UJohann Sebastian Bach |

Johann Sebastian Bach

I-Bach ayintsha, ayindala, ingokunye kakhulu - ingunaphakade ... R. Schumann

Unyaka we-1520 uphawula impande yesihlahla sozalo esinegatsha somndeni omdala wama-burgher wakwaBachs. EJalimane, amagama athi "Bach" nelithi "umculi" ayefana amakhulu eminyaka. Nokho, kuphela ku owesihlanu isizukulwane “phakathi kwabo … kwavela indoda ebuciko bayo obukhazimulayo bakhipha ukukhanya okukhazimulayo kangangokuthi ukubonakaliswa kwalokhu kukhanya kwawela phezu kwabo. Kwakungu-Johann Sebastian Bach, ubuhle nokuzigqaja komndeni wakhe kanye nezwe likababa, indoda, ngokungafani nanoma ubani omunye, eyayixhaswe yiyo kanye I-Art of Music. Wabhala kanjalo ngo-1802 I. Forkel, umbhali wezomlando wokuqala kanye nochwepheshe bokuqala beqiniso bomqambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elisha, ngoba iminyaka kaBach yavalelisa ku-cantor omkhulu ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Kodwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kokhethiweyo we "Art of Music" kwakunzima ukubiza okhethiweyo wokudalelwa. Ngaphandle, i-biography ye-Bach ayihlukile kumlando wanoma yimuphi umculi waseJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1521-22th. U-Bach wazalelwa edolobheni elincane laseThuringian i-Eisenach, eliseduze nenqaba yaseWartburg, lapho ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ngokusho kwenganekwane, umbala we-minnesang wahlangana, kwathi ngo-XNUMX-XNUMX. izwi likaM. Luther lazwakala: eWartburg umshisekeli wenguquko omkhulu wahumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwezwe labobaba.

U-JS Bach wayengeyena u-prodigy wengane, kodwa kusukela ebuntwaneni, ekubeni endaweni yomculo, wathola imfundo ephelele kakhulu. Okokuqala, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamfowabo omdala u-JK Bach kanye nabafundisi besikole u-J. Arnold no-E. Herda e-Ohrdruf (1696-99), kwase kuba sesikoleni sase-St. Michael's Church eLüneburg (1700-02). Lapho eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, wayene-harpsichord, i-violin, i-viola, i-organ, ehlabelela ekwayeni, futhi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwezwi lakhe, wasebenza njengomphathi (umsizi we-cantor). Kusukela esemncane, u-Bach wazizwa esebenza emkhakheni wezitho, ngokungakhathali wafunda zombili izingcweti zaseJalimane Ephakathi naseNyakatho - uJ. Pachelbel, J. Lewe, G. Boehm, J. Reinken - ubuciko bokwenza ngcono izitho zomzimba, okwakuyi isisekelo samakhono akhe okuqamba. Kulokhu kufanele kwengezwe ukwazi kabanzi ngomculo waseYurophu: U-Bach wabamba iqhaza emakhonsathini endlu yokukhonzela yasenkantolo eyaziwa ngokuthanda kwawo isiFulentshi eCelle, wakwazi ukufinyelela eqoqweni elicebile lamakhosi ase-Italy agcinwe emtatsheni wezincwadi wesikole, futhi ekugcineni, ngesikhathi evakashelwa kaningi. eHamburg, wayengajwayelana ne-opera yendawo.

Ngo-1702, umculi ofunde kahle wavela ezindongeni zeMichaelschule, kodwa uBach akazange alahlekelwe ukunambitheka kwakhe kokufunda, "ukulingisa" kwakho konke okungasiza ekwandiseni ama-horizons akhe ochwepheshe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ukuzama njalo ukuthuthukisa kwaphawula umsebenzi wakhe womculo, okwakuthi, ngokwesiko langaleso sikhathi, wawuhlotshaniswa nesonto, idolobha noma inkantolo. Hhayi ngenhlanhla, enikeze lesi noma leso sikhala, kodwa ngokuqinile nangokuphikelela, wakhuphukela ezingeni elilandelayo lesigaba somculo kusukela ku-oganist (u-Arnstadt noMühlhausen, 1703-08) kuya ku-concertmaster (Weimar, 170817), i-bandmaster (Keten, 171723) ), ekugcineni, i-cantor nomqondisi womculo (Leipzig, 1723-50). Ngaso leso sikhathi, eduze kuka-Bach, umculi oprakthiza, umqambi we-Bach wakhula futhi wazuza amandla, enyathela ngalé kwemingcele yemisebenzi ethile eyayibekelwe yena emibonweni yakhe yokudala kanye nezinto azifezile. Umculi we-Arnstadt uyahlanjalazwa ngokwenza “izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezingavamile emculweni … okuphoxe umphakathi.” Isibonelo salokhu sisukela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-33. Amakhwaya ka-1985 atholwe muva nje (ngo-1705) njengengxenye yeqoqo elisebenzayo (kusukela kuKhisimusi kuya kuPhasika) le-oganist yamaLuthela uTsakhov, kanye nomqambi nomqambi u-GA Sorge). Ngokwezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, lezi zihlamba zingasebenza emijikelezweni yesitho sokuqala sika-Bach, umqondo wawo owaqala ukwakheka kakade e-Arnstadt. Ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuvakashela ebusika bango-06-XNUMX. Lübeck, lapho eya khona ngokubiza kukaD. Buxtehude (umqambi nomculi odumile wayefuna umlandeli, kanye nokuthola indawo eMarienkirche, elungele ukushada nendodakazi yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo). U-Bach akazange ahlale eLübeck, kodwa ukuxhumana no-Buxtehude kushiye isithombe esibalulekile kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe oqhubekayo.

