Bedrich Smetana |

Bedřich Smetana

Ukhilimu omuncu. “The Bartered Bride” Polka (i-orchestra eqhutshwa u-T. Beecham)

Umsebenzi wezinhlangothi eziningi ka-B. Smetana wawungaphansi komgomo owodwa - ukudalwa komculo wochwepheshe waseCzech. Umqambi ovelele, umbhidisi, uthisha, umshayi wopiyano, umgxeki, umculo kanye nomlingisi osesidlangalaleni, uSmetana wadlala ngesikhathi abantu baseCzech bezibona njengesizwe esinamasiko abo, asekuqaleni, aphikisana ngentshiseko nokubuswa kwe-Austria emkhakheni wezombangazwe nangokomoya.

Uthando lwamaCzech lomculo belwaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Inhlangano yenkululeko ye-Hussite yekhulu lesi-5. kwavela amaculo ezempi-amaculo; ngekhulu lesi-6, abaqambi baseCzech baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umculo wasendulo eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukwenza umculo wasekhaya - i-violin eyedwa kanye nokudlala ndawonye - sekuyingxenye yempilo yabantu abavamile. Babewuthanda nomculo emndenini kababa kaSmetana, uphisi lotshwala ngokomsebenzi. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-XNUMX, umqambi wakusasa wayedlala ivayolini, kwathi lapho esengu-XNUMX wacula esidlangalaleni njengomdlali wopiyano. Eminyakeni yakhe yesikole, umfana udlala ngentshiseko ku-orchestra, uqala ukuqamba. U-Smetana uqeda imfundo yakhe yomculo neyethiyori e-Prague Conservatory ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-I. Proksh, ngesikhathi esifanayo uthuthukisa ukudlala kwakhe upiyano.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo (ama-40s), uSmetana wahlangana noR. Schumann, G. Berlioz noF. Liszt, ababesohambweni ePrague. Kamuva, uLiszt angayazisa kakhulu imisebenzi yomqambi waseCzech futhi amsekele. Njengoba ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe ngaphansi kwethonya lama-romantics (uSchumann noF. Chopin), uSmetana wabhala umculo omningi wepiyano, ikakhulukazi kuhlobo oluncane: i-polkas, i-bagatelles, i-impromptu.

Izenzakalo zenguquko ka-1848, lapho uSmetana ebambe khona iqhaza, wathola impendulo ejabulisayo ezingomeni zakhe zobuqhawe ( "Ingoma Yenkululeko") kanye namamashi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi wokufundisa we-Smetana waqala esikoleni asivula. Kodwa-ke, ukunqotshwa koguquko kwaholela ekwandeni kokusabela kwenqubomgomo yoMbuso Wase-Austrian, owavala yonke into yaseCzech. Ukushushiswa kwezibalo eziholayo kwadala ubunzima obukhulu endleleni yezenzo zokushisekela izwe zikaSmetana futhi kwamphoqa ukuba afudukele eSweden. Wahlala eGothenburg (1856-61).

NjengoChopin, owathatha isithombe sezwe elikude kumazurkas akhe, uSmetana ubhala "Izinkumbulo zaseCzech Republic ngendlela yezigxobo" zepiyano. Bese ephendukela ohlotsheni lwenkondlo ye-symphonic. Elandela uLiszt, u-Smetana usebenzisa iziqephu zemibhalo yakudala yase-Europe - u-W. Shakespeare (“Richard III”), F. Schiller (“Ikamu lika-Wallenstein”), umlobi wase-Danish A. Helenschleger (“Hakon Jarl”). E-Gothenburg, uSmetana usebenza njengomqhubi weNhlangano Yomculo Wakudala, ongumdlali wopiyano, futhi umatasatasa nemisebenzi yokufundisa.

60s - isikhathi sokukhuphuka okusha kwenhlangano kazwelonke eCzech Republic, futhi umqambi owabuyela ezweni lakubo uhileleke ngenkuthalo empilweni yomphakathi. USmetana waba umsunguli we-opera yakudala yaseCzech. Ngisho nalapho kuvulwa inkundla yeshashalazi lapho abaculi ababecula ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, kwadingeka ukuba kubekezelelwe umshikashika. Ngo-1862, ngesinyathelo sika-Smetana, i-Provisional Theatre yavulwa, lapho iminyaka eminingi esebenza khona njengomqhubi (1866-74) futhi wahlela ama-operas akhe.

Umsebenzi we-operatic ka-Smetana uhluke kakhulu ngokwezindikimba nezinhlobo. I-opera yokuqala, i-Brandenburgers in the Czech Republic (1863), ikhuluma ngomzabalazo wokulwa nabanqobi baseJalimane ngekhulu le-1866, izehlakalo zasendulo ezikude lapha zihambisana ngqo nesimanje. Ngemva kwe-opera yomlando-iqhawe, uSmetana ubhala ihlaya elijabulisayo elithi The Bartered Bride (1868), umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu nodume kakhulu. Amahlaya angapheli, uthando lwempilo, uhlobo lwengoma nomdanso womculo luwuhlukanisa naphakathi kwama-comic opera engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. I-opera elandelayo, i-Dalibor (XNUMX), iyinhlekelele yobuqhawe ebhalwe ngesisekelo senganekwane endala mayelana ne-knight eboshwe embhoshongweni ngenxa yokuzwelana nokusekelwa kwabantu abahlubukayo, kanye no-Milada wakhe othandekayo, oshona ezama ukusindisa uDalibor.

Ngohlelo luka-Smetana, kwaba nomhlangano wokuqongelela imali ezweni lonke ukuze kwakhiwe iNational Theatre, eyavulwa ngo-1881 nge-premiere ye-opera yakhe entsha ethi Libuse (1872). Lesi yingqophamlando mayelana nomsunguli wenganekwane wasePrague, eLibuse, mayelana nabantu baseCzech. Umqambi wayibiza ngokuthi “isithombe esinesizotha.” Futhi manje eCzechoslovakia kukhona isiko lokwenza le opera ngamaholide kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Ngemuva kokuthi "Libushe" uSmetana ubhala ikakhulukazi ama-comic opera: "Abafelokazi ababili", "Kiss", "Mystery". Njengomqhubi we-opera, akakhuthazi nje kuphela umculo wesiCzech kodwa nowakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi izikole ezintsha zamaSlavic (M. Glinka, S. Moniuszko). UM. Balakirev wamenywa eRussia ukuba azodlala ama-opera kaGlinka ePrague.

USmetana waba umdali hhayi kuphela opera kazwelonke classical, kodwa futhi Symphony. Ngaphezu kwe-symphony, ukhangwa uhlelo lwenkondlo yomculo. Impumelelo ephezulu ka-Smetana emculweni we-orchestra idalwe ngeminyaka yama-70s. umjikelezo wezinkondlo ze-symphonic "Izwe Lami Lomama" - i-epic mayelana nezwe laseCzech, abantu bakhona, umlando. Inkondlo ethi “Vysehrad” (i-Vysehrad iyingxenye yakudala yasePrague, “inhloko-dolobha yezikhulu namakhosi aseCzech Republic”) iyinganekwane mayelana nenkathi edlule yobuqhawe kanye nobukhulu obudlule bezwe likamama.

