U-Alexei Nikolayevich Titov |

U-Alexey Titov

U-Nikolay Sergeevich TITOVY (? - 1776) Alexei Nikolaevich (23 July 1769, St. Petersburg - 20 XI 1827, ibid.) Sergei Nikolaevich (1770 - 5 V 1825) Nikolai Alekseevich (10 X1800, Petersburg 22 1875) ) uMikhail Alekseevich (17 IX 1804, St. Petersburg - 15 XII 1853, Pavlovsk) uNikolai Sergeevich (1798 - 1843, eMoscow)

Umndeni wabaculi baseRussia uTitovs ushiye uphawu oluphawulekayo emlandweni wesiko laseRussia lenkathi "ye-dilettantism ekhanyayo". Umsebenzi wabo womculo wakhula isikhathi eside, wahlanganisa ingxenye yesibili ye-6 nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1766. Amalungu angu-1769 alo mndeni ohloniphekile ayengabaculi abavelele abangafundi, njengoba babesho ngaleso sikhathi, "abayizimfundamakhwela". Abamele intelligentsia noble, banikela isikhathi sabo samahhala kwezobuciko, ngaphandle kokuba nemfundo ekhethekile, ehlelekile yomculo. Njengoba kwakuvamile embuthanweni wezicukuthwane, bonke babesenkonzweni yezempi futhi benezikhundla eziphakeme, kusukela ekubeni isikhulu sonogada kuya kujenene omkhulu. Ukhokho walolu hlanga lomculo, uColonel, ikhansela lombuso u-NS Titov, wayeyimbongi edumile, umbhali wemidlalo kanye nomqambi wezikhathi zikaCatherine. Omunye wabantu abafunde kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, wayengumthandi oshisekayo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi ngo-1767 wavula inkampani yaseshashalazini eMoscow, usomabhizinisi okwakukhona kuze kube ngo-1795, lapho inzalo yakhe idlulela ezandleni zosomabhizinisi bakwamanye amazwe uBelmonti noChinti. U-NS Titov uqambe amahlaya amaningana esenzo esisodwa, okuhlanganisa nethi “The Deceived Guardian” (eyathunyelwa ngo-1768 eMoscow) kanye nokuthi “Kuyoba yini, ngeke kugwenywe, noma I-Vain Precaution” (eyathunyelwa ngo-XNUMX eSt. Petersburg). Kuyaziwa ukuthi, ngaphezu kombhalo, ubhale nomculo wokudlala kuzwelonke waseRussia, obizwa ngokuthi “Unyaka Omusha, noma Umhlangano Wakusihlwa KaVasilyev” (obhalwe ngo-XNUMX eMoscow). Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi waqamba umculo weminye imidlalo.

Amadodana ka-NS Titov - u-Alexei noSergei - babengabaculi abavelele ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kanye nezingane zabo - uNikolai Alekseevich, uMikhail Alekseevich noNikolai Sergeevich - abaqambi abayizimfundamakhwela abadumile besikhathi sikaPushkin. Umsebenzi womculo we-Titovs endala wawuxhunywe nemidlalo yaseshashalazini. I-biography yokudala ye-AN Titov yayicebile kakhulu, nakuba imfushane. Indoda eseduze nenkantolo yombuso, ujenene omkhulu, umthandi wobuciko oshisekayo, umqambi nomdlali we-violinist, wayengumnikazi we-salon yomculo, eyaba esinye sezikhungo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuphila kwezobuciko eSt. Amakhonsathi asekhaya, ayevame ukuqhutshwa ama-ensembles e-chamber, ayehanjelwe abazalwane baseTitov ngokwabo - u-Alexei Nikolayevich wadlala i-violin kahle, futhi u-Sergei Nikolayevich wadlala i-viola ne-cello - kanye nabaculi abaningi basekhaya nabangaphandle. Umnikazi we-salon ngokwakhe, ngokusho kwendodana yakhe u-Nikolai Alekseevich, "wayenomusa ongavamile, uchwepheshe wokuphila nokuphatha; efundile, ekhaliphile, wayehlala ejabule futhi ethandeka ngokwedlulele emphakathini, enesiphiwo sokukhuluma kahle futhi ebhala nezintshumayelo.

