalelayo nobukayo, ukuzalwa kwezinkampani ezincane ezizimele emadolobheni amaningi namadolobhana, ukuchuma kwesikole samazwi, ukuqala kwesizukulwane sonke sabaqhubi be-opera. Lokhu futhi ukukhiqiza kwabaqambi, osekuvele sekujwayelekile, kubonakala. Ngo-2000, ezweni elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-5, ama-premieres angu-16 ama-opera amasha enzeka - isimangaliso esivusa umona. Eqinisweni, uMarti Talvela wadlala indima ebalulekile - ngesibonelo sakhe, ukuthandwa kwakhe, inqubomgomo yakhe ehlakaniphile e-Savonlinna.

Umkhosi we-opera wasehlobo enqabeni yase-Olavinlinna eneminyaka engu-500, ezungezwe idolobha laseSavonlinna, yaqalwa emuva ngo-1907 ngu-Aino Akte. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iphazamisekile, yabe iqala kabusha, ilwa nemvula, umoya (kwakungekho uphahla oluthembekile phezu kwegceke lenqaba lapho kuqhutshwa khona imidlalo kuze kube yihlobo eledlule) kanye nezinkinga zezimali ezingapheli - akulula kakhulu ukuqoqa izethameli eziningi ze-opera. phakathi kwamahlathi namachibi. UTalvela wathatha le festivali ngo-1972 wayiqondisa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Lesi kwakuyinkathi ewujuqu; I-Savonlinna bekuyi-opera mecca yaseScandinavia kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. U-Talvela ulingise lapha njengombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, wanika umkhosi indawo yamazwe ngamazwe, wayihlanganisa kumongo we-opera yomhlaba. Imiphumela yale nqubomgomo ukuthandwa kwemidlalo enqabeni ekude nemingcele yaseFinland, ukuthutheleka kwezivakashi, namuhla okuqinisekisa ukuba khona komkhosi ozinzile.

E-Savonlinna, uTalvela wacula izindima zakhe eziningi ezinhle kakhulu: u-Boris Godunov, umprofethi uPaavo kwekaJonas Kokkonen ethi The Last Temptation. Futhi enye indima eyisithonjana: Sarastro. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-The Magic Flute, eyadlalwa e-Savonlinna ngo-1973 ngumqondisi u-August Everding kanye nombhidisi u-Ulf Söderblom, selokhu kwaba olunye lwezimpawu zomkhosi. Ochungechungeni lwanamuhla, iThe Flute iwumdlalo ohlonipheke kakhulu osavuselelwa (naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhiqizo ongavamile uhlala lapha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili noma emithathu). I-Talvela-Sarastro ebabazekayo egqoke ingubo ewolintshi, enelanga esifubeni sakhe, manje isibonwa njengenzalamizi edumile yaseSavonlinna, futhi ngaleso sikhathi yayineminyaka engama-38 (waqala ukucula uTiturel eneminyaka engama-27)! Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, umqondo we-Talvel wakhiwe njengebhulokhi elikhulu, elingenakunyakaziswa, njengokungathi lihlobene nezindonga nemibhoshongo yase-Olavinlinna. Umbono ungamanga. Ngenhlanhla, kukhona amavidiyo omculi okhuthele futhi oshesha kakhulu onokusabela okuhle, okusheshayo. Futhi kukhona okurekhodiwe okulalelwayo okunikeza isithombe sangempela somculi, ikakhulukazi ku-chamber repertoire - uMartti Talvela wayecula umculo we-chamber hhayi ngezikhathi ezithile, phakathi kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kodwa njalo, enikeza amakhonsathi ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke. I-repertoire yakhe yayihlanganisa izingoma zikaSibelius, Brahms, Wolf, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninoff. Futhi bekumele ucule kanjani ukuze unqobe iVienna ngezingoma zikaSchubert maphakathi nawo-1960? Mhlawumbe ngendlela kamuva aqopha ngayo Uhambo Lwasebusika nomdlali wopiyano uRalph Gotoni (1983). I-Talvela ibonisa lapha ukuguquguquka kwekati kwephimbo, ukuzwela okumangalisayo nesivinini esimangalisayo sokusabela emininingwaneni emincane yombhalo womculo. Futhi amandla amakhulu. Uma ulalele lokhu okuqoshiwe, uzizwa ngokomzimba ukuthi uhola kanjani umdlali wopiyano. Isinyathelo esisemuva kwakhe, ukufunda, imibhalo engezansi, ifomu kanye nedramaturgy kuvela kuye, futhi kuwo wonke amanothi ale ncazelo yezingoma ezijabulisayo umuntu angezwa ubuhlakani obuhlakaniphile obuhlale buhlukanisa iTalvela.