Ngo-1707, uBach wathuthela eMühlhausen ukuze athathe isikhundla somculi we-ogani esontweni lika-St. Umkhakha onikeze amathuba amakhudlwana kunase-Arnstadt, kodwa ngokusobala ayenele, ngokwamazwi kaBach ngokwakhe, “ukwenza … umculo wesonto ovamile futhi ngokuvamile, uma kungenzeka, unikele… yonke indawo, lapho ... iqoqo elibanzi lemibhalo yesonto emihle kakhulu (incwadi yokwesula eyathunyelwa kumantshi wedolobha laseMühlhausen ngoJuni 25, 1708). Lezi zinhloso u-Bach azozenza e-Weimar enkantolo ka-Duke Ernst wase-Saxe-Weimar, lapho ayelinde khona imisebenzi eguquguqukayo kokubili esontweni le-castle kanye nase-chapel. E-Weimar, isici sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu endaweni yesitho sadwetshwa. Izinsuku eziqondile azizange zigcinwe, kodwa kubonakala sengathi (phakathi kwezinye eziningi) imisebenzi yobuciko efana ne-Toccata ne-Fugue ku-D encane, i-Preludes ne-Fugues ku-C minor no-F minor, i-Toccata ku-C enkulu, i-Passacaglia ngo-C encane, kanye nencwajana edumile ethi "Organ" lapho "osaqalayo enikezwa isiqondiso sendlela yokuqhuba i-chorale ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezindlela." Udumo luka-Bach, "uchwepheshe nomeluleki ongcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nesimo ... kanye nokwakhiwa kwesitho", kanye "ne-phoenix ye-improvisation", kwasabalala kude. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka ye-Weimar ihlanganisa ukuncintisana okuhlulekile nomculi odumile waseFrance no-harpsichordist L. Marchand, owashiya "inkundla yempi" ngaphambi kokuhlangana nomphikisi wakhe, owawugcwele izinganekwane.

Ngokuqokwa kwakhe ngo-1714 njengesekela lika-kapellmeister, iphupho lika-Bach “lomculo wesonto ovamile” lafezeka, okwathi, ngokwemibandela yenkontileka, kwakufanele ahlinzeke nyanga zonke. Ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni lwe-cantata entsha enesisekelo sokwenziwa kombhalo (izisho zebhayibheli, izitanza zamakhwaya, izinkondlo zamahhala, “ze-madrigal”) kanye nezingxenye zomculo ezihambisanayo (isingeniso se-orchestra, “eyomile” kanye nezibuyekezo ezihambisanayo, i-aria, i-chorale). Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-cantata ngayinye kukude nanoma yiziphi izinkolelo-ze. Kwanele ukuqhathanisa amapharele anjalo obuciko bokuqala bephimbo kanye nezinsimbi njenge-BWV {Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) - uhlu lwetimu lemisebenzi ka-JS Bach.} 11, 12, 21. U-Bach akazange akhohlwe "ngomculo oqoqiwe" yabanye abaqambi. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, kugcinwe kumakhophi e-Bach enkathi ye-Weimar, okungenzeka ukuthi alungiselelwe ukusebenza okuzayo kwe-Passion for Luka ngumbhali ongaziwa (isikhathi eside kuthiwa kubhalwe ngephutha u-Bach) kanye ne-Passion for Mark ka-R. Kaiser, esebenze njengesibonelo semisebenzi yabo kulolu hlobo.

I-Bach - kammermusikus kanye ne-concertmaster. Njengoba ephakathi nempilo yomculo eqinile yenkantolo yase-Weimar, wayengajwayelana kabanzi nomculo waseYurophu. Njengenjwayelo, lokhu kujwayelana no-Bach kwakudala, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuhlelwa kwezitho zamakhonsathi ka-A. Vivaldi, amalungiselelo e-clavier ka-A. Marcello, T. Albinoni nabanye.

Iminyaka ye-Weimar nayo ibonakala ngesikhalo sokuqala kuhlobo lwe-solo violin sonata ne-suite. Zonke lezi zivivinyo zamathuluzi zathola ukuqaliswa kwazo okuhlakaniphile endaweni entsha: ngo-1717, u-Bach wamenywa e-Keten esikhundleni sika-Grand Ducal Kapellmeister wase-Anhalt-Keten. Isimo somculo esimnandi sabusa lapha ngenxa yeNkosana uLeopold wase-Anhalt-Keten uqobo, umthandi womculo oshisekayo nomculi owayedlala ihabhu, igamba, futhi enezwi elimnandi. Izintshisekelo zokudala zika-Bach, imisebenzi yakhe ehlanganisa ukuhambisana nokucula nokudlala kwenkosana, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ubuholi bendlu yesonto enhle kakhulu enamalungu e-orchestra anolwazi ayi-15-18, ngokwemvelo iya endaweni yezinsimbi. I-solo, iningi lamakhonsathi e-violin ne-orchestral, okuhlanganisa amakhonsathi angu-6 aseBrandenburg, ama-suites e-orchestra, i-violin eyedwa kanye ne-cello sonatas. Leyo yirejista engaphelele ye-Keten "yokuvuna".

E-Keten, kuvulwa omunye umugqa (noma kunalokho uyaqhubeka, uma sisho "Incwadi Yezitho") emsebenzini wenkosi: izingoma ezihloselwe izinjongo zokufundisa, ngolimi lukaBach, "ukuze kuzuze futhi kusetshenziswe intsha yomculo elwela ukufunda." Eyokuqala kulolu chungechunge yi-Music Notebook ka-Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (eyaqala ngo-1720 ngezibulo nentandokazi kayise, umqambi odumile wakusasa). Lapha, ngaphezu kwama-miniatures omdanso kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-chorales, kukhona ama-prototypes wevolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier (isandulela), i-Inventions yezingxenye ezimbili nezintathu (isandulela kanye namaphupho). U-Bach ngokwakhe wayezoqedela la maqoqo ngo-1722 nango-1723, ngokulandelana.

E-Keten, "I-Notebook ka-Anna Magdalena Bach" (unkosikazi wesibili womqambi) yaqalwa, ehlanganisa, kanye nezingcezu zababhali abahlukahlukene, "ama-French Suites" angu-5 kwangu-6. Eminyakeni efanayo, "I-Little Preludes ne-Fughettas", "i-English Suites", "i-Chromatic Fantasy ne-Fugue" nezinye izingoma ze-clavier zadalwa. Njengoba nje isibalo sabafundi baka-Bach sanda unyaka nonyaka, i-pedagogical repertoire yakhe yavuselelwa, eyayihloselwe ukuba isikole sobuciko obudlalwayo kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezalandela zabaculi.

Uhlu lwama-opus e-Keten ngeke luphelele ngaphandle kokusho ukuqanjwa kwephimbo. Lolu uchungechunge lonke lwama-cantatas ezwe, iningi lawo elingalondoloziwe futhi selithole impilo yesibili kakade ngombhalo omusha, ongokomoya. Ngezindlela eziningi, okucashile, ukungalali phezu komsebenzi womculo wezwi (eSontweni Lenguquko YaseKeten “umculo ovamile” wawungadingeki) kwathela izithelo esikhathini sokugcina nesibanzi kakhulu somsebenzi wenkosi.

