Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |

UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ngokukholelwa kwami ​​okujulile, iMozart iyiphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu, elifinyelela umvuthwandaba, lapho ubuhle obufinyelele khona endimeni yomculo. P. Tchaikovsky

“Yeka ukujula! Yeka isibindi nokuvumelana! Yile ndlela uPushkin ayiveza ngayo ngokugqamile ingqikithi yobuciko obukhaliphile bukaMozart. Ngempela, inhlanganisela enjalo yokuphelela kwe-classical nesibindi sokucabanga, ukungapheli kwezinqumo zomuntu ngamunye ezisekelwe emithethweni ecacile nenembile yokuqamba, cishe ngeke sikuthole kunoma yimuphi wabadali bobuciko bomculo. libalele licacile futhi liyimfihlakalo ngendlela engaqondakali, lilula futhi liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izwe elijulile lobuntu kanye nendawo yonke, livela emhlabeni womculo kaMozart.

U-WA Mozart wazalelwa emndenini kaLeopold Mozart, umdlali wevayolini nomqambi wezingoma enkantolo yombhishobhi omkhulu waseSalzburg. Ithalente elihlakaniphile lavumela u-Mozart ukuba aqambe umculo kusukela eneminyaka emine, ngokushesha okukhulu ubuciko bokudlala i-clavier, i-violin, ne-organ. Ubaba wayeqondisa ngekhono izifundo zendodana yakhe. Ngo-1762-71. Wathatha izinkambo, lapho izinkantolo eziningi zaseYurophu zajwayelana nobuciko bezingane zakhe (omdala, udadewabo kaWolfgang wayengumdlali we-clavier onesiphiwo, yena ngokwakhe wahlabelela, waqhuba, wadlala izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-virtuoso nezithuthukisiwe), okwabangela ukutuseka yonke indawo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, uMozart wanikezwa i-oda likapapa we-Golden Spur, wakhethwa ilungu le-Philharmonic Academy e-Bologna.

Ohambweni, uWolfgang wajwayelana nomculo wamazwe ahlukene, ekwazi kahle izinhlobo zezinhlobo zenkathi. Ngakho-ke, ukujwayelana no-JK Bach, owayehlala eLondon, kuvusa ama-symphonies okuqala (1764), eVienna (1768) uthola ama-oda wama-opera ohlotsheni lwe-opera yase-Italian buffa ("Intombazane Ezenzisa Ezilula") kanye U-German Singspiel (“Bastien no-Bastienne”; ngonyaka odlule, umdlalo we-opera wesikole (ihlaya lesiLatini) u-Apollo no-Hyacinth wadlalwa eNyuvesi yaseSalzburg. Okwaba nezithelo kakhulu ukuhlala kwakhe e-Italy, lapho uMozart athuthuka ngokuphikisana (i-polyphony) no-GB Martini (Bologna), ubeka eMilan, i-opera seria "Mithridates, King of Pontus" (1770), futhi ngo-1771 - i-opera "Lucius Sulla".

Insizwa ekhaliphile yayingenasithakazelo kangako kubaxhasi kunengane eyisimangaliso, futhi uL. Mozart akazange ayitholele indawo kunoma iyiphi inkantolo yaseYurophu enhloko-dolobha. Kwadingeka ngibuyele eSalzburg ukuze ngiyokwenza imisebenzi yomphelekezeli wenkantolo. Izifiso zikaMozart zokudala manje zase zilinganiselwe kuma-oda wokuqamba umculo ongcwele, kanye nezingcezwana zokuzijabulisa - i-divertissements, cassations, serenade (okungukuthi, ama-suites anezingxenye zokudansa zama-ensembles ahlukahlukene wezinsimbi ayengazwakali kuphela ngezikhathi zakusihlwa zasenkantolo, kodwa nasemigwaqweni, ezindlini zabantu basedolobheni lase-Austrian). U-Mozart waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe kule ndawo kamuva eVienna, lapho umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu walolu hlobo wadalwa - "Little Night Serenade" (1787), uhlobo lwe-symphony encane, egcwele amahlaya nomusa. U-Mozart uphinde abhale amakhonsathi e-violin ne-orchestra, i-clavier ne-violin sonatas, njll. Enye yeziqongo zomculo zalesi sikhathi yi-Symphony ku-G minor No. ngomoya kunhlangano yemibhalo ethi "Storm and Onslaught" .