Enye yezithombe ezinhle kakhulu zomculi ingeyomngane wakhe kanye nozakwabo u-Evgeny Nesterenko. Ngesinye isikhathi uNesterenko wayevakashele ibhesi yesiFinnish endlini yakhe e-Inkilyanhovi. Lapho, ogwini lwechibi, kwakukhona "indlu yokugezela emnyama", eyakhiwe eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule: "Sathatha ukugeza kwe-steam, ngakho-ke ngandlela-thile ngokwemvelo sangena engxoxweni. Sihlezi emadwaleni amadoda amabili anqunu. Futhi siyakhuluma. Mayelana nani? Yilokho okubalulekile! U-Martti ubuza, isibonelo, ukuthi ngihumusha kanjani i-Symphony ye-Shostakovich yeshumi nane. Futhi nazi Izingoma zika-Mussorgsky Nemidanso Yokufa: unerekhodi elibili - elokuqala ulenze ngale ndlela, futhi okwesibili ngenye indlela. Ngani, yini ekuchazayo. Njalo njalo. Ngiyavuma ukuthi empilweni yami angikaze ngibe nesikhathi sokukhuluma ngobuciko nabaculi. Sikhuluma nganoma yini, kodwa hhayi ngezinkinga zobuciko. Kodwa noMartti sikhulume kakhulu ngobuciko! Ngaphezu kwalokho, besingakhulumi ngendlela yokwenza okuthile ngobuchwepheshe, okungcono noma okubi kakhulu, kodwa mayelana nokuqukethwe. Sachitha kanjalo isikhathi ngemva kokugeza.”

Mhlawumbe lesi yisithombe esithathwe ngokufanele kakhulu - ingxoxo mayelana ne-symphony ye-Shostakovich endaweni yokugeza yaseFinnish. Ngenxa yokuthi u-Martti Talvela, onombono obanzi nesiko lakhe elikhulu, ekuculeni kwakhe kuhlanganisa ukucophelela kwesiJalimane kokwethulwa kombhalo ne-cantilena yesiNtaliyane, wahlala engumuntu ongavamile emhlabeni we-opera. Lesi sithombe sakhe sisetshenziswe kahle ku-"Abduction from the Seraglio" eqondiswa ngu-August Everding, lapho uTalvela ecula khona u-Osmina. ITurkey neKarelia zifana ngani? Okungavamile. Kukhona okuthile okubalulekile, okunamandla, okuluhlaza nokuxakile ngo-Osmin Talvely, isigameko sakhe no-Blondchen siwumsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko.

Lesi sithombe esingavamile saseNtshonalanga, esine-barbaric, esihambisana nomculi, asizange sinyamalale phakathi neminyaka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwabonakala ngokucacile nakakhulu, futhi eduze kwendima ye-Wagnerian, Mozartian, Verdiian, indima ye "Russian bass" yaqiniswa. Ngawo-1960 noma 1970, uTalvela wayezwakala eMetropolitan Opera cishe kunoma iyiphi i-repertoire: ngezinye izikhathi wayeyi-Grand Inquisitor e-Don Carlos ngaphansi kwe-baton ka-Abbado (uPhilippa waculwa nguNikolai Gyaurov, futhi i-bass duet yabo yaqashelwa ngazwi linye njenge classic) , bese yena, kanye noTeresa Stratas kanye no-Nikolai Gedda, bevela encwadini ethi The Bartered Bride eqondiswa u-Levine. Kodwa kumasizini akhe amane okugcina, uTalvela weza eNew York kuphela ngezihloko ezintathu: Khovanshchina (noNeeme Jarvi), Parsifal (noLevine), Khovanshchina futhi Boris Godunov (noConlon). UDositheus, uTiturel noBoris. Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili yokubambisana ne "Met" iphetha ngamaqembu amabili aseRussia.

NgoDisemba 16, 1974, uTalvela wacula ngokunqobayo uBoris Godunov kuMetropolitan Opera. Ithiyetha yabe isiphendukela ku-orchestration yokuqala kaMussorgsky okokuqala (kuqhutshwa uThomas Schippers). Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, lolu hlelo lwaqoshwa okokuqala eKatowice, olwenziwe nguJerzy Semkow. Ezungezwe iqembu lasePoland, uMartti Talvela wacula uBoris, uNikolai Gedda wacula i-Pretender.