UQOPHE umlando uTitov njengomqambi wemidlalo yeshashalazi oshisa izikhotha, umbhali wezinhlelo zomculo zasesiteji ezingaphezu kuka-20 zezinhlobo ezahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-opera angu-10 anokuqukethwe okuhlukahlukene: amahlaya, amaqhawe, amazwi omculo, umlando kanye nosuku lwansuku zonke, ngisho ne-opera yokushisekela izwe "Kusuka Emlandweni WaseRussia" ("Isibindi Se-Kievite, noma Lawa NgamaRussia," eyadlalwa ngo-1817 Petersburg). Ayedume kakhulu ama-comic opera ansuku zonke asekelwe emibhalweni ka-A. Ya. I-Knyaznin “Yam, or the Post Station” (1805), “Imibuthano, Noma Umphumela Womgodi” (1808) kanye nethi “Girlfriend, or Filatkin’s Wedding” (1809), akha uhlobo lwe-trilogy ( zonke zalethwa ngo. Petersburg). U-Titov uphinde waqamba umculo wama-ballet, ama-melodrama, nama-drama. Ulimi lwakhe lomculo lusekelwe ikakhulukazi emasikweni e-European classicism, nakuba kuma-comic opera ansuku zonke kukhona ukuxhumana okubambekayo nomculo wengoma yothando yansuku zonke yaseRussia.

U-SN Titov wayemncane kunomfowabo ngonyaka, futhi indlela yakhe yokudala yaba mfishane nakakhulu - washona eneminyaka engu-55. Ngemva kokuqeda umsebenzi wakhe wezempi ngesikhundla sikaLieutenant General, ngo-1811 wathatha umhlalaphansi futhi wangenela inkonzo yomphakathi. . Umhlanganyeli ovamile emihlanganweni yomculo endlini yomfowabo - futhi wayengumdlali weselula onekhono, ewazi kahle upiyano ne-viola - uSergei Nikolayevich, njengomfowabo, waqamba umculo weshashalazi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe, ama-performances agqamile, abonisa isimanjemanje saseRussia, okwakuyinto engavamile futhi eqhubekayo ngaleso sikhathi. Lawa ingoma ye-ballet ethi “New Werther” (eyadlalwa u-I. Valberkh ngo-1799 eSt. umdlalo ka-A. Shakhovsky othi “Peasants, or Meeting of the Unvired” (owathunyelwa ngo-1814 eSt. Petersburg), okhuluma ngomzabalazo wamavukelambuso ngokumelene nokuhlasela kukaNapoleon. Umculo we-ballet uhambisana nesakhiwo sawo sothando, esitshela ngemizwa yabantu abavamile. I-opera ye-vaudeville ethi Abalimi, noma Umhlangano Wabangamenyiwe, njengohlobo lwe-divertissement oluvamile ngaleso sikhathi, yakhelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezingoma zesintu nezothando. Amadodana ka-AN Titov - u-Nikolai noMikhail, - kanye nendodana ka-SN Titov - u-Nikolai - behla emlandweni wesiko lomculo waseRussia "njengamaphayona" othando lwaseRussia (B. Asafiev). Umsebenzi wabo wawuxhumene ngokuphelele nokwenza umculo kwansuku zonke kuma-salon of the noble intelligentsia kanye ne-aristocracy yama-1820-40s.

Udumo olukhulu lwawela ku-NA Titov, omunye wabaqambi abadumile benkathi yePushkin. Wahlala konke ukuphila kwakhe e-Petersburg. Kwaphela iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili wabelwa e-cadet Corps, wabe esekhuliswa ezikoleni ezimbalwa ezizimele. Waqala ukufunda ukudlala upiyano eneminyaka engu-11-12, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kothisha baseJalimane. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-17, cishe ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka, wayesebuthweni lezempi, eyeka isikhundla sokuba uLieutenant General ngo-1867. Waqala ukuqamba eneminyaka engu-19: kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho, ngokuvuma kwakhe. “ngokokuqala ngqa inhliziyo yakhe yakhuluma futhi yaphuma ekujuleni komphefumulo “uthando lwakhe lokuqala. Ngenxa yokuntula ukuqeqeshwa kwethiyori okudingekayo, umqambi we-novice waphoqeleka ukuthi "kancane kancane afinyelele yonke into ngokwakhe", egxile ezithandweni zesiFulentshi zikaF. Boildieu, Ch. Lafon nabanye abaziwa nguye. , wabe esethatha izifundo kuthisha waseNtaliyane wokucula uZamboni kanye nakuSoliva owephula umthetho. Kodwa-ke, lezi zifundo zazihlala isikhathi esifushane, futhi ngokuvamile, u-KA Titov wahlala engumqambi ozifundisayo, ummeleli ojwayelekile we-Russian "dilettantism ekhanyayo".

