Krzysztof Penderecki |

Krzysztof Penderecki

Phela, uma ulele ngaphandle, ngaphandle kwezwe lethu, Ayikho imingcele yesikhala, khona-ke ingqondo izama ukuthola. Kuyini lapho umcabango wethu ugijima khona, Futhi lapho umoya wethu undiza, ukhuphuka ngomfana okhululekile. Lucretius. Ngemvelo yezinto (K. Penderecki. Cosmogony)

Umculo wengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle komsebenzi womqambi wasePoland u-K. Penderecki. Ikhombise ngokusobala ukuphikisana nokuseshwa komculo wangemva kwempi, ukuphonsa kwawo phakathi kokweqisa okukhethekile. Isifiso sokusungula izinto ezintsha emkhakheni wezindlela zokukhuluma kanye nomuzwa wokuxhumana okuphilayo nesiko lamasiko elisukela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, ukuzithiba okwedlulele kwezinye izingoma zegumbi kanye nokuthanda imisindo ebabazekayo, cishe "yendawo yonke" yezwi ne-symphonic. isebenza. Amandla obuntu bokudala aphoqa umdwebi ukuthi ahlole imikhuba nezitayela ezinhlobonhlobo “ukuze athole amandla”, ukuze akwazi zonke izimpumelelo zakamuva ngendlela yokuqamba yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

UPenderecki wazalelwa emndenini wommeli, lapho kwakungekho abaculi abaqeqeshiwe, kodwa babevame ukudlala umculo. Abazali, ababefundisa uKrzysztof ukudlala ivayolini nopiyano, babengacabangi ukuthi uzoba umculi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, uPenderecki waba nesithakazelo esikhulu ekudlaleni ivayolini. E-Denbitz encane, okuwukuphela kweqembu lomculo kwakuyibhendi yedolobha yethusi. Umholi wayo u-S. Darlyak wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komqambi wesikhathi esizayo. E-gymnasium, u-Krzysztof wahlela i-orchestra yakhe, lapho ayeyi-violinist kanye nomqhubi. Ngo-1951 wagcina enqume ukuba umculi futhi wahamba wayofunda eKrakow. Ngesikhathi esifanayo namakilasi esikoleni somculo, u-Penderetsky ufunda enyuvesi, ulalele izinkulumo zefilosofi yakudala kanye nefilosofi kaR. Ingarden. Ufunda kahle isiLatini nesiGreki, unesithakazelo emasikweni asendulo. Amakilasi emikhakheni yethiyori no-F. Skolyshevsky - ubuntu obunesiphiwo esigqamile, umdlali wopiyano nomqambi, isazi sefiziksi nesazi sezibalo - wafaka kuPenderetsky ikhono lokucabanga ngokuzimela. Ngemva kokufunda naye, Penderetsky ungena Higher Musical School of Krakow ekilasini umqambi A. Malyavsky. Umqambi osemusha uthonywe kakhulu umculo ka-B. Bartok, I. Stravinsky, ufunda isitayela sokubhala u-P. Boulez, ngo-1958 uhlangana no-L. Nono, ovakashela e-Krakow.

Ngo-1959, uPenderecki wawina umncintiswano owawuhlelwe yi-Union of Polish Composers, wethula izingoma ze-orchestra - "Strophes", "Emanations" kanye "namaHubo kaDavide". Udumo lwamazwe ngamazwe lomqambi luqala ngalezi zenzo: zenziwa eFrance, e-Italy, e-Austria. Ngomfundaze ovela ku-Union of Composers, u-Penderecki uhamba nohambo lwezinyanga ezimbili oluya e-Italy.

Kusukela ngo-1960, umsebenzi omkhulu wokudala womqambi uqala. Kulo nyaka, udala omunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yomculo wangemva kwempi, i-Hiroshima Victims Memorial Tran, awunikela kuMnyuziyamu weDolobha laseHiroshima. U-Penderecki uba umhlanganyeli ovamile emikhosini yomculo wesimanje e-Warsaw, e-Donaueschingen, e-Zagreb, futhi uhlangana nabaculi nabashicileli abaningi. Imisebenzi yomqambi iyamangalisa ngobusha bamasu hhayi kuphela abalaleli, kodwa nabaculi, ngezinye izikhathi abavumi ngokushesha ukuzifunda. Ngokungeziwe ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi, u-Penderecki ngeminyaka yama-60s. ubhala umculo wetiyetha nesinema, wedrama nomdlalo wopopayi. Usebenza ku-Experimental Studio ye-Polish Radio, lapho enza khona izingoma zakhe ze-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa nomdlalo othi “Ekecheiria” wokuvulwa kweMidlalo Yama-Olympic yaseMunich ngo-1972.