Ecindezelekile esifundazweni saseSalzburg, lapho ayevinjwe khona izimangalo zombhishobhi omkhulu, uMozart wenza imizamo engaphumelelanga yokuzinza eMunich, eMannheim, eParis. Uhambo oluya kulawa madolobha (1777-79), nokho, lwaletha imizwa eminingi (uthando lokuqala - kumculi u-Aloysia Weber, ukushona kukamama) kanye nokuvela kobuciko, okuboniswe, ikakhulukazi, ku-clavier sonatas (ku-A minor, ngo-A. enkulu enokuhlukahluka kanye ne-Rondo alla turca), ku-Symphony Concerto ye-violin ne-viola ne-orchestra, njll. Imikhiqizo ye-opera ehlukene (“The Dream of Scipio” – 1772, “The Shepherd King” – 1775, kokubili e-Salzburg; “The Imaginary Umgadi wensimu” – 1775, Munich) akazange anelise izifiso zikaMozart zokuxhumana njalo ne-opera house. Isiteji se-opera seria Idomeneo, iNkosi yaseKrete (Munich, 1781) yembula ukuvuthwa okugcwele kukaMozart njengengcweti nendoda, isibindi sakhe nokuzimela ezindabeni zokuphila nokudala. Lapho efika eMunich eya eVienna, lapho umbhishobhi omkhulu aye emikhosini yokubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi, uMozart wahlukana naye, wenqaba ukubuyela eSalzburg.

Iculo likaMozart elihle laseViennese kwakuyiculo elithi The Abduction from the Seraglio (1782, Burgtheater), elalandelwa umshado wakhe noConstance Weber (udadewabo omncane ka-Aloysia). Nokho (kamuva, imiyalo ye-opera ayizange itholakale njalo. Imbongi yasenkantolo u-L. Da Ponte ufake isandla ekukhiqizweni kwama-opera esiteji se-Burgtheatre, ebhalwe ku-freetto yakhe: imisebenzi emibili eyinhloko kaMozart - "Umshado ka-Figaro" (Umshado ka-Figaro) 1786) kanye no- "Don Giovanni" (1788), kanye ne-opera-buff "Yilokho wonke umuntu akwenzayo" (1790); eSchönbrunn (indawo yokuhlala yasehlobo yenkantolo) ihlaya elilodwa elinomculo "Umqondisi Wethiyetha" (1786) nayo yahlelwa.

Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala eVienna, uMozart wayevame ukucula, edala amakhonsathi ka-clavier kanye ne-orchestra "yezikole" zakhe (amakhonsathi ahlelwe ngokubhaliselwe phakathi kwabaxhasi bezobuciko). Okubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini womqambi kwakuwucwaningo lwemisebenzi ka-JS Bach (kanye no-GF Handel, FE Bach), eyayiqondise izithakazelo zakhe zobuciko emkhakheni we-polyphony, enikeza ukujula okusha nokujulile emibonweni yakhe. Lokhu kwabonakaliswa ngokucacile ku-Fantasia ne-Sonata ku-C minor (1784-85), kumaquartet ezintambo ayisithupha anikezelwe ku-I. Haydn, uMozart ayenobungani obukhulu bomuntu nokudala. Ukujula komculo kaMozart kwangena ezimfihlakalweni zobukhona bomuntu, kulapho ukuvela kwemisebenzi yakhe kwaba umuntu ngamunye, kwaba nomphumela ongemuhle eVienna (isikhundla somculi wegumbi lenkantolo esatholwa ngo-1787 samphoqa ukuthi enze imidanso yomaskandi).

Ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwatholwa umqambi ePrague, lapho ngo-1787 Umshado kaFigaro wahlelwa khona, futhi ngokushesha umboniso wokuqala kaDon Giovanni owawubhalelwe leli dolobha senzeka (ngo-1791 uMozart wenza enye i-opera ePrague - The Mercy of Titus) , eyayiveza ngokusobala indima yendikimba edabukisayo emsebenzini kaMozart. I-Prague Symphony ku-D enkulu (1787) kanye nama-symphonies amathathu okugcina (No. 39 ku-E-flat major, No. 40 ku-G minor, No. okwanikeza isithombe esigqamile nesigcwele ngokungavamile semibono nemizwa yenkathi yabo futhi kwavula indlela ye-symphony yekhulu le-XIX. Kuma-symphonies amathathu ka-41, yi-Symphony e-G encane kuphela eyenziwa kanye eVienna. Indalo yokugcina engafi yengcweti kaMozart kwakuyi-opera ethi The Magic Flute - ihubo lokukhanyisa nokubonisana (1788, Theatre in the suburbs yase-Viennese) - kanye neSimfuneko esidabukisayo esibabazekayo, esingaqedwanga umqambi.