Ngo-1820, i-romance "Solitary Pine" yanyatheliswa, okwakuwumsebenzi wokuqala oshicilelwe we-NA Titov futhi wamlethela udumo olubanzi. Ukuthandwa kwalolu thando kuqinisekiswa ukukhulunywa kwayo endabeni ethi "Tatyana Borisovna nomshana wakhe" kusukela ku-I. Turgenev "Amanothi Omzingeli": egxilile empilweni ye-bar-estate kanye ne-salon-aristocratic, uthando lukaTitov luphila, njengoba lunjalo. kwaba, ukuphila okuzimele kule ndawo, eseyikhohliwe kakade igama layo umbhali wayo, futhi ngisho nangephutha kuthiwa ashiwo A. Varlamov.

Eminyakeni yama-20s. izingcezu zomdanso we-salon ka-Titov zaqala ukushicilelwa - ama-quadrilles, ama-polkas, amamashi, ama-waltzes opiyano. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izingcezu zekamelo, imvelo esondelene, elahlekelwa kancane kancane ukubaluleka kwayo okusetshenzisiwe futhi iphenduke ibe i-miniature yobuciko futhi ibe umsebenzi wohlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-quadrille ethi “French” quadrille “Izono zobusha” (1824) kanye “nenoveli kuma-waltze angu-12” ebizwa ngokuthi “Lapho ngisemncane” (1829), ebonisa indaba ethinta inhliziyo yothando olunqatshiwe. Izingcezu zepiyano ezihamba phambili zika-NA Titov zibonakala ngobulula, ubuqotho, ubuqotho, umculo, eduze nesitayela sothando lwansuku zonke lwaseRussia.

Ngama-30s. umqambi wahlangana noM. Glinka no-A. Dargomyzhsky, ababenesithakazelo esifudumele emsebenzini wakhe futhi, ngokukaTitov ngokwakhe, wambiza ngokuthi “umkhulu wothando lwaseRussia.” Ubuhlobo bobungane bamxhuma nabaqambi u-I. Laskovsky no-A. Varlamov, abazinikele ngothando lwakhe "Intsha indiza nge-nightingale eya eTitov". Ngama-60s. U-Nikolai Alekseevich wayevame ukuvakashela uDargomyzhsky, ongagcini nje ngokumnika izeluleko zokudala, kodwa futhi wabhala izingoma zakhe zothando "Ngithethelele ukuhlukana okude" kanye "Flower" zibe amazwi amabili. U-NA Titov waphila iminyaka engu-75, ethatha ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-1820. - usuku oluhle kakhulu lwezingoma zomculo zaseRussia. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wakhe uxhumeke ngokuphelele nomoya wobuciko wama-salon of the noble intelligentsia of the 40-XNUMXs. Eqamba ezothando, wayevame ukuphendukela ezinkondlweni zezimbongi ezingama-amateur, ama-dilettants njengaye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi akazange adlule izinkondlo zabantu besikhathi sakhe abakhulu - A. Pushkin ("To Morpheus", "Bird") noM. Lermontov ("Iziqongo Zentaba"). Izothando ze-NA Titov zivame ukuzwela futhi zizwela, kodwa phakathi kwazo kukhona izithombe zothando kanye nemizwa. Ukuchazwa kwendikimba yesizungu kuyaphawuleka, ububanzi bawo obusuka ekwehlukaneni okubuhlungu okungokwesiko kusukela kothandekayo kuye ekukhumbuleni ikhaya lothando ("Vetka", "Russian Snow in Paris") kanye nesizungu somuntu othambekele kwezothando phakathi kwabantu (" Iphayini”, “Ungamangali, bangane”) . Izingoma zezwi zikaTitov zihlukaniswa ngomculo omnandi, ukufudumala okuqotho, nomqondo ocashile wokuqanjwa kwenkondlo. Kuzo, esimweni sazo sangempela, namanje esingenangqondo futhi ngezindlela eziningi ezingaphelele, amahlumela ezimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezingoma zezwi lesiRashiya, ukuphenduka kwe-melodic okuphawulekayo, ngezinye izikhathi ukulindela ukuzwakala kothando lukaGlinka, izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokuhambisana, isifiso sokubonisa isimo sengqondo. zothando engxenyeni upiyano, kwakheka.

UPeru NA Titov ungumnikazi wezothando ezingaphezu kuka-60 emibhalweni yesiRashiya nesiFulentshi, izingcezu zomdanso ezingaphezu kuka-30 zepiyano, kanye nemidanso ye-orchestra (ama-waltze ama-2, ama-quadrille). Kuyaziwa ukuthi wabuye waqamba izinkondlo: ezinye zazo zakha isisekelo sothando lwakhe ("Ah, ngitshele, abantu abalungile", "Frenzy", "Thulisa inhliziyo yakho", njll.), ezinye zagcinwa ebhukwini elibhalwe ngesandla. , abizwe nguye ngokuncokola “Ugqozi nobuwula bami. Ukuzinikezela ku-"Amadodana Ami", okuvula le ncwajana, kudweba i-credo yokudala yomqambi we-ateur, owathola injabulo nokuphumula emsebenzini wakhe:

Ubani ongenzanga izinto eziwubuwula kulo mhlaba? Omunye wabhala izinkondlo, omunye ehaya ihabhu. UNkulunkulu wangithumelela izinkondlo nomculo njengefa, Ngibathanda ngomphefumulo wami, Ngabhala ngakho konke engangingakwenza. Ngakho-ke ngicela intethelelo Uma ngethulwa kuwe - izikhathi zogqozi.