U-Bach ungena emkhakheni omusha we-cantor we-St. Thomas School kanye nomqondisi womculo wedolobha lase-Leipzig engaphethe lutho: "isivivinyo" cantatas BWV 22, 23 sezivele zibhaliwe; I-Magnificat; "Intshisekelo ngokukaJohane". I-Leipzig iyisiteshi sokugcina sokuzulazula kuka-Bach. Ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi ukwahlulela ngengxenye yesibili yesihloko sakhe, isiqongo esifunwayo sombuso osemthethweni safinyelelwa lapha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, “Ukuzibophezela” (izindawo zokuhlola eziyi-14), okwakumelwe akusayine “ngokuphathelene nokuthatha isikhundla” nokwehluleka ukukufeza okwakugcwele izingxabano neziphathimandla zesonto nedolobha, kufakazela ubunkimbinkimbi bale ngxenye. ye-biography ka-Bach. Iminyaka emi-3 yokuqala (1723-26) yayizinikele emculweni wesonto. Kuze kube yilapho kuqala izingxabano neziphathimandla futhi imantshi ixhasa ngezimali umculo wesonto, okusho ukuthi abaculi abaqeqeshiwe bangase bahileleke ekuculweni, amandla e-cantor entsha ayengenamingcele. Konke okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Weimar no-Köthen kusabalele ekudaleni kwe-Leipzig.

Isilinganiso salokho okucatshangwe futhi okwenziwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi alinakulinganiswa ngempela: ama-cantatas angaphezu kuka-150 adalwa masonto onke (!), 2nd ed. "Passion NgokukaJohane", futhi ngokusho idatha entsha, kanye "Passion NgokukaMathewu". I-premiere yalo msebenzi oyingqopha-mlando ka-Bach aweli ngo-1729, njengoba kwakucatshangwa kuze kube manje, kodwa ngo-1727. isimo somculo wesonto, kanye nokunezelwa kokucatshangelwa okungachemile mayelana nokwehla kwawo” (ngo-August 23, 1730, incwadi eya kumantshi yaseLeipzig), yanxeshezelwa ngemisebenzi yolunye uhlobo. U-Bach Kapellmeister uphinde eze phambili, kulokhu ehola i-Collegium musicum yabafundi. U-Bach wahola lo mbuthano ngo-1729-37, kwathi ngo-1739-44 (?) Ngamakhonsathi amasonto onke eZimmermann Garden noma eZimmermann Coffee House, u-Bach wenza umnikelo omkhulu empilweni yomculo womphakathi wedolobha. I-repertoire ihluke kakhulu: ama-symphonies (ama-orchestral suites), ama-cantata ezwe kanye namakhonsathi - "isinkwa" sayo yonke imihlangano ye-amateur neyochwepheshe yangaleso sikhathi. Kulapha lapho okwavela khona ngokukhethekile amakhonsathi ka-Bach e-Leipzig - ka-clavier kanye ne-orchestra, okungamakhonsathi akhe e-violin, i-violin ne-oboe, njll. Phakathi kwawo kukhona amakhonsathi asendulo ku-D minor, F minor, A enkulu. .

Ngosizo olusebenzayo lombuthano we-Bach, impilo yomculo yedolobha e-Leipzig nayo yaqhubeka, noma ngabe “kwakuwumculo onesizotha ngosuku oluhle kakhulu lwegama lika-Augustus II, owenziwa kusihlwa ngaphansi kokukhanyiswa engadini yaseZimmermann”, noma “ Umculo wakusihlwa onamacilongo kanye ne-timpani” ngokuhlonipha u-Augustus ofanayo, noma “umculo wasebusuku onamathoshi amaningi e-wax, nemisindo yamacilongo ne-timpani”, njll. Kulolu hlu “lomculo” wokuhlonipha abavoti baseSaxon, a indawo ekhethekile ingeyeMissa enikezelwe ku-Augustus III (Kyrie, Gloria, 1733) - ingxenye yenye indalo eyisikhumbuzo ye-Bach - Mass in B minor, eyaqedwa kuphela ngo-1747-48. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, u-Bach ugxile kakhulu emculweni ongenazo izinjongo ezisetshenzisiwe. Lena ivolumu yesibili ye-Well-Tempered Clavier (1744), kanye ne-partitas, i-Italian Concerto, i-Organ Mass, i-Aria enezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene (eqanjwe ngokuthi i-Goldberg emva kokufa kuka-Bach), eyafakwa eqoqweni elithi Clavier Exercises. . Ngokungafani nomculo we-liturgical, u-Bach ngokusobala ayewubheka njengenkokhiso kulo msebenzi wezandla, wayefuna ukwenza ama-opses akhe angasetshenzisiwe atholakale emphakathini jikelele. Ngaphansi kokuhlela kwakhe, i-Clavier Exercises kanye nezinye izingoma eziningi zanyatheliswa, kuhlanganise nezi-2 zokugcina, izinsimbi ezinkulu kakhulu.

Ngo-1737, isazi sefilosofi nesazi-mlando, umfundi kaBach, L. Mitzler, wahlela i-Society of Musical Sciences e-Leipzig, lapho i-counterpoint, noma, njengoba singasho manje, i-polyphony, yaqashelwa ngokuthi "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo". Ngezikhathi ezihlukene, uG. Telemann, uGF Handel wajoyina iNhlangano. Ngo-1747, i-polyphonist enkulu kunazo zonke u-JS Bach waba yilungu. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umqambi wavakashela indawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini e-Potsdam, lapho athuthukisa khona insimbi entsha ngaleso sikhathi - upiyano - phambi kukaFrederick II ngendikimba ayimisa. Umbono wasebukhosini wabuyiselwa kumbhali ngokuphindwe kayikhulu - u-Bach wenza isikhumbuzo esingenakuqhathaniswa sobuciko obuphikisanayo - "Umnikelo Womculo", umjikelezo omkhulu wama-canon angu-10, ama-ricecars amabili kanye ne-trio sonata enezingxenye ezine zomtshingo, i-violin ne-harpsichord.

Futhi eduze “Komnikelo Womculo” umjikelezo omusha “wobumnyama obubodwa” wawukhula, umqondo wawo owaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-40s. "I-Art of the Fugue" equkethe zonke izinhlobo zama-counterpoints nama-canon. "Ukugula (ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, uBach waba yimpumputhe. - I-TF) kwamvimbela ekuqedeleni i-fugue engaphambili ... futhi asebenze eyokugcina ... Lo msebenzi wabona ukukhanya kuphela ngemva kokushona kombhali, ”okumaka izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lekhono le-polyphonic.