Umculo onemibala yothando ezinkondlweni ezithi "Vltava, Kusukela emasimini nasemahlathini aseCzech" udweba izithombe zemvelo, ama-expanses wamahhala wezwe lendabuko, lapho kuqhutshwa khona imisindo yezingoma nemidanso. Ku-"Sharka" amasiko amadala nezinganekwane ziyaphila. Elithi “Tabor” nelithi “Blanik” likhuluma ngamaqhawe angamaHussite, licula “inkazimulo yezwe laseCzech.”

Itimu yezwe lakubo nayo ifakwe emculweni wepiyano wegumbi: "Imidanso yaseCzech" iqoqo lezithombe zokuphila kwabantu, eziqukethe zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zokudansa eCzech Republic (i-polka, i-skochna, i-furiant, i-coysedka, njll.).

Umculo oqanjwe ngu-Smetana ubulokhu uhlanganiswa nezenzo zomphakathi ezinamandla neziguquguqukayo - ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe ePrague (ama-60s - ingxenye yokuqala yama-70s). Ngakho-ke, ubuholi be-Verb of Prague Choral Society baba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi eminingi yekhwaya (kuhlanganise nenkondlo ebabazekayo ngoJan Hus, Abagibeli Bamahhashi Abathathu). USmetana uyilungu le-Association of Prominent Figures of Czech Culture "Handy Beseda" futhi uhola isigaba sayo somculo.

Umqambi wayengomunye wabasunguli be-Philharmonic Society, eyaba nesandla emfundweni yomculo yabantu, ukujwayelana nezakudala kanye nezinto ezintsha zomculo wasekhaya, kanye nesikole samagama saseCzech, lapho yena ngokwakhe afunda khona nabahlabeleli. Ekugcineni, u-Smetana usebenza njengomgxeki womculo futhi uyaqhubeka nokudlala njengomdlali wepiyano oyi-virtuoso. Ukugula okunzima kwemizwa kuphela kanye nokungezwa kahle (1874) okwaphoqa umqambi ukuba ayeke umsebenzi endaweni ye-opera futhi anciphisa ububanzi bemisebenzi yakhe yokuzijabulisa.

USmetana wasuka ePrague wayohlala edolobhaneni laseJabkenice. Nokho, uyaqhubeka nokuqamba okuningi (uqedela umjikelezo othi "My Motherland", ubhala ama-operas akamuva). Njengangaphambili (emuva eminyakeni yokufuduka kwe-Swedish, usizi ngokufa komkakhe nendodakazi yakhe kwaphumela ku-trio yepiyano), uSmetana uhlanganisa ulwazi lwakhe lomuntu siqu ezinhlotsheni zezinsimbi zekamelo. I-quartet ethi "From My Life" (1876) idaliwe - indaba ephathelene nesiphetho somuntu siqu, engenakuhlukaniswa nesiphetho sobuciko baseCzech. Ingxenye ngayinye ye-quartet inencazelo yohlelo ngumbhali. Intsha enethemba, ukulungela "ukulwa empilweni", izinkumbulo zezinsuku ezimnandi, imidanso kanye nokuthuthukiswa komculo kuma-salon, umuzwa wezinkondlo wothando lokuqala futhi, ekugcineni, "injabulo ngokubuka indlela ehanjwe kwezobuciko bezwe". Kodwa yonke into ivezwa umsindo ozwakalayo ozwakalayo - njengesixwayiso esibi.

Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi eshiwo kakade yeminyaka eyishumi edlule, uSmetana ubhala i-opera ethi The Devil's Wall, i-symphonic suite I-Prague Carnival, futhi uqala umsebenzi ku-opera Viola (esekelwe ku-Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night), eyavinjelwa ukuba iqedwe ngu. ukugula okukhulayo. Isimo esinzima somqambi eminyakeni yamuva sagqanyiswa ukuqashelwa komsebenzi wakhe ngabantu baseCzech, ayezinikele kubo umsebenzi wakhe.

K. Zenkin

U-Smetana wagomela futhi wavikela ngentshiseko izimiso zobuciko eziphakeme kazwelonke ezimweni ezinzima zomphakathi, empilweni egcwele idrama. Njengomqambi okhaliphile, umshayi wopiyano, umbhidisi nomculi nosaziwayo emphakathini, wanikela ngawo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wokuzikhandla ekukhazimuliseni abantu bakubo.

Impilo ka-Smetana iwumsebenzi wokudala. Wayenentando engenakunqotshwa nokuphikelela ekufinyeleleni umgomo wakhe, futhi naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima bokuphila, wakwazi ukuqaphela ngokugcwele izinhlelo zakhe. Futhi lezi zinhlelo zazingaphansi komqondo owodwa oyinhloko - ukusiza abantu baseCzech ngomculo emzabalazweni wabo wamaqhawe wenkululeko nokuzimela, ukugxilisa kubo umuzwa wokuqina nethemba, ukholo ekunqobeni kokugcina kwesizathu esifanele.

USmetana wabhekana nalo msebenzi onzima, nonomthwalo wemfanelo, ngoba wayesenkingeni yempilo, esabela ngentshiseko ezidingweni zezenhlalo namasiko zesikhathi sethu. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle, waba neqhaza ekuchumeni okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili hhayi kuphela kwezomculo, kodwa ngokubanzi - kuwo wonke isiko lobuciko bezwe likamama. Yingakho igama elithi Smetana lingcwele kumaCzech, futhi umculo wakhe, njengesibhengezo sempi, uvusa umuzwa ongokomthetho wokuziqhenya kwezwe.

Ubuhlakani beSmetana abuzange buvezwe ngokushesha, kepha buvuthwa kancane kancane. Uguquko lwango-1848 lwamsiza ukuba abone imibono yakhe yezenhlalo nezobuciko. Kusukela ngawo-1860, emngceleni wokugubha iminyaka engamashumi amane ka-Smetana, imisebenzi yakhe yathatha indawo ebanzi ngokungavamile: wahola amakhonsathi e-symphony ePrague njengomqhubi, waqondisa indlu ye-opera, edlalwa njengomdlali wopiyano, futhi wabhala izihloko ezibucayi. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ngobuhlakani bakhe, uvula izindlela ezingokoqobo zokuthuthukisa ubuciko bomculo basekhaya. Imisebenzi yakhe yabonisa ubukhulu obukhulu nakakhulu ngesilinganiso, obungenakuvinjelwa, naphezu kwazo zonke izithiyo, ukulangazelela inkululeko yabantu baseCzech ababeyizigqila.

