UCarl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach) |

UCarl Philipp Emmanuel Bach

Emisebenzini yepiyano ka-Emanuel Bach, nginezingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela, futhi ezinye zazo ngokungangabazeki kufanele zikhonze wonke umculi weqiniso, hhayi nje njengento ejabulisa kakhulu, kodwa futhi njengezinto zokufunda. L. Beethoven. Incwadi eya ku-G. Hertel Julayi 26, 1809

Kuwo wonke umndeni wakwaBach, uCarl Philipp Emanuel kuphela, indodana yesibili ka-JS Bach, nomfowabo omncane u-Johann Christian bathola isihloko esithi "omkhulu" ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo. Nakuba umlando uzenzela ezawo izinguquko ekuhloleni kwabantu besikhathi samanje ukubaluleka kwalokhu noma lowo mculi, manje akekho ophikisa indima ka-FE Bach enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo zasendulo zomculo wezinsimbi, okufinyelele umvuthwandaba wawo emsebenzini ka-I. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart kanye no-L. Beethoven. Amadodana ka-JS Bach ayemiselwe ukuphila enkathini yenguquko, lapho izindlela ezintsha zazivezwa emculweni, ezixhunywe ekusesheni ingqikithi yawo yangaphakathi, indawo ezimele phakathi kobunye ubuciko. Abaqambi abaningi abavela e-Italy, eFrance, eJalimane nase-Czech Republic bahileleke kule nqubo, imizamo yabo elungise ubuciko bakudala base-Viennese. Futhi kulolu chungechunge lwabafunayo abaculi, isibalo sika-FE Bach sigqama kakhulu.

Abantu besikhathi samanje babone ukufaneleka okuyinhloko kuka-Philippe Emanuel ekwakhiweni kwesitayela "esivezayo" noma "esizwelayo" somculo we-clavier. Izindlela ze-Sonata yakhe ku-F minor zatholakala kamuva ukuthi zihambisana nomoya wobuciko we-Sturm und Drang. Izilaleli zathintwa injabulo nobuhle be-sonatas ka-Bach nemicabango ethuthukisiwe, imiculo “ekhulumayo,” kanye nendlela yombhali eveza imizwa yakhe. Uthisha wokuqala noyedwa womculo kaPhilip Emanuel kwakunguyise, kodwa-ke, akazange akubone kudingekile ukulungiselela ngokukhethekile indodana yakhe yenxele, eyayidlala izinsimbi zekhibhodi kuphela, ukuze ibe ngumculi (uJohann Sebastian wabona umculi ofaneleka kakhulu). owalandela izibulo lakhe, uWilhelm Friedemann). Ngemva kokuphothula eSikoleni saseSt. Thomas eLeipzig, u-Emanuel wafundela ubumeli emanyuvesi aseLeipzig naseFrankfurt/Oder.

Ngalesi sikhathi wayesebhale izingoma eziningi zezinsimbi, kuhlanganise nama-sonatas amahlanu namakhonsathi amabili e-clavier. Ngemva kokuphothula eyunivesithi ngo-1738, u-Emanuel wazinikela ngaphandle kokungabaza emculweni futhi ngo-1741 wathola umsebenzi njengomculi we-harpsichord eBerlin, enkantolo kaFrederick II wasePrussia, owayesanda kungena esihlalweni sobukhosi. Inkosi yaziwa eYurophu njengenkosi ekhanyiselwe; njengomuntu owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe esincane, uMbusi waseRussia uCatherine II, uFriedrich wayebhalelana noVoltaire futhi wasekela ubuciko.

Ngemva nje kokugcotshwa kwakhe, kwakhiwa indlu ye-opera eBerlin. Kodwa-ke, yonke impilo yomculo wasenkantolo yayilawulwa ngemininingwane emincane ngokuthandwa yinkosi (kangangoba ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwe-opera inkosi yayilandela mathupha ukudlala kusukela kumaphuzu - phezu kwehlombe lomphathi webhendi). Lokhu okuthandwayo kwakungavamile: umthandi womculo othweswe umqhele akazange awubekezelele umculo wesonto kanye ne-fugue overtures, wayekhetha i-opera yase-Italy kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo, umtshingo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinsimbi, umtshingo wakhe kuzo zonke izinsimbi (ngokusho kukaBach, ngokusobala, uthando lweqiniso lomculo wenkosi alugcini lapho). ). Umshayi-mtshingo owaziwayo u-I. Kvanz wabhala amakhonsathi omtshingo angaba ngu-300 womfundi wakhe ophakeme; njalo kusihlwa phakathi nonyaka, inkosi esigodlweni samaSanssouci yayiwenza wonke (ngezinye izikhathi nezingoma zayo), ngaphandle kokwehluleka phambi kwezikhulu. Umsebenzi ka-Emanuel kwakuwukuphelezela inkosi. Le nkonzo eyisicefe yayiphazanyiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela yinoma yiziphi izigameko. Enye yazo kwakuwukuvakashela ngo-1747 enkantolo yasePrussia kaJS Bach. Njengoba wayesekhulile, washaqisa inkosi ngempela ngobuciko bakhe be-clavier kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zomzimba, owakhansela ikhonsathi yakhe ngesikhathi sokufika kuka-Bach omdala. Ngemva kokushona kukayise, u-FE Bach wayigcina ngokucophelela imibhalo yesandla ayizuza njengefa.