Ummeleli wokugcina wesiko le-patriarchal yamakhulu eminyaka futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umculi ohlomele umhlaba wonke wesikhathi esisha - yile ndlela u-JS Bach avela ngayo emlandweni womlando. Umqambi owakwazi ukufana nabanye ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphana kwamagama amahle ukuhlanganisa okungahambelani. I-canon yama-Dutch kanye nekhonsathi yase-Italy, i-chorale yamaProthestani kanye ne-French divertissement, i-monody ye-liturgical kanye ne-Italian virtuosic aria… Hlanganisa kokubili ngokuvundlile nangokuqondile, kokubili ububanzi nokujula. Ngakho-ke, ukungena ngokukhululekile emculweni wakhe, ngamazwi enkathi, izitayela "zeshashalazi, ikamelo nesonto", i-polyphony kanye ne-homophony, iziqalo zezinsimbi kanye nezwi. Kungakho izingxenye ezihlukene zifuduka kalula kangaka zisuka ekwakhiweni ziye ekwakhiweni, zombili zigcina (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, eMiseni ku-B omncane, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezihlanganisa umculo osukhandiwe kakade), futhi zishintsha kakhulu ukubukeka kwazo: i-aria evela eCantata Yomshado. (BWV 202) iba isiphetho se-violin i-sonatas (BWV 1019), i-symphony kanye nekwaya evela ku-cantata (BWV 146) ifana nezingxenye zokuqala nezihamba kancane ze-Clavier Concerto ku-D minor (BWV 1052), i-overture kusukela ku-orchestral Suite ku-D enkulu (BWV 1069), ehlanganiswe nomsindo wekhwaya, ivula i-cantata BWV110. Izibonelo zalolu hlobo zakha i-encyclopedia yonke. Kukho konke (okuhlukile kuphela i-opera), inkosi yakhuluma ngokugcwele futhi ngokuphelele, njengokungathi iqedela ukuvela kohlobo oluthile. Futhi kuwuphawu olujulile ukuthi indawo yonke yomcabango ka-Bach I-Art of the Fugue, eqoshwe ngendlela yesikolo, ayiqukethe imiyalelo yokusebenza. U-Bach, njengokungathi, ukhuluma naye konke abaculi. “Kulo msebenzi,” kubhala uF. Marpurg esanduleleni sokunyatheliswa kwe-Art of Fugue, “ubuhle obucashe kakhulu obungacatshangwa kulobu buciko buvalelwe …” La mazwi awazange ezwe abantu abaseduze kakhulu besikhathi somqambi. Kwakungekho umthengi ongagcini nje ngohlelo lokubhalisa olulinganiselwe, kodwa futhi “namabhodi aqoshwe ngokuhlanzekile nangokucoceka” obuciko bobuciko bukaBach, okwamenyezelwa ukudayiswa ngo-1756 “kusuka esandleni kuye kwesinye ngenani eligculisayo” nguPhilippe Emanuel, “ukuze lo msebenzi ungowokusiza umphakathi - waziwa yonke indawo. I-cassock yokukhohlwa yalenga igama le-cantor enkulu. Kodwa lokhu kukhohlwa akuzange kuphelele. Imisebenzi ka-Bach, eshicilelwe, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ebhalwe ngesandla - kuma-autographs namakhophi amaningi - yazinza emaqoqweni abafundi bakhe nongoti, kokubili okuvelele futhi okungaqondakali ngokuphelele. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abaqambi u-I. Kirnberger kanye noF. Marpurg osekukhulunywe ngabo; uchwepheshe omkhulu womculo wakudala, u-Baron van Swieten, endlini yakhe u-WA ​​Mozart wajoyina u-Bach; umqambi nothisha u-K. Nefe, owakhuthaza uthando ngo-Bach kumfundi wakhe u-L. Beethoven. Kakade ngeminyaka yama-70s. Ikhulu le-11 liqala ukuqoqa izinto zencwadi yakhe ethi I. Forkel, owabeka isisekelo segatsha elisha le-musicology - izifundo ze-Bach. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, umqondisi we-Berlin Singing Academy, umngane nomlobi we-IW Goethe K. Zelter, wayekhuthele kakhulu. Umnikazi weqoqo elicebe kakhulu lemibhalo yesandla kaBach, waphathisa omunye wabo kuF. Mendelssohn oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Lokhu bekuyi-Matthew Passion, ukusebenza okungokomlando okwathi ngoMeyi 1829, XNUMX kwamemezela ukufika kwenkathi entsha ye-Bach. "Incwadi evaliwe, ingcebo engcwatshwe emhlabathini" (B. Marx) yavulwa, futhi umfudlana onamandla "we-Bach movement" wakhukhula wonke umhlaba womculo.

Namuhla, kuye kwaqoqwa okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi ekufundeni nasekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi womqambi omkhulu. I-Bach Society ibe khona kusukela ngo-1850 (kusukela ngo-1900, i-New Bach Society, eyathi ngo-1969 yaba inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe enezigaba e-GDR, FRG, USA, Czechoslovakia, Japan, France, nakwamanye amazwe). Ngohlelo lwe-NBO, kubanjwa imikhosi ye-Bach, kanye nemincintiswano yamazwe ngamazwe yabadlali abaqanjwe ngalo. JS Bach. Ngo-1907, ngesinyathelo se-NBO, kwavulwa i-Bach Museum e-Eisenach, namuhla enabalingani abaningi emadolobheni ahlukene aseJalimane, kuhlanganise naleyo eyavulwa ngo-1985 ngokugubha iminyaka engu-300 yokuzalwa komqambi "Johann- Sebastian-Bach- Museum” eLeipzig.

Kukhona inethiwekhi ebanzi yezikhungo ze-Bach emhlabeni. Ezinkulu kuzo i-Bach-Institut e-Göttingen (eJalimane) kanye ne-National Research and Memorial Centre ye-JS Bach e-Federal Republic of Germany e-Leipzig. Amashumi eminyaka adlule amakwe ngenani lezimpumelelo ezibalulekile: iqoqo le-Bach-Documente elinemiqulu emine selishicilelwe, ukulandelana kwezikhathi okusha kwezingoma zezwi sekusungulwe, kanye ne-Art of the Fugue, ama-canons ayi-14 ayengaziwa avela I-Goldberg Variations kanye namakhwaya angama-33 esitho ashicilelwe. Kusukela ngo-1954, i-Institute in Göttingen kanye ne-Bach Centre e-Leipzig bebelokhu benza uhlelo olusha olubucayi lwemisebenzi ephelele ye-Bach. Ukushicilelwa kohlu lokuhlaziya kanye nezincwadi zemisebenzi ka-Bach "Bach-Compendium" ngokubambisana ne-Harvard University (USA) kuyaqhubeka.