Phakathi nempi eqinile namandla okusabela komphakathi, uSmetana wabhekana neshwa, elibi kakhulu kunalokho okungekho okubi nakakhulu kumculi: ngokuzumayo waba yisithulu. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala. Ebhekene nokuhlupheka okukhulu ngokomzimba, uSmetana waphila eminye iminyaka eyishumi, ayichitha emsebenzini omkhulu wokudala.

Umsebenzi wama, kodwa umsebenzi wokudala waqhubeka ngomfutho ofanayo. Yeka ukuthi ungakhumbuli kanjani u-Beethoven kulokhu kuhlotshaniswa - emva kwakho konke, umlando womculo owazi ezinye izibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele ekubonakalisweni kobukhulu bomoya womculi, onesibindi ngeshwa! ..

Izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-Smetana zixhumene nomkhakha we-opera kanye ne-symphony yohlelo.

Njengesakhamuzi esizwelayo somculi, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuguqula ngawo-1860, uSmetana waqala ukuphendukela ku-opera, ngoba kwakukule ndawo lapho izinkinga eziphuthumayo, eziyinhloko zokwakhiwa kwesiko lobuciko kazwelonke zaxazululwa. “Umsebenzi omkhulu noncomekayo weqembu lethu le-opera ukuthuthukisa ubuciko basekhaya,” esho. Izici eziningi zokuphila zibonakala endalweni yakhe eyisishiyagalombili ye-opera, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobuciko be-opera zilungisiwe. Ngayinye yazo iphawulwe ngezici ezihlukile, kodwa zonke zinesici esisodwa esivelele - kuma-opera kaSmetana, izithombe zabantu abavamile baseCzech Republic namaqhawe ayo akhazimulayo, imicabango nemizwa yabo iseduze nenqwaba yabalaleli, waphila.

USmetana uphinde waphendukela emkhakheni we-symphonism yohlelo. Kwakuwukuba yiqiniso kwezithombe zomculo wohlelo ongenambhalo okwenza umqambi adlulisele imibono yakhe yokushisekela izwe ezihlweleni zabalaleli. Okukhulu kunawo wonke umjikelezo we-symphonic "Izwe Lami Lomama". Lo msebenzi wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni komculo wezinsimbi waseCzech.

U-Smetana ushiye neminye imisebenzi eminingi - yekwaya engaphelezelwa muntu, upiyano, i-string quartet, njll. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lobuciko bomculo aphendukela kulo, yonke into eyathintwa yisandla esiqondile senkosi yachuma njengomcimbi wobuciko bezwe wasekuqaleni, emi ezingeni eliphezulu. impumelelo yesiko lomculo womhlaba wekhulu le-XIX.

Icela ukuqhathanisa indima yomlando ka-Smetana ekwakhiweni komculo wakudala waseCzech nalokho uGlinka akwenza emculweni waseRussia. Akumangalisi ukuthi uSmetana ubizwa ngokuthi "i-Czech Glinka".

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UBedrich Smetana wazalwa ngo-March 2, 1824 edolobheni lasendulo Litomysl, eseningizimu-mpumalanga Bohemia. Ubaba wakhe wasebenza njengomakhi wotshwala endaweni yokubala. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, umkhaya wakhula, ubaba kwadingeka afune izimo ezingcono kakhulu zomsebenzi, futhi ngokuvamile wayesuka ezindaweni ngezindawo. Wonke lawa kwakungamadolobhana amancane, azungezwe imizana nemizana, uBedrich osemusha ayevame ukuyivakashela; impilo yabafokazana, izingoma nemidanso yabo bekwaziwa nguye kusukela ebuntwaneni. Walugcina uthando lwakhe ngabantu abavamile baseCzech Republic impilo yakhe yonke.

Ubaba womqambi wesikhathi esizayo wayengumuntu ovelele: wafunda kakhulu, wayenesithakazelo kwezombangazwe, futhi wayethanda imibono yabavusi. Umculo wawuvame ukudlalwa endlini, yena ngokwakhe wayedlala i-violin. Akumangazi ukuthi umfana naye wabonisa isithakazelo zakuqala emculweni, futhi imibono kayise intuthuko yanikeza imiphumela emangalisayo eminyakeni evuthiwe umsebenzi Smetana.

Kusukela eneminyaka emine, u-Bedřich ubefunda ukudlala ivayolini, futhi ngempumelelo kangangokuthi ngemva konyaka ubamba iqhaza ekulingiseni amaquartet kaHaydn. Iminyaka eyisithupha wenza obala njengomdlali wopiyano futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ezama ukuqamba umculo. Ngenkathi efunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca, endaweni enobungane, uvamise ukuthuthukisa imidanso (iLouisina Polka emnandi futhi emnandi, 1840, isilondoloziwe); udlala upiyano ngokuzimisela. Ngo-1843, u-Bedrich ubhala amazwi aqhoshayo encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zezenzakalo: “Ngosizo lukaNkulunkulu nesihe sakhe, ngizoba uLiszt ngobuciko, ngibe i-Mozart ekuqanjweni kwayo.” Isinqumo sesivuthiwe: kufanele azinikele ngokuphelele emculweni.

Umfana oneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa uthuthela ePrague, uhlala ebambene emlonyeni - uyise akanelisekile ngendodana yakhe, uyenqaba ukumsiza. Kodwa u-Bedrich wazithola engumholi ofanelekayo - uthisha odumile uJosef Proksh, owaphathisa isiphetho sakhe. Iminyaka emine yezifundo (1844-1847) yathela kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kukaSmetana njengomculi kwabuye kwaqhutshwa yiqiniso lokuthi ePrague wakwazi ukulalela uLiszt (1840), uBerlioz (1846), uClara Schumann (1847).

Ngo-1848, iminyaka yokufunda yayisiphelile. Uyini umphumela wabo?

Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, uSmetana wayewuthanda umculo we-ballroom nemidanso yabantu - wabhala ama-waltzes, ama-quadrilles, ama-gallops, ama-polkas. Wayebonakala, ehambisana namasiko ababhali be-salon abafake imfashini. Ithonya likaChopin, ngekhono lakhe elihlakaniphile lokuhumusha ngokusankondlo izithombe zomdanso, nalo liyathinteka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umculi osemusha waseCzech wayefisa.

Wabuye wabhala imidlalo yothando - uhlobo "lwezindawo zemizwelo", ewela ngaphansi kwethonya likaSchumann, ngokwengxenye uMendelssohn. Kodwa-ke, i-Smetana ine-classic eqinile "inhlama emuncu". Uthanda u-Mozart, futhi ezingomeni zakhe zokuqala ezinkulu (i-piano sonatas, izingoma ze-orchestral) uthembele ku-Beethoven. Noma kunjalo, uChopin useduze naye. Futhi njengomdlali wepiyano, uvame ukudlala imisebenzi yakhe, ngokusho kukaHans Bülow, omunye we "Chopinists" omuhle kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Futhi kamuva, ngo-1879, uSmetana waveza: “KuChopin, ngemisebenzi yakhe, ngikweleta impumelelo amakhonsathi ami ayeyijabulela, futhi kusukela lapho ngifunda futhi ngiqonda izingoma zakhe, imisebenzi yami yokudala esikhathini esizayo yacaca kimina.”