Kusukela ngo-1962, imisebenzi yomqambi iye yazwakala emadolobheni ase-USA naseJapane. UPenderecki unikeza izinkulumo ngomculo wesimanje eDarmstadt, Stockholm, Berlin. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-eccentric, i-avant-garde ngokwedlulele "i-Fluorescence" ye-orchestra, umshini wokubhala, ingilazi nezinto zensimbi, izinsimbi zikagesi, isaha, umqambi uphendukela ekuqanjweni kwezinsimbi ezicula yedwa nge-orchestra nemisebenzi yefomu elikhulu: i-opera, i-ballet, i-oratorio, i-cantata. (i-oratorio “Dies irae”, enikezelwe kuzisulu zase-Auschwitz, - 1967; i-opera yezingane ethi “The Strongest”; i-oratorio “Passion NgokukaLuka” - 1965, umsebenzi oyingqopha-mlando obeke uPenderecki phakathi kwabaqambi abaculi abenze kakhulu ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX) .

Ngo-1966, umqambi waya emkhosini womculo emazweni aseLatin America, eVenezuela futhi wavakashela okokuqala e-USSR, lapho kamuva wafika ngokuphindaphindiwe njengomqhubi, umculi wezingoma zakhe. Ngo-1966-68. umqambi ufundisa ikilasi lokuqamba e-Essen (FRG), ngo-1969 - eNtshonalanga Berlin. Ngo-1969, i-opera entsha kaPenderecki ethi The Devils of Lüden (1968) yadlalwa eHamburg naseStuttgart, okwathi ngawo lowo nyaka yavela ezitejini zamadolobha angu-15 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-1970, uPenderecki waqeda enye yezingoma zakhe ezihlaba umxhwele nezithinta imizwa, iMatins. Ebhekisela emibhalweni nezingoma zenkonzo yama-Orthodox, umbhali usebenzisa amasu okuqamba akamuva. Umdlalo wokuqala kaMatins eVienna (1971) wavusa isasasa elikhulu phakathi kwabalaleli, abagxeki kanye nawo wonke umphakathi waseYurophu womculo. Ngomyalo we-UN, umqambi, ojabulela ukuvelela okukhulu emhlabeni wonke, udala amakhonsathi aminyaka yonke e-UN i-oratorio "Cosmogony", eyakhelwe esitatimendeni sezazi zefilosofi zasendulo nesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yendawo yonke kanye nemvelo. ukwakheka kwendawo yonke - ukusuka ku-Lucretius kuya ku-Yuri Gagarin. U-Penderetsky ubambe iqhaza kakhulu kwezokufundisa: kusukela ngo-1972 ube ngurector we-Krakow Higher School of Music, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ufundisa ikilasi lokuqamba e-Yale University (USA). Onyakeni wama-200 we-United States, umqambi ubhala i-opera ethi Paradise Lost esekelwe enkondlweni ka-J. Milton (eyaboniswa okokuqala eChicago, 1978). Kusukela kweminye imisebenzi emikhulu yama-70s. umuntu angakwazi ukukhipha i-First Symphony, i-oratorio isebenza "Magnificat" kanye "Nengoma Yezingoma", kanye ne-Violin Concerto (1977), enikezelwe kumculi wokuqala I. Stern futhi ibhalwe ngendlela ye-neo-romantic. Ngo-1980 umqambi ubhala i-Second Symphony ne-Te Deum.

Eminyakeni yamuva, uPenderetsky ubelokhu enikeza amakhonsathi kakhulu, esebenza nabafundi abaqambi abavela emazweni ahlukene. Imikhosi yomculo wakhe ibanjelwa eStuttgart (1979) naseKrakow (1980), kanti uPenderecki ngokwakhe uhlela umkhosi wamazwe omhlaba wegumbi labaqambi abancane eLusławice. Ukuhluka okucacile nokubonakala komculo kaPenderecki kuchaza intshisekelo yakhe engapheli ethiyetha yomculo. I-opera yesithathu yomqambi I-Black Mask (1986) esekelwe emdlalweni ka-G. Hauptmann ihlanganisa ukuzwakalisa ukwesaba nezici ze-oratorio, ukunemba kwengqondo nokujula kwezinkinga ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi. "Ngabhala i-Black Mask njengokungathi umsebenzi wami wokugcina," kusho uPenderecki engxoxweni. - "Ngokwami, nginqume ukuqeda isikhathi somdlandla wokuthandana sekwephuzile."

Lo mqambi manje usezingeni eliphezulu ekudumeni umhlaba wonke, engomunye wezingqwele zomculo ezihlonishwa kakhulu. Umculo wakhe uzwakala emazwenikazi ahlukene, odlalwa abaculi abadumile kakhulu, ama-orchestra, amathiyetha, athatha izethameli zezinkulungwane eziningi.

V. Ilyeva