Inqubo yokuthola kahle ifa lika-Bach ayipheli, njengoba noBach ngokwakhe engapheli - umthombo ongashi (masikhumbule umdlalo odumile wamagama: der Bach - umfudlana) wezinto eziphakeme kakhulu zomoya womuntu.

T. Frumkis

Izici zokusungula

Umsebenzi kaBach, cishe ongaziwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wakhohlwa isikhathi eside ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Kwathatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba sikwazi ukwazisa ngempela ifa elishiywe umqambi omkhulu kunabo bonke.

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX bekuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuphikisana. Ithonya lombono omdala we-feudal-aristocratic lalinamandla; kodwa amahlumela onxiwankulu abasha, ababebonisa izidingo zomoya zesigaba sonxiwankulu abasha, ababethuthuke ngokomlando, base bevela futhi bekhula.

Emzabalazweni obukhali kakhulu wezikhombisi-ndlela, ngokuphika nokucekelwa phansi kwamafomu amadala, kwaqinisekiswa ubuciko obusha. Ukuphakama okubandayo kwenhlekelele yasendulo, nemithetho yayo, iziza, nezithombe ezasungulwa izicukuthwane zobuhle, kwaphikiswa inoveli yonxiwankulu, idrama ebucayi yokuphila kwamaphilistine. Ngokuphambene ne-opera yasenkantolo evamile neyokuhlobisa, ubungqabavu, ubulula kanye nemvelo yentando yeningi ye-comic opera yakhuthazwa; umculo wansuku zonke olula futhi ongenasizotha wabekwa phambili ngokumelene nobuciko besonto "obufundiwe" bama-polyphonists.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ukugqama kwezinhlobo nezindlela zokukhuluma ezizuzwe njengefa kusukela esikhathini esidlule emisebenzini ka-Bach kwanikeza isizathu sokubheka umsebenzi wakhe njengesidala futhi unzima. Phakathi nenkathi yentshiseko esabalele yobuciko obunamandla, enamafomu ayo amahle nokuqukethwe okulula, umculo ka-Bach wawubonakala uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ungaqondakali. Ngisho namadodana omqambi ayebona lutho emsebenzini kayise ngaphandle kokufunda.

U-Bach wayethandwa ngokusobala ngabaculi amagama abo umlando wabo owawungagcinwanga kahle; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ‘abazange basebenzise ukufunda kuphela,’ ‘babenambitha, bekhaliphile futhi bezwela.

Abalandeli bomculo wesonto lobuorthodox nabo babemzonda uBach. Ngakho, umsebenzi kaBach, owawungaphambi kwesikhathi sawo, wenqatshwa abasekeli bobuciko obukhaliphile, kanye nalabo ababebona ngokunengqondo emculweni kaBach ukwephulwa kwezimiso zesonto nezomlando.

Emzabalazweni wezikhombisi-ndlela eziphikisanayo zalesi sikhathi esibucayi emlandweni womculo, kancane kancane kwavela umkhuba ohamba phambili, izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwalowo omusha, okwaholela ku-symphonism kaHaydn, Mozart, kubuciko bokudlala be-Gluck. Futhi kusukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kuphela, lapho abaculi abakhulu basekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX bakhulise isiko lomculo, lapho ifa elihle likaJohann Sebastian Bach labonakala khona.

UMozart noBeethoven baba ngabokuqala ukuqaphela incazelo yalo yangempela. Lapho uMozart, osevele engumlobi wencwadi ethi The Marriage of Figaro noDon Giovanni, ejwayelana nezincwadi zikaBach, ayengazi ngaphambili, wababaza: “Kuningi ongakufunda lapha!” UBeethoven ngomdlandla uthi: “Isb ist kein Bach – er ist ein Ozean” (“Akayena umfudlana – uwulwandle”). NgokukaSerov, la magama angokomfanekiso achaza kangcono “ukujula okukhulu komcabango nezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakuqedwa zezinhlobo zobuhlakani bukaBach.”

Kusukela ngekhulu le-1802, ukuvuselelwa kancane kancane komsebenzi kaBach kuyaqala. Ngo-1850, kwavela i-biography yokuqala yomqambi, eyabhalwa isazi-mlando saseJalimane uForkel; ngezinto ezicebile nezithokozisayo, wadonsela ukunaka empilweni nobuntu bukaBach. Ngenxa yenkulumo-ze esebenzayo kaMendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, umculo kaBach waqala ukungena kancane kancane endaweni ebanzi. Ngo-30, kwasungulwa i-Bach Society, eyabeka umgomo wayo wokuthola nokuqoqa yonke imibhalo yesandla okwakungeyomculi omkhulu, futhi iyishicilele njengeqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi. Kusukela ngekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX, umsebenzi kaBach wethulwa kancane kancane empilweni yomculo, imisindo evela esiteji, futhi ufakiwe ku-repertoire yezemfundo. Kodwa kwakunemibono eminingi ephikisanayo ekuchazeni nasekuhlaziyeni umculo kaBach. Ezinye izazi-mlando zazichaza u-Bach njengomuntu ocabangayo, osebenzisa amafomula angacacile omculo kanye nezibalo, abanye bambona njengomuntu ongaqondakali oncike empilweni noma umculi wesonto we-orthodox philanthropist.

Okubi kakhulu ekuqondeni okuqukethwe kwangempela komculo ka-Bach kwakuyisimo sengqondo ngawo njengenqolobane “yokuhlakanipha” kwe-polyphonic. Umbono ocishe ufane wehlise umsebenzi ka-Bach wafinyelela endaweni yebhukwana labafundi be-polyphony. USerov wabhala ngalokhu ngokucasuka: "Kwakunesikhathi lapho wonke umhlaba womculo wawubheka umculo kaSebastian Bach njengodoti wesikole, udoti, okuthi ngezinye izikhathi, njengesibonelo, kuClavecin bien tempere, ulungele ukuvivinya iminwe, ngemidwebo kaMoscheles kanye nokuzivocavoca kuka-Czerny. Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaMendelssohn, ukunambitheka kuphinde kwancika ku-Bach, ngisho nangaphezulu kunangesikhathi lapho yena ngokwakhe ehlala - futhi manje kusekhona "abaqondisi be-conservatories" abathi, egameni le-conservatism, abanamahloni okufundisa abafundi babo. ukudlala ama-fugue ka-Bach ngaphandle kokuzwakalisa imizwa, okungukuthi, “njengokuvivinya umzimba”, njengokuzivocavoca okuphula iminwe… Uma kukhona okuthile endimeni yomculo okudingeka kukhulunywe ngakho, hhayi ngaphansi kwe-ferula kanye nesikhombi esandleni, kodwa ngothando inhliziyo, ngokwesaba nangokukholwa, okungukuthi, imisebenzi kaBach omkhulu.