Ngakho-ke, lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane, uSmetana wayesekwazi ngokuphelele ukuqamba kanye namasu opiyano. Wayedinga kuphela ukuthola isicelo samandla akhe, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwakungcono ukuzazi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uSmetana wayesevule isikole somculo, esamnika ithuba lokuba khona ngandlela-thile. Wayeseceleni komshado (okwenzeka ngo-1849) - udinga ukucabanga ngendlela yokuhlinzeka umndeni wakho wesikhathi esizayo. Ngo-1847, u-Smetana wathatha uhambo lwekhonsathi ezweni lonke, okuyinto, nokho, engazange izithethelele ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Yiqiniso, ePrague uqobo waziwa futhi waziswa njengomdlali wopiyano nothisha. Kodwa uSmetana umqambi cishe akaziwa ngokuphelele. Ephelelwe ithemba, uphendukela kuLiszt ukuze athole usizo lokubhala, ngokudabukisayo ebuza: “Ubani ongamethemba umdwebi uma kungeyena umculi ofana nalona? Izicebi - lezi zicukuthwane - zibheka abampofu ngaphandle kokuhawukelwa: makabulawe yindlala! ..». U-Smetana unamathisele "izingcezu zakhe ze-Six characteristic" zepiyano kuhlamvu.

Umsakazi wenkulumo-ze ohloniphekile wayo yonke into ethuthuke kwezobuciko, enomusa ngosizo, uLiszt waphendula ngokushesha umculi osemusha owayengaziwa kuze kube manje: “Ngibheka imidlalo yakho njengengcono kakhulu, izwakale ngokujulile futhi ithuthukiswe kahle phakathi kwakho konke engikwazile ukujwayelana nakho. muva nje.” U-Liszt waba nesandla ekutheni le midlalo yanyatheliswa (yashicilelwa ngo-1851 futhi imakwa ngokuthi i-op. 1). Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, ukwesekwa kwakhe kokuziphatha kwakuhambisana nazo zonke izenzo zokudala ze-Smetana. “Ishidi,” esho, “langethula emhlabeni wobuciko.” Kodwa iminyaka eminingi izodlula kuze kube yilapho uSmetana ekwazi ukuzuza ukuqashelwa kulo mhlaba. Imicimbi yoguquko yango-1848 yasebenza njengomfutho.

Inguquko yanikeza amaphiko kumqambi wokushisekela izwe waseCzech, yamnika amandla, yamsiza ukuba abone leyo misebenzi yemibono neyobuciko eyayilokhu iqhutshekiselwa phambili ngokuqhubekayo yiqiniso lanamuhla. Ufakazi kanye nobambe iqhaza ngokuqondile ezibhelungwini ezinodlame ezakhukhula ePrague, uSmetana wabhala inqwaba yemisebenzi ebalulekile: “Amamashi Amabili Enguquko” opiyano, “March of the Student Legion”, “March of the National Guard”, “Ingoma yeNkululeko” yekhwaya nopiyano, i-overture” D-dur (I-overture yenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-F. Shkroup ngo-April 1849. “Lena ingoma yami yokuqala ye-orchestra,” kusho uSmetana ngo-1883; wabe eseyibuyekeza.) .

Ngale misebenzi, ama-pathos ayasungulwa emculweni ka-Smetana, okuzoba yinjwayelo maduze ekuchazeni kwakhe izithombe ezithanda inkululeko. Amamashi namaculo eNguquko YaseFrance ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kanye nobuqhawe bukaBeethoven, kwaba nomthelela obonakalayo ekwakhekeni kwayo. Kunomphumela, noma unamahloni, wethonya leculo leculo lesi-Czech, elizalwa yinhlangano yamaHussite. I-warehouse kazwelonke yama-sublime pathos, noma kunjalo, izozibonakalisa ngokucacile kuphela esikhathini esivuthiwe somsebenzi kaSmetana.

Umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo omkhulu kwaba iSolemn Symphony in E enkulu, eyabhalwa ngo-1853 futhi waqala ukwenza eminyakeni emibili kamuva ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombhali. (Lokhu bekuwumdlalo wakhe wokuqala njengomqhubi). Kodwa lapho edlulisa imibono yezinga elikhulu, umqambi akakakwazi ukuveza ubuqiniso obugcwele bobuntu bakhe bokudala. Ukunyakaza kwesithathu kwaba yinto yokuqala - i-scherzo emoyeni we-polka; kamuva yayivame ukwenziwa njengesiqephu esizimele se-orchestra. Ngokushesha uSmetana ngokwakhe waqaphela ubuphansi be-symphony yakhe futhi akabange esaphendukela kulolu hlobo. Uzakwabo omncane, u-Dvořák, waba umsunguli we-symphony kazwelonke yesiCzech.

Lena kwakuyiminyaka yokusesha okujulile kobuciko. Bamfundisa kakhulu uSmetana. Ikakhulukazi wayesindwa umkhakha omncane wokufundisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injabulo yomuntu siqu yasibekela: wayesevele enguyise wezingane ezine, kodwa ezintathu zazo zafa ziseyizinsana. Umqambi wathwebula imicabango yakhe edabukisayo edalwe ukufa kwabo ku-trio yepiyano ye-g-moll, umculo wayo obonakala ngokuvukela, idrama futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuhle obuthambile, obunemibala yezwe lonke.

Ukuphila ePrague kwamgulisa uSmetana. Akabange esakwazi ukuhlala kuyo lapho ubumnyama bokusabela bujula nakakhulu eCzech Republic. Ngokweseluleko sabangane, uSmetana uya eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe, ekugcineni wajwayelana noLiszt mathupha; ke, ngo-1857 no-1859, wamvakashela e-Weimar, ngo-1865 - e-Budapest, futhi uLiszt, lapho efika ePrague ngo-60-70s, wayevakashela njalo uSmetana. Ngakho, ubungane phakathi komculi omkhulu waseHungary nomqambi ohlakaniphile waseCzech baqina. Babehlanganiswe ndawonye hhayi kuphela ngemibono yobuciko: abantu baseHungary naseCzech Republic babe nesitha esivamile - ubukhosi obuzondwayo base-Austria baseHabsburgs.