Ukufa okuzumayo kukaMozart, okungenzeka ukuthi impilo yakhe yacekelwa phansi amandla amaningi okudala nezimo ezinzima zeminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, izimo ezingaqondakali ze-oda le-Requiem (njengoba kwenzeka, i-oda elingaziwa lalinge U-Count F. Walzag-Stuppach, owayehlose ukuyidlulisa njengokwakheka kwakhe), ukungcwatshwa ethuneni elivamile - konke lokhu kwabangela ukusabalala kwezinganekwane eziphathelene nobuthi bukaMozart (bheka, isibonelo, inhlekelele kaPushkin "Mozart and Salieri”), engatholanga noma yisiphi isiqinisekiso. Ezizukulwaneni eziningi ezalandela, umsebenzi kaMozart uye waba ngumuntu womculo uwonke, ikhono lawo lokudala kabusha zonke izici zokuphila komuntu, uzethule ngokuvumelana okuhle nokuphelele, okugcwele, nokho, ngokungafani nokuphikisana kwangaphakathi. Umhlaba wobuciko womculo kaMozart ubonakala ugcwele abalingiswa abahlukahlukene, abalingisi abahlukahlukene babantu. Ibonisa esinye sezici eziyinhloko zenkathi, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngeNguquko YaseFrance ka-1789, isimiso esinikeza ukuphila (izithombe zikaFigaro, uDon Juan, i-symphony "Jupiter", njll.). Ukuqinisekiswa kobuntu bomuntu, umsebenzi womoya nakho kuxhumene nokudalulwa kwezwe elicebe kakhulu lemizwa - izinhlobonhlobo zemithunzi yayo yangaphakathi nemininingwane yenza i-Mozart ibe umanduleli wobuciko bothando.

Umlingiswa ophelele womculo kaMozart, owamukela zonke izinhlobo zenkathi (ngaphandle kwalezo esezibaluliwe - i-ballet "Trinkets" - 1778, Paris; umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, imidanso, izingoma, okuhlanganisa "Violet" esiteshini se-JW Goethe , izixuku, ama-motets, ama-cantata kanye neminye imisebenzi yamakwaya, ama-chamber ensembles ezingoma ezihlukahlukene, amakhonsathi ezinsimbi zomculo ezine-orchestra, i-Concerto yomtshingo nehabhu ene-orchestra, njll. iqhaza elibanjwe kulo ukuxhumana kwezikole, izitayela, izinkathi nezinhlobo zomculo.

Ehlanganisa izici zesikole sakudala saseViennese, u-Mozart wafingqa ulwazi lwesiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi, isiko lesiJalimane, inkundla yesintu nethiyetha yobungcweti, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-opera, njll. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonisa ukungqubuzana kwezenhlalo nengqondo okwazalwa isimo sangaphambi kwenguquko eFrance. (libretto “Umshado kaFigaro “Obhalwe ngokomdlalo wesimanje kaP. Beaumarchais” Crazy Day, noma The Marriage of Figaro”), umoya wokuhlubuka nozwela wokuvunguza kwamaJalimane (“Storm and Onslaught”), inkimbinkimbi nengunaphakade. inkinga yokungqubuzana phakathi kwesibindi somuntu nokuphindisela ngokuziphatha (“Don Juan”).

Ukubukeka komuntu ngamunye komsebenzi we-Mozart kwenziwa ngamaphimbo amaningi nezindlela zokuthuthuka ezivamile zangaleyo nkathi, ehlanganiswe ngokukhethekile futhi ezwiwa umdali omkhulu. Izingoma zakhe zomculo zathonywa i-opera, izici zokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic zangena ku-opera kanye nobuningi, i-symphony (isibonelo, i-Symphony ku-G minor - uhlobo lwendaba mayelana nokuphila komphefumulo womuntu) isici esinemininingwane yomculo we-chamber, ikhonsathi - ngokubaluleka kwe-symphony, njll. Izinhlobo zezingoma zomculo we-Italian buffa opera ku-The Marriage of Figaro zizithoba kalula ekwakhiweni kwehlaya labalingisi abangokoqobo elinephimbo elicacile lamagama, ngemuva. Igama elithi "idrama ehlekisayo" kunesixazululo somuntu ngamunye ngokuphelele sedrama yomculo ku-Don Giovanni, egcwele umehluko we-Shakespearean wamahlaya kanye nenhlekelele emangazayo.