Lokhu okufakiwe kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Sebevele babuyela enguqulweni yombhali ngokuzimisela nangokungaguquki, kodwa basacula futhi badlale njengokungathi amaphuzu abhalwe ngesandla sikaRimsky-Korsakov. Ikhwaya ne-orchestra zizwakala zikanywe kahle kakhulu, zigcwale kakhulu, zihambisana kahle kakhulu, i-cantilena iculwa kakhulu, futhi u-Semkov ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi ezigcawini zesi-Polish, udonsa yonke into aphinde akhiphe i-tempo. Impilo yezemfundo "Ephakathi YaseYurophu" ayiqhumi omunye ngaphandle kukaMartti Talvela. Uyakha ingxenye yakhe futhi, njengombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi. Esigcawini sokuthweswa iziqu, kuzwakala i-regal bass - ejulile, emnyama, egqamile. Futhi kancane "umbala wesizwe": iphimbo elincane eligijimayo, enkulumweni ethi "Futhi lapho ukubizela abantu edilini" - ubuqhawe obunamandla. Kodwa uTalvela wabe esehlukana nakho kokubili ubukhosi nesibindi kalula futhi ngaphandle kokuzisola. Lapho nje u-Boris ebhekene no-Shuisky, indlela ishintsha kakhulu. Lokhu akukona ngisho “inkulumo” ka-Chaliapin, ukucula kuka-Talvela okumangalisayo – kunalokho i-Sprechgesang. I-Talvela iqala ngokushesha isigameko ngo-Shuisky ngamandla amakhulu kakhulu, hhayi okwesibili okwenza buthaka ukushisa. Kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ama-chime eqala ukudlala, i-phantasmagoria ephelele emoyeni we-expressionism izoqala, futhi u-Jerzy Semkov, oshintsha ngokungabonakali ezigcawini noTalvela-Boris, uzosinika uMussorgsky onjalo njengoba simazi namuhla - ngaphandle kokuthintwa okuncane isilinganiso sezemfundo.

Eduze kwalesi sigameko kunesigameko ekamelweni elino-Xenia noTheodore, kanye nesigameko sokufa (futhi noTheodore), lapho uTalvela ehlanganisa ngokungavamile ngokuzwakalayo kwezwi lakhe, leyo mfudumalo ekhethekile yomsindo, imfihlo yayo. wayephethe. Ngokuqopha nokuxhumanisa zombili izigcawu zikaBoris nezingane, ubonakala enikeza i-tsar izici zobuntu bayo. Futhi ekugcineni, udela ubuhle nokugcwala kwe-"E" engaphezulu (ayenayo yayinhle kakhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhanya futhi igcwele) ngenxa yeqiniso lesithombe ... Futhi ngenkulumo kaBoris, cha, cha, yebo, “izindaba” zikaWagner ziyabhekisisa – omunye ukhumbula enganakile ukuthi uMussorgsky wadlala ngekhanda isigameko sokuvalelisa kukaWotan eBrunnhilde.

Kubadlali bebhesi banamuhla baseNtshonalanga abacula kakhulu i-Mussorgsky, u-Robert Hall mhlawumbe usondelene kakhulu ne-Talvela: ilukuluku elifanayo, inhloso efanayo, ukubuka okujulile kuwo wonke amagama, umfutho ofanayo bobabili abahlabeleli abafuna ngawo incazelo futhi balungise ukuphimisela kwenkulumo. Ubuhlakani bukaTalvela bamphoqa ukuthi ahlole yonke imininingwane yendima ngokuhlaziya.

Lapho amabhesi aseRussia engakadlali eNtshonalanga, uMartti Talvela wabonakala ewathatha esikhundleni sokusayina izingxenye zesiRashiya. Wayenedatha eyingqayizivele yalokhu - ukukhula okukhulu, isakhiwo esinamandla, izwi elikhulu, elimnyama. Ukuhumusha kwakhe kufakazela ukuthi ungene kangakanani ezimfihlo ze-Chaliapin - u-Yevgeny Nesterenko usesitshele ukuthi uMartti Talvela wakwazi kanjani ukulalela okuqoshiwe kozakwabo. Indoda yamasiko aseYurophu kanye nomculi owazi kahle kakhulu ubuchwepheshe baseYurophu, kungenzeka ukuthi u-Talvela uhlanganise iphupho lethu lebhesi yaseRussia ekahle kokuthile okungcono, okuphelele kakhulu kunalokho okungenziwa abantu bakithi. Futhi ngemva kwakho konke, wazalelwa eKarelia, endaweni yoMbuso Wangaphambili WaseRussia kanye neRussian Federation yamanje, ngaleso sikhathi esifushane somlando lapho leli zwe liyiFinnish.

U-Anna Bulycheva, Umagazini Omkhulu we-Bolshoi Theatre, No. 2, 2001