Iminyaka emihlanu (1856-1861) uSmetana wayehlala kwelinye izwe, ehlala ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseSweden eliseGothenburg. Lapha waqala umsebenzi onamandla: wahlela i-symphony orchestra, awenza ngayo njengomqhubi, wanikeza ngempumelelo amakhonsathi njengomdlali wopiyano (eSweden, eJalimane, eDenmark, eHolland), futhi wayenabafundi abaningi. Futhi ngomqondo wokudala, lesi sikhathi saba nezithelo: uma i-1848 ibangele ushintsho olubalulekile ekubukeni kwezwe kwe-Smetana, ukuqinisa izici eziqhubekayo kuyo, iminyaka eyichitha phesheya yaba nesandla ekuqiniseni izinhloso zezwe lakhe futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula kwekhono. Kungashiwo ukuthi kwakuphakathi nale minyaka, elangazelela izwe lakubo, lapho uSmetana ekugcineni eqaphela ubizo lwakhe njengomculi kazwelonke waseCzech.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqamba uthuthuke ngezindlela ezimbili.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivivinyo zaqala ekuqaleni ekudalweni kwezingcezu zepiyano, ezimbozwe izinkondlo zemidanso yaseCzech, zaqhubeka. Ngakho, emuva ngo-1849, kwabhalwa umjikelezo othi “Izigcawu Zomshado,” okwathi ngemva kweminyaka eminingi uSmetana ngokwakhe wachaza ngokuthi wakhulelwa “ngesitayela sangempela sesiCzech.” Ukuhlolwa kwaqhutshwa komunye umjikelezo wepiyano - "Izinkumbulo zaseCzech Republic, ezibhalwe ngendlela ye-polka" (1859). Lapha kwabekwa izisekelo kazwelonke zomculo we-Smetana, kodwa ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni izingoma zansuku zonke.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkondlo ezintathu ze-symphonic zazibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwakhe kwezobuciko: uRichard III (1858, ngokusekelwe enhlekeleleni kaShakespeare), i-Wallenstein's Camp (1859, esekelwe emdlalweni kaSchiller), uJarl Hakon (1861, ngokusekelwe kule nhlekelele. yembongi yaseDenmark - ezothando zikaHelenschläger). Bathuthukise izindlela eziphakeme zomsebenzi kaSmetana, ezihlotshaniswa nokubonakaliswa kwezithombe zamaqhawe nezimangalisayo.

Okokuqala, izindikimba zale misebenzi ziyaphawuleka: USmetana wayehlabeke umxhwele ngombono ka-XNUMXbwomzabalazo wokulwa nabaqhwaga amandla, ovezwe ngokucacile ezincwadini zokubhala ezakha isisekelo sezinkondlo zakhe (ngendlela, itulo kanye izithombe zenhlekelele ye-Dane Elenschleger echo Shakespeare's Macbeth), kanye nezigcawu ezinomsoco ezivela empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi e-Schiller's "Wallenstein Camp", okuyinto, ngokusho komqambi, ingazwakala ibalulekile phakathi neminyaka yokucindezelwa okunonya kwezwe lakubo.

Umqondo womculo wezingoma ezintsha zika-Smetana wawubuye uthuthuke: waphendukela ohlotsheni "lwezinkondlo ze-symphonic", ezathuthukiswa ngaphambi nje kwalokho nguLiszt. Lezi yizinyathelo zokuqala zenkosi yaseCzech ekwazini amathuba acacile amvulekele emkhakheni we-symphony yohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Smetana wayengeyena umlingisi oyimpumputhe wemibono kaLiszt - wazakhela izindlela zakhe zokuqamba, umqondo wakhe wokuhlanganisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezithombe zomculo, kamuva owahlanganisa nokuphelela okuphawulekayo emjikelezweni we-symphonic "My Motherland".

Futhi kwezinye izici, izinkondlo ze-"Gothenburg" zaziyizindlela ezibalulekile zokuxazulula imisebenzi emisha yokudala uSmetana azibekele yona. Izindlela eziphakeme kanye nedrama yomculo wabo ilindele isitayela se-opera i-Dalibor ne-Libuše, kuyilapho izigcawu ezijabulisayo ezivela ku-Wallenstein's Camp, zigcwele injabulo, ezinemibala ehambisana nokunambitheka kwe-Czech, zibonakala ziyisibonelo sokudlulela kuMlobokazi Owabiwe. Ngakho-ke, izici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi kaSmetana okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, abantu-nsuku zonke futhi ezidabukisayo, zasondela, zacebisana.

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, usevele ekulungele ukufezwa kwemisebenzi emisha, enesibopho nangokwengeziwe yemibono nezobuciko. Kodwa zingenziwa kuphela ekhaya. Wayefuna nokubuyela ePrague ngoba izinkumbulo ezinzima zixhumene ne-Gothenburg: ishwa elisha elibi lawela phezu kuka-Smetana - ngo-1859, umkakhe amthandayo wagulela ukufa lapha futhi wafa ngokushesha ...

Entwasahlobo ka-1861, uSmetana wabuyela ePrague ukuze angashiyi inhloko-dolobha yaseCzech Republic kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe.

Uneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ubudala. Ugcwele ubuhlakani. Iminyaka edlule yathobisa intando yakhe, yacebisa ukuphila kwakhe nolwazi lwakhe lobuciko, futhi yaqinisa ukuzethemba kwakhe. Uyazi ukuthi yini okufanele ayimele, yini okufanele ayizuze. Umculi onjalo wabizwa ngokudalelwa ukuthi ahole impilo yomculo yasePrague futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselela sonke isakhiwo sesiko lomculo laseCzech Republic.

Lokhu kwenziwe lula wukuvuselelwa kwesimo senhlalonhle yezepolitiki namasiko ezweni. Izinsuku "zokusabela kukaBach" seziphelile. Amazwi abameleli bobuhlakani bezobuciko baseCzech abathuthukayo akhula ngamandla. Ngo-1862, kwavulwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Ithiyetha Yesikhashana", eyakhiwe ngemali yabantu, lapho kudlalwa khona umculo. Ngokushesha i-"Crafty Talk" - "Iklabhu Yobuciko" - yaqala umsebenzi wayo, ihlanganisa ndawonye abathanda izwe abashisekayo - ababhali, abaculi, abaculi. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kuhlelwa inhlangano yamakwaya - "Isenzo SasePrague", esiqoshwe esibhengezoni saso amagama adumile: "Ingoma ethinta inhliziyo, inhliziyo ezweni lakubo."

I-Smetana ingumphefumulo wazo zonke lezi zinhlangano. Uqondisa isigaba somculo se-"Art Club" (ababhali baholwa nguNeruda, abaculi - nguManes), uhlela amakhonsathi lapha - i-chamber ne-symphony, usebenza nekhwaya ethi "Verb", futhi ngomsebenzi wakhe ufaka isandla ekuchumeni kwengoma. "Ithiyetha Yesikhashana" (eminyakeni embalwa kamuva futhi njengomqhubi ).

Emzamweni wokuvusa umuzwa wokuziqhenya ngobuzwe baseCzech ngomculo wakhe, uSmetana wayevame ukuvela emibhalweni. “Abantu bakithi,” ebhala, “sekuyisikhathi eside bedumile njengabantu bomculo, futhi umsebenzi womculi, ogqugquzelwa uthando lwezwe, uwukuqinisa le nkazimulo.”