Umfowabo omncane we-NA Titov, uMikhail Alekseevich, elandela isiko lomndeni, wakhonza njengesikhulu se-Preobrazhensky Regiment. Kusukela ngo-1830, esethathe umhlalaphansi, wayehlala ePavlovsk, lapho ashonela khona eneminyaka engu-49. Kunobufakazi bokuthi wafunda ukwakheka nomfundisi uGiuliani. U-Mikhail Alekseevich waziwa njengombhali wezothando zothando emibhalweni yesiRashiya nesiFulentshi, enengxenye yepiyano enhle kanye nomculo othize nozwela, ngokuvamile osondela kwisitayela sothando olunonya ("O, uma ubuthanda kanjalo", "Kungani ingabe iphupho elihle lanyamalala", " Okulindelekile "- esihlokweni sababhali abangaziwa). Ubucwebe obusezingeni eliphezulu buhlukanisa izingcezu zakhe zomdanso wasesaluni zepiyano, ezigcwele izimo ezidabukisayo ze-romanticism yasekuqaleni. I-plasticity yamaculo, eduze kwezothando zansuku zonke zaseRussia, ukucwengwa, ubuhle bokuthungwa kubanika ukukhanga okungavamile kobuciko obucwengekile bamasaluni ahloniphekile.

Umzala ka-NA kanye no-MA Titov, u-NS Titov, uphile iminyaka engu-45 kuphela - washona ngenxa yokusebenzisa umphimbo. Ngokwamasiko alo mndeni, wayesenkonzweni yezempi - wayengumdwebi webutho le-Semenovsky. Njengabazala bakhe, wayengumqambi oyimfundamakhwela futhi eqamba ezothando. Kanye nokufana okuningi, umsebenzi wakhe wothando nawo unezici zawo zomuntu ngamunye. Ngokungafani no-NA Titov, ngokuzithoba kwakhe okuqotho nokulula, u-Nikolai Sergeevich une-parlor eyengeziwe, ithoni yokukhuluma enhle kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wagxila kakhulu ezindikimbeni nemifanekiso yothando. Wayengakhangwa kangako izinkondlo ze-ateur, futhi wakhetha izinkondlo zika-V. Zhukovsky. E. Baratynsky, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - A. Pushkin. Emzamweni wokukhombisa ngokunembe kakhudlwana okuqukethwe kanye nezici zesigqi zombhalo wezinkondlo, wayelokhu ehlola emkhakheni wephimbo lesigqi, ifomu, esebenzisa izindlela zesimanjemanje, zothando zokukhuluma zomculo. Izothando zakhe zibonakala ngesifiso sokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, ukuqhathaniswa kwezindlela zegama elifanayo, nokuhlobana okuphakeme kwamathoni. Kuyathakazelisa, naphezu kokungapheleli kokuzalwa komuntu, umqondo wothando "ezingxenyeni ezintathu" eSt. I-Baratynsky "Ukuhlukaniswa - Ukulinda - Ukubuya", okuwumzamo wokwenza ukwakheka kwezingxenye ezintathu ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ekushintsheni kwezimo zengqondo zeqhawe lezingoma. Phakathi kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ye-NS Titov yizothando zikaPushkin "Isiphepho", "The Singer", "Serenade", "The Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace", lapho kunokusuka ekuzweleni kwendabuko ekwakhiweni kwe-lyric ecacile- isithombe sokuzindla.

Imisebenzi yabazalwane i-HA, i-MA kanye ne-NS Titovs ijwayelekile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izibonelo ezimangalisa kakhulu zobuciko be-amateur abaqambi baseRussia abayizimfundamakhwela benkathi yePushkin. Ezithandweni zabo, izinhlobo zesici nezindlela zokuvezwa komculo wezingoma zesiRashiya zakhiwe, nasezintweni ezincane zomdanso, nezinkondlo zabo ezicashile kanye nesifiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezithombe ngazinye, indlela yavezwa kusukela emidlalweni yansuku zonke yokubaluleka okusetshenzisiwe ekuveleni nasekuthuthukisweni kohlelo. izinhlobo zomculo wepiyano waseRussia.

T. Korzhenyants