Izimpumelelo zokudala zika-Emanuel Bach ngokwakhe eBerlin ziyamangalisa. Kakade ngo 1742-44. 12 i-harpsichord sonatas (“i-Prussian” ne-“Württemberg”), ama-trios angu-2 ama-violin nama-bass, amakhonsathi ama-harpsichord angu-3 ashicilelwe; ngo-1755-65 - 24 sonatas (inani cishe 200) kanye nezingcezu ze-harpsichord, ama-symphonies angu-19, ama-trios angu-30, ama-sonata angu-12 e-harpsichord ahambisana ne-orchestra, cishe. Amakhonsathi angama-harpsichord angama-50, izingoma zezwi (ama-cantatas, ama-oratorios). I-clavier sonatas enenani elikhulu kakhulu - u-FE Bach unake ngokukhethekile lolu hlobo. Ukukhanya okungokomfanekiso, inkululeko yokudala yokuqamba ama-sonatas akhe kufakazela kukho kokubili ukuqanjwa nokusetshenziswa kwamasiko omculo wesikhathi esidlule (isibonelo, ukwenza ngcono kuyi-echo yokubhala kwesitho sika-JS Bach). Into entsha u-Philippe Emanuel ayethule ku-clavier art kwaba uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-lyrical cantilena melody, eduze nemigomo yobuciko ye-sentimentalism. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezwi yenkathi yaseBerlin, i-Magnificat (1749) igqamile, ifana nobuciko begama elifanayo likaJS Bach futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwezinye izingqikithi, ilindele isitayela se-WA Mozart.

Isimo senkonzo yasenkantolo ngokungangabazeki sasithwalisa kanzima i-“Berlin” Bach (njengoba uPhilippe Emanuel agcina esebizwa kanjalo). Izingoma zakhe eziningi azizange zithokozelwe (inkosi yakhetha umculo omncane wokuqala we-Quantz kanye nabafowabo bakaGraun kubo). Ukuhlonishwa phakathi kwabameleli abaqavile be-intelligentsia yaseBerlin (kuhlanganise nomsunguli weqembu lezincwadi nomculo laseBerlin u-HG Krause, ososayensi bomculo u-I. Kirnberger no-F. Marpurg, umlobi nesazi sefilosofi u-GE Lessing), u-FE Bach e Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akatholanga lutho ngamabutho akhe kulomuzi. Umsebenzi wakhe kuphela, owathola ukuqashelwa ngaleyo minyaka, kwaba ithiyori: "Isipiliyoni ubuciko beqiniso ukudlala clavier" (1753-62). Ngo-1767, u-FE Bach nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eHamburg futhi bahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, ethatha isikhundla sokuba umqondisi womculo wedolobha ngokuncintisana (ngemuva kokushona kuka-HF Telemann, unkulunkulu wakhe, owayekulesi sikhundla isikhathi eside. isikhathi). Ngemva kokuba "iHamburg" Bach, uPhilippe Emanuel uthole ukuqashelwa okugcwele, njengoba ayentula eBerlin. Uhola impilo yekhonsathi yaseHamburg, uqondise ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yakhe, ikakhulukazi yamakwaya. Inkazimulo iza kuye. Kodwa-ke, ukunambitheka okungathandeki, kwesifundazwe kwe-Hamburg kwamcasula uPhilip Emanuel. “IHamburg, eyake yaduma nge-opera yayo, eyokuqala nedume kakhulu eJalimane, isiphenduke iBoeotia yomculo,” kubhala uR. Rolland. “UPhilippe Emanuel Bach uzizwa elahlekile kuyo. Lapho uBernie emvakashela, uPhilippe Emanuel uthi kuye: “Ufike lapha ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kunalokho obekufanele ube nakho.” Lo muzwa wemvelo wokucasuka awukwazanga ukusibekela amashumi eminyaka okugcina empilo ka-FE Bach, owaba usaziwayo womhlaba. E-Hamburg, ithalente lakhe njengomqambi wezingoma nomculi womculo wakhe lazibonakalisa ngamandla avuselelwe. "Ezingxenyeni ezidabukisayo nezihamba kancane, noma nini lapho edinga ukucacisa umsindo omude, wayekwazi ukukhipha ensimbi yakhe ngokoqobo ukukhala kokudabuka nokukhononda, okungatholakala kuphela ku-clavichord futhi, mhlawumbe, kuye yedwa kuphela, ” kubhala uC. Burney. UPhilip Emanuel wayemncoma uHaydn, futhi abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi bahlaziya womabili amakhosi njengalinganayo. Eqinisweni, izinto eziningi zokudala ezitholwe u-FE Bach zathathwa u-Haydn, Mozart kanye no-Beethoven futhi zakhushulelwa ekupheleleni okuphezulu kobuciko.

D. Chekhovych