Futhi kwesinye isihloko esibhalwe ngokubhaliselwa kwamakhonsathi e-symphony ayewahlele (lokhu kwakuyinto entsha kubantu basePrague!), uSmetana wathi: “Ezinhlelweni zifakiwe ezinhlelweni zobuciko bezincwadi zomculo, kodwa ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kunikezwa abaqambi besiSlavic. Kungani kuze kube manje ingakaze yenziwe imisebenzi yababhali baseRussia, isiPolish, South Slavic? Ngisho namagama abaqambi bethu basekhaya ayengavamile ukuhlangana ... ". Amazwi kaSmetana awazange ahluke ezenzweni zakhe: ngo-1865 wenza imisebenzi ye-orchestra kaGlinka, ngo-1866 wadlala u-Ivan Susanin e-Provisional Theatre, futhi ngo-1867 uRuslan noLyudmila (owamemela uBalakirev ePrague), ngo-1878 - i-opera kaMoniuszko " Itshebe”, njll.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-60s aphawula isikhathi sokuqhakaza okuphezulu kakhulu komsebenzi wakhe. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, wayenombono wama-opera amane, futhi lapho nje eqeda eyodwa, wabe eseqamba elandelayo. Ngokuhambisanayo, amakhwaya adalwe “Isenzo” (Ikhwaya yokuqala embhalweni wesiCzech yasungulwa ngo-1860 (“iculo lesiCzech”). Imisebenzi emikhulu yamakwaya kaSmetana nguRolnicka (1868), ocula ngokusebenza komlimi, kanye nengoma ethuthukiswe kabanzi, enemibalabala ethi Song by the Sea (1877). Phakathi kwezinye izingoma, iculo elithi “Dowry” (1880) kanye nelenjabulo, elithi “Ingoma Yethu” (1883), ehambisana nesigqi se-polka, zigqamile.), izingcezu zepiyano, imisebenzi emikhulu ye-symphonic yacatshangelwa.

I-Brandenburgers e-Czech Republic iyisihloko se-opera yokuqala ka-Smetana, eyaqedwa ngo-1863. Ivusa izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, ezisukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. Noma kunjalo, okuqukethwe kwayo kuhlobene kakhulu. AbakwaBrandenburg bangamakhosi aseJalimane (avela eMargraviate yaseBrandenburg), abaphanga amazwe aseSlavic, banyathela amalungelo nesithunzi samaCzech. Ngakho kwakunjalo esikhathini esidlule, kodwa kwahlala kunjalo ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaSmetana - ngemva kwakho konke, abantu besikhathi sakhe abahamba phambili balwa ngokumelene neJalimaneization yaseCzech Republic! Idrama ethokozisayo ekubonisweni kwekusasa lomuntu siqu kwabalingisi yahlanganiswa ku-opera nokuboniswa kwempilo yabantu abavamile - abampofu basePrague ababanjwe umoya wokuhlubuka, okwakuyintsha enesibindi enkundleni yomculo. Akumangazi ukuthi lo msebenzi wahlangabezana nenzondo ngabamele ukusabela komphakathi.

I-opera ihanjiswe emqhudelwaneni owamenyezelwa uphiko lwe-Provisional Theatre. Iminyaka emithathu kwadingeka alwele ukukhiqizwa kwakhe esiteji. USmetana wagcina eyitholile indondo futhi wamenywa enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi njengomqhubi omkhulu. Ngo-1866, i-premiere ye-Brandenburgers yenzeke, eyaba yimpumelelo enkulu - umbhali wayebizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngemva kwesenzo ngasinye. Impumelelo ihambisane nokudlalwa okulandelayo (phakathi nesizini kuphela, "I-Brandenburgers" yenzeka izikhathi eziyishumi nane!).

Le ngqungquthela yayingakapheli, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwengoma entsha ka-Smetana iqala ukulungiswa - i-opera yamahlaya ethi The Bartered Bride, eyayimkhazimulise yonke indawo. Imidwebo yokuqala yayo yadwetshwa kusukela ngo-1862, ngonyaka olandelayo uSmetana wenza i-overture kwelinye lamakhonsathi akhe. Umsebenzi wawungaphikisani, kodwa umqambi waphinda waphinda izinombolo zomuntu ngamunye izikhathi eziningana: njengoba abangane bakhe besho, wayenamandla kakhulu "Czechized", okungukuthi, wayegcwele kakhulu umoya wendabuko waseCzech, kangangokuthi wayengasakwazi ukwaneliseka. ngalokho ayekuzuzile ngaphambilini. USmetana waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa i-opera yakhe ngisho nangemva kokukhiqizwa kwayo entwasahlobo ka-1866 (izinyanga ezinhlanu ngemva kokuqala kwe-The Brandenburgers!): eminyakeni emine eyalandela, wanikeza ezinye izinhlelo ezimbili ze-Bartered Bride, enweba futhi ejulisa okuqukethwe kwengoma yakhe. umsebenzi ongafi.

Kodwa izitha zikaSmetana azizange zilale. Babelindele ithuba lokumhlasela obala. Ithuba elinjalo laziveza lapho ngo-1868 kudlalwa i-opera yesithathu ka-Smetana, i-Dalibor (umsebenzi kuyo waqala ngo-1865). Isakhiwo, njengaseBrandenburgers, sithathwe emlandweni weCzech Republic: kulokhu sekuwukuphela kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Enganekwaneni yasendulo mayelana neqhawe elihloniphekile uDalibor, uSmetana wagcizelela umqondo womzabalazo wenkululeko.

Umbono omusha wanquma izindlela ezingavamile zokukhuluma. Abamelene no-Smetana bambiza ngokuthi u-Wagnerian oshisekayo okuthiwa ulahle izimiso zezwe-Czech. “Anginalutho oluvela ku-Wagner,” kusho uSmetana kabuhlungu. "Ngisho uLiszt uzokuqinisekisa lokhu." Noma kunjalo, ushushiso lwaqina, ukuhlasela kwanda kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-opera yagijima izikhathi eziyisithupha kuphela futhi yahoxiswa ku-repertoire.

(Ngo-1870, "Dalibor" wanikwa kathathu, ngo-1871 - ezimbili, ngo-1879 - ezintathu; kusukela ngo-1886, ngemva kokufa kukaSmetana, isithakazelo kule opera savuselelwa. UGustav Mahler wakwazisa kakhulu, futhi lapho wamenywa. ukuhola umbhidisi we-Vienna Opera, wafuna ukuba i-"Dalibor" ihlelwe, i-premiere ye-opera yenzeka ngo-1897. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, yazwakala ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-E. Napravnik eSt. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre.)

Lokho kwaba igalelo elinamandla ku-Smetana: akakwazanga ukubuyisana nesimo sengqondo esingalungile ngenzalo yakhe ayithandayo futhi waze wathukuthela nabangane bakhe lapho, bedumisa uMlobokazi Ohwetshiwe, bekhohlwa ngoDalibor.