E-Russia, isimo sengqondo esihle ngomsebenzi kaBach sanqunywa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ukubuyekezwa kwemisebenzi ka-Bach kuvele ku-"Pocket Book for Music Lovers" eyanyatheliswa e-St.

Kubaculi baseRussia abahamba phambili, ubuciko buka-Bach babuwumfanekiso wamandla amakhulu okudala, acebisa futhi aqhubekisela phambili isiko lesintu ngendlela engenakulinganiswa. Abaculi baseRussia bezizukulwane ezahlukene kanye nezitayela bakwazi ukuqonda ku-polyphony eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Bach izinkondlo eziphezulu zemizwa namandla asebenzayo okucabanga.

Ukujula kwezithombe zomculo ka-Bach akunakulinganiswa. Ngamunye wabo uyakwazi ukuqukatha indaba yonke, inkondlo, indaba; izenzakalo ezibalulekile ziyenzeka kuzo zonke, ezingase zisetshenziswe ngokulinganayo kumaseyili omculo amakhulu noma zigxiliswe ku-laconic miniature.

Ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo esikhathini esidlule, samanje nesizayo, yonke into imbongi ephefumulelwe engayizwa, lokho umcabango nesazi sefilosofi abangacabanga ngakho, kuqukethwe kubuciko obuhlanganisa konke bukaBach. Ibanga elikhulu lokudala livumele ukusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa emisebenzini yezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, izinhlobo, namafomu. Umculo ka-Bach ngokwemvelo uhlanganisa isikhumbuzo sezinhlobo zezifiso, iMisa le-B elincane nobulula obungavinjelwe bamandulela amancane noma okusunguliwe; idrama yezingoma zesitho kanye nama-cantatas - anezinhlamvu zokucabangela zezandulela zamakhwaya; umsindo wegumbi lama-filigree preludes kanye nama-fugues we-Well-Tempered Clavier enobuhlakani obunamandla nobungqabavu be-Brandenburg Concertos.

Ingqikithi yemizwa nefilosofi yomculo ka-Bach ilele ebuntwini obujulile, othandweni olungenabugovu lwabantu. Uzwelana nomuntu ososizini, uhlanganyela injabulo yakhe, uzwelana nesifiso seqiniso nobulungisa. Ngobuciko bakhe, u-Bach ubonisa okuhle nokuhle kakhulu okufihlwe kumuntu; izindlela zomqondo wokuziphatha zigcwele umsebenzi wakhe.

Hhayi emzabalazweni osebenzayo futhi hhayi ngezenzo zobuqhawe lapho u-Bach eveza iqhawe lakhe. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo, ukucabanga, imizwa, isimo sakhe sengqondo ngeqiniso, emhlabeni omzungezile kubonakala. U-Bach akasuki empilweni yangempela. Kwakuyiqiniso elingokoqobo, ubunzima obabekezelelwa abantu baseJalimane, obabangela ukuba kube nezithombe zenhlekelele enkulu; Akuyona ize ukuthi ingqikithi yokuhlupheka igijima kuwo wonke umculo kaBach. Kodwa ubumnyama bomhlaba ozungezile abukwazanga ukubhubhisa noma ukususa umuzwa wokuphila waphakade, injabulo yawo kanye namathemba amakhulu. Izindikimba zokujabula, umdlandla womdlandla zihambisana nezindikimba zokuhlupheka, zibonisa iqiniso ebunyeni bakho obuhlukile.

U-Bach mkhulu ngokulinganayo ekuvezeni imizwa yomuntu elula kanye nokudlulisa ukujula kobuhlakani besintu, enhlekeleleni enkulu kanye nokwembula izifiso zomhlaba wonke emhlabeni.

Ubuciko buka-Bach bubonakala ngokusebenzelana okuseduze nokuxhumana kwayo yonke imikhakha yayo. Ukuvama kokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso kwenza ama-epic endabuko ezinto ezithandwayo ezihlobene nama-Miniatures e-Well-Tempered Clavier, izithombe ezinhle kakhulu ze-B-minor mass - ezinamasuite e-violin noma i-harpsichord.

U-Bach akanawo umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi komculo ongokomoya nowezwe. Okujwayelekile uhlobo lwezithombe zomculo, izindlela zokufanisa, izindlela zokuthuthukiswa. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi u-Bach washintsha kalula kangaka kusukela emisebenzini yezwe waya kwekamoya hhayi kuphela izingqikithi zomuntu ngamunye, iziqephu ezinkulu, kodwa ngisho nezinombolo eziqediwe zonke, ngaphandle kokushintsha noma uhlelo lokuqanjwa noma uhlobo lomculo. Izindikimba zokuhlupheka nosizi, ukucabanga kwefilosofi, ukuzijabulisa kwabalimi abangenasizotha kungatholakala kuma-cantatas nama-oratorio, kumaphupho esitho kanye nama-fugues, kuma-suites e-clavier noma e-violin.

Akukhona ukuthi umsebenzi uyingxenye yomkhakha ongokomoya noma wezwe onquma ukubaluleka kwawo. Inani elihlala njalo lendalo ka-Bach lisekuphakameni kwemibono, ngomqondo ojulile wesimilo awufaka kunoma yikuphi ukwakheka, kungaba okomhlaba noma okungokomoya, ebuhleni nasekupheleleni okungajwayelekile kwezinhlobo.

Ubuhlakani buka-Bach bukweleta amandla abo, ubumsulwa bokuziphatha obungapheli namandla amakhulu obuciko besintu. U-Bach wazuza njengefa amasiko okubhala izingoma zesintu nokwenza umculo ezizukulwaneni eziningi zabaculi, azinza engqondweni yakhe ngokubona okuqondile kwamasiko omculo aphilayo. Ekugcineni, ukucwaninga ngokucophelela kwezikhumbuzo zobuciko bomculo wesintu kwenezela ulwazi lukaBach. Isikhumbuzo esinjalo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umthombo ongenakuqedwa wokudala wakhe kwakuyingoma yamaProthestani.