Kodwa eqinile futhi enesibindi ekufuneni kwakhe, uSmetana uyaqhubeka nokusebenza ku-opera yesine - "Libuse" (imidwebo yasekuqaleni ihlehlela emuva ku-1861, i-libretto yaqedwa ngo-1866). Lena indaba eyingqophamlando esekelwe endabeni eyinganekwane emayelana nombusi ohlakaniphile wase-Bohemia yasendulo. Izenzo zakhe ziculwa izimbongi nabaculi abaningi baseCzech; amaphupho abo aqhakazile ngekusasa lezwe lakubo ayehambisana nekhwelo likaLibuse lokubumbana kwesizwe kanye nokuqina kokuziphatha kwabantu abacindezelwe. Ngakho, u-Erben wafaka emlonyeni wakhe isiprofetho esigcwele incazelo ejulile:

Ngibona ukukhanya, ngilwa izimpi, Ihlombe elicijile lizokubhoboza isifuba, Uzozazi izinhlupheko nobumnyama bencithakalo, Kodwa ungadangali, sizwe sami saseCzech!

Ngo-1872 uSmetana wayeseyiqedile i-opera yakhe. Kodwa wenqaba ukuyidlala. Iqiniso liwukuthi kwakulungiselelwa umgubho omkhulu wesizwe. Emuva ngo-1868, kwabekwa isisekelo Senkundla Yemidlalo Yeshashalazi Kazwelonke, okwakufanele ithathe indawo yezakhiwo ezinyinyekile ze-Provisional Theatre. "Abantu - ngokwabo" - ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esinjalo sokuziqhenya, izimali zaqoqwa ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esisha. U-Smetana unqume ukuhlela isikhathi sokuqala kwe-"Libuše" ukuze sihambisane nalo mgubho kazwelonke. Kuphela ngo-1881 kwavulwa iminyango yethiyetha entsha. USmetana wabe engasakwazi ukuzwa i-opera yakhe: wayeyisithulu.

Okubi kunawo wonke amashwa ahlasela uSmetana - isithulu samfica ngokuzumayo ngo-1874. Kwaze kwaba semkhawulweni, ukusebenza kanzima, ukushushiswa kwezitha, okwathi ngokufutheka kwathatha izikhali ngokumelene noSmetana, kwabangela isifo esibi sezinzwa zokuzwa kanye ne-arexative. inhlekelele edabukisayo. Ukuphila kwakhe kwaba nokusontekile, kodwa umoya wakhe ogxilile awuzange wephuke. Kwadingeka ngiyeke ukwenza imisebenzi, ngisuke emsebenzini wezenhlalakahle, kodwa amandla okudala awazange aphele - umqambi waqhubeka nokudala indalo emangalisayo.

Ngonyaka wenhlekelele, uSmetana waqeda i-opera yakhe yesihlanu, The Two Widows, eyaba yimpumelelo enkulu; isebenzisa isiqephu samahlaya esivela empilweni yesimanje ye-manor.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwakhiwa umjikelezo oyingqopha-mlando we-symphonic othi “My Motherland”. Izinkondlo ezimbili zokuqala - "Vyshegrad" kanye "Vltava" - zaqedwa ezinyangeni ezinzima kakhulu, lapho odokotela beqaphela ukugula kukaSmetana njengokungelapheki. Ngo-1875 "Sharka" kanye "From Bohemian Fields and Woods" kwalandela; ngo-1878-1879 - iTabor noBlanik. Ngo-1882, umqhubi u-Adolf Cech wenza wonke umjikelezo okokuqala, futhi ngaphandle kweCzech Republic - kakade kuma-90s - wakhuthazwa nguRichard Strauss.

Umsebenzi waqhubeka ohlotsheni lwe-opera. Udumo olucishe lulingane nololukaMlobokazi Ohwetshiwe lwazuzwa iculo le-opera lansuku zonke elithi The Kiss (1875-1876), maphakathi nalo okunomfanekiso omsulwa wentombazane yaseVendulka elula; i-opera ethi The Secret (1877-1878), nayo eyayicula ngokwethembeka othandweni, yamukelwa ngemfudumalo; impumelelo encane ngenxa ye-libretto ebuthakathaka kwaba umsebenzi wokugcina wesigaba sikaSmetana - "Devil's Wall" (1882).

Ngakho, phakathi neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, umqambi oyisithulu wadala ama-opera amane, umjikelezo we-symphonic wezinkondlo eziyisithupha, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi - upiyano, ikamelo, i-choral. Yeka intando okumelwe ukuba wayenayo ukuze ikhiqize kangaka! Amandla akhe, nokho, aqala ukwehluleka - kwesinye isikhathi wayeba nemibono ephuphile; Ngezinye izikhathi wayebonakala elahlekelwa ingqondo. Ukulangazelela ubuciko kwanqoba yonke into. Inganekwane yayingapheli, futhi indlebe engaphakathi emangalisayo yasiza ekukhetheni izindlela ezidingekayo zokukhuluma. Futhi enye into iyamangalisa: naphezu kwesifo sezinzwa esiqhubekayo, uSmetana waqhubeka nokudala umculo ngendlela yobusha, entsha, eneqiniso, enethemba. Eselahlekelwe ukuzwa, walahlekelwa ithuba lokuxhumana ngokuqondile nabantu, kodwa akazange azihlukanise nabo, akazange ahoxe kuye, egcina ukwamukelwa okujabulisayo kokuphila okungokwemvelo kuye, ukholo kukho. Umthombo wethemba elinjalo elingapheli usekuqapheleni ukusondelana okungenakuhlukaniswa nezithakazelo neziphetho zabantu bomdabu.

Lokhu kugqugquzele u-Smetana ukuthi akhe umjikelezo wepiyano we-Czech Dances (1877-1879). Umqambi ufune kumshicileli ukuthi umdlalo ngamunye - futhi kukhona eziyishumi nane sezizonke - unikezwe isihloko esithi: polka, furiant, skochna, "Ulan", "Oats", "Bear", njll. Noma isiphi isiCzech kusukela ebuntwaneni usijwayele. lamagama, kusho ukhilimu omuncu; washicilela umjikelezo wakhe ukuze “azise wonke umuntu ukuthi hlobo luni lwemidanso thina maCzech.”

Yeka ukuthi la mazwi ajwayelekile kangakanani kumqambi othanda abantu bakhe ngokuzidela futhi njalo, kuzo zonke izingoma zakhe, wabhala ngabo, eveza imizwa engeyona eyomuntu siqu, kodwa evamile, eseduze futhi eqondakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Kuphela emisebenzini embalwa uSmetana wazivumela ukuba akhulume ngedrama yakhe yomuntu siqu. Wabe esesebenzisa uhlobo lwe-chamber-instrumental. Injalo i-piano trio yakhe, okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, kanye nama-quartet ezintambo ezimbili zenkathi yokugcina yomsebenzi wakhe (1876 no-1883.)

Eyokuqala yazo ibaluleke kakhulu - kusihluthulelo se-e-moll, esinesihlokwana esithi: "Kusukela empilweni yami". Ezingxenyeni ezine zomjikelezo, iziqephu ezibalulekile ze-biography ka-Smetana zidalwa kabusha. Okokuqala (ingxenye eyinhloko yengxenye yokuqala) izwakala, njengoba umqambi echaza, “ubizo lwesiphetho, ukubizela impi”; ngokuqhubekayo - "isifiso esingenakuchazwa sokungaziwa"; ekugcineni, “lowo mlozi obulalayo wamathoni aphakeme kakhulu, okwathi ngo-1874 wamemezela ubuthulu bami …”. Ingxenye yesibili - "emoyeni we-polka" - ithatha izinkumbulo ezijabulisayo zobusha, imidanso yabalimi, amabhola ... Kwesithathu - uthando, injabulo yomuntu siqu. Ingxenye yesine iyona emangalisa kakhulu. I-Smetana ichaza okuqukethwe kwayo ngale ndlela: “Ukuqwashisa ngamandla amakhulu alele emculweni wethu wesizwe… impumelelo kulo mzila… injabulo yokusungula izinto, ephazanyiswa ngonya inhlekelele edabukisayo - ukungezwani… amahlamvu ethemba… izinkumbulo zokuqala indlela yami yokudala… umuzwa obuhlungu wokulangazelela…” Ngakho-ke, ngisho nakulo msebenzi obaluleke kakhulu we-Smetana, ukucabanga komuntu siqu kuhlanganiswe nemicabango mayelana nesiphetho sobuciko baseRussia. Lemicabango ayizange imshiye kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe. Futhi wayemiselwe ukuba adlule kuzo zombili izinsuku zenjabulo nezinsuku zosizi olukhulu.

Ngo-1880, izwe lonke lagubha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yomculo kaSmetana (sikukhumbuza ukuthi ngo-1830, eseyingane eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, wadlala obala njengomdlali wopiyano). Ngokokuqala ngqa ePrague, kwenziwa "Izingoma Zakusihlwa" - ezothando ezinhlanu zezwi nopiyano. Ekupheleni kwekhonsathi yemikhosi, u-Smetana wenza i-polka yakhe no-Chopin's B omkhulu nocturne ophiyano. Ngemva kwePrague, iqhawe lesizwe lahlonishwa yidolobha laseLitomysl, lapho azalelwa khona.

Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-1881, abathandi bezwe baseCzech babhekana nosizi olukhulu - isakhiwo esasisanda kwakhiwa kabusha sePrague National Theatre sasha, lapho kwakusanda kuzwakala khona umbukiso wokuqala weLibuše. Ukuqoqwa kwezimali kuhlelwa ukuze kubuyiselwe. U-Smetana uyamenywa ukuba enze ezakhe izingoma, naye azidlalele ezifundazweni njengomdlali wopiyano. Ekhathele, egulela ukufa, uyazidela ngenxa yesizathu esivamile: imali etholwa kula makhonsathi yasiza ekuqedeni ukwakhiwa kweNational Theatre, eyavula kabusha isizini yayo yokuqala nge-opera yaseLibuse ngoNovemba 1883.

Kodwa izinsuku zikaSmetana sezivele zibaliwe. Impilo yakhe yawohloka kakhulu, ingqondo yakhe yafiphala. Ngo-Ephreli 23, 1884, washonela esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. ULiszt wabhalela abangani wathi: “Ngishaqekile ngokushona kukaSmetana. Wayehlakaniphile!

M. Druskin

• Ukudala okusebenzayo kwe-Smetana →

Ukwakhiwa:

Ama-opera (inani angu-8) I-Brandenburgers e-Bohemia, i-libretto ka-Sabina (1863, yaboniswa okokuqala ngo-1866) I-Bartered Bride, yakhululwa ngu-Sabina (1866) Dalibor, i-libretto ka-Wenzig (1867-1868) Libuse, i-libretto ka-Wenzig (1872, i-Widow1881) ”, libretto by Züngl (1874) The Kiss, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1876) “The Secret”, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1878) “Devil's Wall”, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1882) Viola, libretto by Krasnolf'sShakespeare, comedy Twee. Ubusuku (uMthetho engiwuqedile kuphela, ngo-1884)

Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic "Jubilant Overture" D-dur (1848) "Solemn Symphony" E-dur (1853) "Richard III", inkondlo ye-symphonic (1858) "Camp Wallenstein", inkondlo ye-symphonic (1859) "Jarl Gakon", inkondlo ye-symphonic (1861) "I-Solemn March" eya emikhosini kaShakespeare (1864) "I-Solemn Overture" C-dur (1868) "Izwe Lami", umjikelezo wezinkondlo ezi-6 ze-symphonic: "Vysehrad" (1874), "Vltava" (1874), "Sharka" ( 1875), "Kusuka emasimini nasemahlathini aseCzech" (1875), "Tabor" (1878), "Blanik" (1879) "Venkovanka", i-polka ye-orchestra (1879) "Prague Carnival", isingeniso kanye nepolonaise (1883)

Ipiyano iyasebenza Bagatelles and Impromptu (1844) 8 preludes (1845) Polka and Allegro (1846) Rhapsody in G minor (1847) Czech Melodies (1847) 6 Character Pieces (1848) March of the Student Legion (1848) 1848 March Guard of the People's ) "Izincwadi Zezinkumbulo" (1851) 3 salon polkas (1855) 3 poetic polkas (1855) "Sketches" (1858) "Scene from Shakespeare's Macbeth" (1859) "Izinkumbulo zaseCzech Republic ngendlela ye-polka" ( 1859) "Ogwini lolwandle", isifundo (1862) "Amaphupho" (1875) IsiCzech sidansa ezincwadini zokubhalela ezi-2 (1877, 1879)

Imisebenzi yezinsimbi ze-Chamber I-Trio yepiyano, i-violin ne-cello g-moll (1855) I-quartet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu yokuqala ethi "From my life" e-moll (1876) "Izwe Lomdabu" levayolini nepiyano (1878) I-Second String Quartet (1883)

Umculo wezwi "Ingoma YaseCzech" yekhwaya exubile ne-orchestra (1860) "I-Renegade" yekhwaya enezingxenye ezimbili (1860) "Abamahhashi Abathathu" bekhwaya yabesilisa (1866) "Rolnicka" yekwaya yabesilisa (1868) "Ingoma Engcwele" yekwaya yabesilisa ( 1870) “Ingoma Yasolwandle” yekwaya yabesilisa (1877) 3 amakwaya abesifazane (1878) “Evening Songs” for voice nopiyano (1879) “Dowry” for male choir (1880) “Prayer” for male choir (1880) “ Iziqubulo ezimbili zekwaya yabesilisa (1882) "Ingoma Yethu" yekwaya yabesilisa (1883)