Ingoma yamaProthestani inomlando omude. Ngesikhathi seNguquko, izingoma zamakhwaya, njengamahubo empi, zakhuthaza futhi zahlanganisa uquqaba emzabalazweni. Ingoma yokucula ethi “INkosi iyinqaba yethu”, eyabhalwa uLuther, yayihlanganisa ukushisekela impi yamaProthestani, yaba ihubo leNguquko.

INguquko yazisebenzisa kakhulu izingoma zezwe zezwe, imiculo osekuyisikhathi eside ivamile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yayikuphi okwake kwakuqukethe, ngokuvamile okuwubala nokungaqondakali, imibhalo yenkolo yanamathiselwa kubo, futhi yaphenduka izingoma zamakhwaya. Inani lamakhwaya alihlanganisi izingoma zomdabu zaseJalimane kuphela, kodwa neziFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, nesiCzech.

Esikhundleni sezingoma zamaculo zamaKatolika ezingajwayelekile kubantu, eziculwa iqembu lomculo ngolimi lwesiLatini olungaqondakali, kwethulwa izingoma zamakhwaya ezifinyeleleka kuwo wonke amakholwa, eziculwa yiwo wonke umphakathi ngolimi lwawo lwesiJalimane.

Ngakho izingoma zezwe zagxila futhi zajwayelana nehlelo elisha. Ukuze “umphakathi wonke wamaKrestu uhlanganyele ekuculeni”, ingoma yomculo wokholo ikhishwa ngezwi eliphezulu, bese kuthi amanye amazwi abe ahambisana nawo; i-polyphony eyinkimbinkimbi yenziwa lula futhi iphoqelelwe ukuphuma ku-chorale; kwakheka inqolobane eyisipesheli yamakhwaya lapho ukujwayela kwesigqi, ukuthambekela kokuhlangana kube yizwi lawo wonke amazwi futhi kugqanyiswe elomculo ophezulu womculo kuhlanganiswe nokuhamba kwamazwi aphakathi nendawo.

Inhlanganisela engavamile ye-polyphony kanye ne-homophony isici sesici se-chorale.

Izingoma zomdabu, zaguqulwa zaba izingoma zokucula, nokho zahlala ziyizingoma zomdabu, futhi amaqoqo ezingoma zamaProthestani aba inqolobane nengcebo yezingoma zomdabu. U-Bach ukhiphe okuxube kakhulu kwe-melodic kulawa maqoqo asendulo; wabuyisela eziculweni zamakhwaya okuqukethwe okungokomzwelo nomoya wamahubo amaProthestani eNguquko, wabuyisela umculo wamakhwaya encazelweni yawo yangaphambili, okungukuthi, wavusa iculo njengendlela yokuveza imicabango nemizwa yabantu.

I-Chorale akulona neze uhlobo olulodwa lokuxhumana komculo ka-Bach nobuciko bomdabu. Okunamandla futhi okuthela kakhulu kwaba ithonya lohlobo lomculo ngezindlela zawo ezihlukahlukene. Kuma-suites amaningi wezinsimbi nezinye izingcezu, u-Bach akagcini nje ngokwenza kabusha izithombe zomculo wansuku zonke; uthuthukisa ngendlela entsha izinhlobo eziningi ezisungulwe ikakhulukazi empilweni yasemadolobheni futhi adale amathuba okuthuthuka kwazo okwengeziwe.

Amafomu abolekwe emculweni wesintu, izingoma nemiculo yokudansa angatholakala kunoma yimiphi imisebenzi ka-Bach. Ingasaphathwa eyomculo wezwe, uyisebenzisa kabanzi nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingomeni zakhe ezingokomoya: kuma-cantatas, ama-oratorio, izinkanuko, kanye neMisa le-B elincane.

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Ifa lokudala lika-Bach cishe lilikhulu kakhulu. Ngisho nesasindile sibala amakhulu amaningi amagama. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi inani elikhulu lezingoma zika-Bach zalahleka ngokungenakulungiseka. Kula ma-cantata angamakhulu amathathu okwakungeka-Bach, angaba yikhulu anyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo. Ezinkanuko ezinhlanu, Passion ngokukaJohane kanye Passion ngokukaMathewu zigciniwe.

U-Bach waqala ukuqamba sekwephuzile kakhulu. Izincwadi zokuqala esizaziyo zalotshwa lapho sineminyaka engamashumi amabili; akungabazeki ukuthi isipiliyoni somsebenzi osebenzayo, ulwazi lwethiyori olutholwe ngokuzimela lwenza umsebenzi omkhulu, ngoba kakade ekuqaleni kwezingoma ze-Bach umuntu angazizwa eqiniseka ngokubhala, isibindi sokucabanga nokusesha kokudala. Indlela eya ekuchumeni ayizange ibe yinde. Ku-Bach njenge-ogani, yafika kuqala emkhakheni womculo wezitho, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi se-Weimar. Kodwa ubuhlakani bomqambi bembulwa ngokugcwele nangokubanzi eLeipzig.

U-Bach unake cishe ngokulinganayo zonke izinhlobo zomculo. Ngokukhuthazela okumangalisayo kanye nesifiso sokuthuthukisa, wazuza ekubunjweni ngakunye ngokwehlukana ukuhlanzeka kwe-crystalline kwesitayela, ukuhlangana kwe-classical kwazo zonke izici zayo yonke.

Akazange akhathale ukuphinda alungise futhi “alungise” ayekubhalile, umthamo noma ubukhulu bomsebenzi akuzange kummise. Ngakho, umbhalo wesandla womqulu wokuqala we-Well-Tempered Clavier wakopishwa nguye izikhathi ezine. I-Pasion ngokukaJohane yaba nezinguquko eziningi; inguqulo yokuqala ye "Passion NgokukaJohane" ibhekisela ku-1724, futhi inguqulo yokugcina - eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe. Iningi lezingoma zika-Bach zabuyekezwa futhi zalungiswa izikhathi eziningi.

Umsunguli omkhulu kunabo bonke nomsunguli wezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezintsha, u-Bach akazange abhale ama-opera futhi akazange azame ngisho nokuwenza. Noma kunjalo, u-Bach usebenzise isitayela sokusebenza esimangalisayo ngendlela ebanzi futhi eguquguqukayo. I-prototype yezindikimba eziphakeme, ezidabukisayo ezidabukisayo noma ezinobuqhawe zingatholakala kuma-monologue amangalisayo, ekuphimiseni kwe-operatic lamentos, kumaqhawe amangalisayo e-French opera house.

Ezingomeni zezwi, u-Bach usebenzisa ngokukhululekile zonke izinhlobo zokucula yedwa ezithuthukiswe umkhuba wokusebenza, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-arias, ukuphindaphinda. Akakugwemi ama-vocal ensembles, wethula indlela ethokozisayo yokusebenza kwekhonsathi, okungukuthi, umncintiswano phakathi kwezwi elilodwa kanye nensimbi.

Kweminye imisebenzi, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ku-St. Matthew Passion, izimiso eziyisisekelo zedramaturgy (ukuxhumana phakathi komculo nedrama, ukuqhubeka komculo nokuthuthuka okumangalisayo) kufakwe ngokungaguquki kakhulu kunase-opera yase-Italy yamanje kaBach. . Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa u-Bach kwadingeka alalele izihlamba zemidlalo yaseshashalazini yezingoma zehlelo.

Azikho izindaba zevangeli ezivamile noma imibhalo yomoya esethwe emculweni eyamsindisa u-Bach “ekusolweni” okunjalo. Ukuchazwa kwezithombe ezijwayelekile kwakungqubuzana okusobala kakhulu nemithetho yesonto lobuorthodox, futhi okuqukethwe kanye nesimo sezwe somculo kwephula imibono ngenjongo nenjongo yomculo wesonto.

Ukujula komcabango, ikhono lokujwayela okujulile kwefilosofi yezenzakalo zokuphila, ikhono lokugxilisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithombeni zomculo ezicindezelwe zazibonakalisa ngamandla angavamile emculweni kaBach. Lezi zakhiwo zinqume isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside komqondo womculo, zabangela isifiso sokudalulwa okungaguquki nokuphelele kokuqukethwe okungacacile kwesithombe somculo.

U-Bach uthole imithetho evamile neyemvelo yokuhamba komcabango womculo, wabonisa ukujwayelekile kokukhula kwesithombe somculo. Ube ngowokuqala ukuthola nokusebenzisa impahla ebaluleke kakhulu yomculo we-polyphonic: amandla kanye nengqondo yenqubo yokwembuleka kwemigqa ye-melodic.

Izingoma zika-Bach zigcwele i-symphony engavamile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic yangaphakathi kuhlanganisa izinombolo eziningi eziqediwe ze-B minor mass zibe isamba esivumelanayo, kunikeza injongo ekunyakazeni ku-fugues encane ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.

U-Bach wayengeyena nje i-polyphonist enkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa futhi i-harmonist evelele. Akumangalisi ukuthi uBeethoven wayebheka uBach njengoyise wokuzwana. Kunenani elikhulu lemisebenzi ka-Bach lapho inqolobane ye-homophonic ibusa kakhulu, lapho amafomu nezindlela ze-polyphony cishe zingakaze zisetshenziswe. Okumangazayo kwesinye isikhathi kuzo isibindi sokulandelana kwe-chord-harmonic, lokho kuvezwa okukhethekile kokuvumelana, okuthathwa njengokulangazela okude kokucabanga okuvumelanayo kwabaculi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngisho nasekwakhiweni kwe-polyphonic ka-Bach kuphela, umugqa wabo awuphazamisi umuzwa wokugcwala kwe-harmonic.

Umuzwa wokuguquguquka kokhiye, wokuxhumana namathoni nawo wawumusha ngesikhathi sika-Bach. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ladotonal, ukunyakaza kwe-ladotonal kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesisekelo sefomu lezingoma eziningi zikaBach. Ubudlelwano obutholakele bethoni kanye nokuxhumana kuphenduke ukulindela kwamaphethini afanayo ezinhlotsheni ze-sonata zama-Viennese zakudala.

Kodwa naphezu kokubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu kokutholakala emkhakheni wokuvumelana, umuzwa ojulile nokuqwashisa kwe-chord kanye nokuxhumana kwayo okusebenzayo, ukucabanga komqambi kuyi-polyphonic, izithombe zakhe zomculo zizalwa kusukela kuzakhi ze-polyphony. URimsky-Korsakov wabhala: “I-Counterpoint yayiwulimi olusankondlo lomqambi ohlakaniphile.

Ku-Bach, i-polyphony yayingeyona nje indlela yokuveza imicabango yomculo: u-Bach wayeyimbongi yeqiniso ye-polyphony, imbongi ephelele futhi eyingqayizivele kangangokuthi ukuvuselelwa kwalesi sitayela kwakungenzeka kuphela ezimweni ezihluke ngokuphelele nangesisekelo esihlukile.

I-polyphony ka-Bach, okokuqala, ingoma, ukunyakaza kwayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwayo, iyimpilo ezimele yezwi ngalinye le-melodic kanye nokuxhumanisa kwamazwi amaningi abe yindwangu yomsindo ehambayo, lapho isikhundla sezwi elilodwa sinqunywa khona omunye. "... Isitayela se-polyphonal," kubhala uSerov, "kanye nekhono lokuvumelana, kudinga ithalente elikhulu lokucula kumqambi. I-Harmony iyodwa, okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-deft kwama-chords, akunakwenzeka ukususa lapha. Kuyadingeka ukuthi izwi ngalinye lihambe ngokuzimela futhi liyathakazelisa enkambweni yalo yomculo. Futhi kusukela kulolu hlangothi, okungavamile ngokungavamile emkhakheni wokusungula umculo, akukho mculi ongalingani no-Johann Sebastian Bach kuphela, kodwa ngisho nokufanelekela ukunotha kwakhe komculo. Uma siqonda igama elithi “melody” hhayi ngomqondo wezivakashi ze-opera yase-Italy, kodwa ngomqondo wangempela wokuzimela, ukunyakaza kwamahhala kwenkulumo yomculo kuwo wonke amazwi, ukunyakaza okuhlala kuyinkondlo ejulile futhi kunenjongo ejulile, ngakho-ke akukho mculi umhlaba omkhulu kunoBach.

V. Galatskaya

• Ubuciko bomzimba ka-Bach →
• Ubuciko be-clavier ka-Bach →
• U-Bach's Well-Temped Clavier →
• Umsebenzi wezwi ka-Bach →
• Passion by Baha →
• Cantata Baha →
• I-Bach's Violin Art →
• Ubuciko be-Chamber-instrumental be-Bach →
• I-Prelude ne-Fugue ka-Bach →