Esinye sezibonelo ezigqama kakhulu ze-Mozart's synthesis yobuciko iThe Magic Flute. Ngaphansi kwesembozo senganekwane enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi (imithombo eminingi isetshenziswa mahhala ngu-E. Schikaneder), imibono ye-utopian yokuhlakanipha, ubuhle kanye nobulungiswa bendawo yonke, isici sokuKhanya, ifihliwe (ithonya le-Freemasonry nalo liyathinteka lapha. - UMozart wayeyilungu "lobuzalwane bamashi bamahhala"). I-arias ye-"bird-man" ka-Papageno emoyeni wezingoma zesintu ishintshana nezingoma zamakhwaya eziqinile engxenyeni ye-Zorastro ehlakaniphile, amagama asuka enhliziyweni e-arias yezithandwa u-Tamino no-Pamina - ne-coloratura yeNdlovukazi Yobusuku, cishe ukulinganisa ukucula kwe-virtuoso ku-opera yesiNtaliyane, inhlanganisela ye-arias nama-ensembles anezingxoxo zokuxoxisana (ngokwesiko le-singspiel) ithathelwa indawo ngokuthi intuthuko kumafayineli anwetshiwe. Konke lokhu kuphinde kuhlanganiswe nomsindo “womlingo” we-orchestra yaseMozart mayelana nekhono lokudlala izinsimbi (ngemitshingo eyedwa nezinsimbi). Ukuphakama komculo kaMozart kwawuvumela ukuba ube ubuciko obuhle kuPushkin noGlinka, uChopin noTchaikovsky, uBizet noStravinsky, uProkofiev noShostakovich.

E. Tsareva

Uthisha wakhe wokuqala nomeluleki kwakunguyise, uLeopold Mozart, umsizi kaKapellmeister enkantolo yoMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseSalzburg. Ngo-1762, uyise wethula uWolfgang, owayesengumdlali omncane kakhulu, kanye nodadewabo uNannerl ezinkantolo zaseMunich naseVienna: izingane zidlala amakhibhodi, i-violin futhi zicule, kanti uWolfgang naye wenza ngcono. Ngo-1763, uhambo lwabo olude lwenzeka eningizimu nasempumalanga yeJalimane, eBelgium, eHolland, eningizimu yeFrance, eSwitzerland, kuze kuyofika eNgilandi; kabili baseParis. ELondon, kukhona abajwayelene no-Abel, JK Bach, kanye nabaculi uTenducci noManzuoli. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, uMozart waqamba ama-opera athi, Imaginary Shepherdess kanye noBastien et Bastienne. E-Salzburg, waqokwa esikhundleni sokuba umphelezeli. Ngo-1769, 1771 no-1772 wavakashela e-Italy, lapho athola khona ukuqashelwa, wadlala ama-opera akhe futhi wahlanganyela emfundweni ehlelekile. Ngo-1777, ehamba nonina, waya eMunich, eMannheim (lapho athandana khona nomculi u-Aloisia Weber) noParis (lapho unina ashona khona). Uzinza eVienna futhi ngo-1782 ushada noConstance Weber, udadewabo ka-Aloysia. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-opera yakhe ethi The Abduction from the Seraglio ilindele impumelelo enkulu. Udala imisebenzi yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, ebonisa ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo, uba ngumqambi wenkantolo (ngaphandle kwemithwalo yemfanelo ethile) futhi uthemba ukuthola isikhundla se-Kapellmeister yesibili yeRoyal Chapel ngemva kokufa kukaGluck (owokuqala kwakunguSalieri). Naphezu kodumo, ikakhulukazi njengomqambi we-opera, amathemba kaMozart awazange agcwaliseke, kuhlanganise nangenxa yenhlebo ngokuziphatha kwakhe. Ishiya Isidingo singaqediwe. Ukuhlonipha izimiso namasiko asebukhosini, kokubili ezenkolo nangokwezwe, kuhlanganiswe eMozart nomuzwa wokuzibophezela namandla angaphakathi okwenza abanye bambheke njengomanduleli oqaphelayo weRomanticism, kuyilapho kwabanye ehlala eyisiphetho esingenakuqhathaniswa somuntu ocwengekile nohlakaniphile. iminyaka, ehlobene ngenhlonipho nemithetho nama-canon. Kunoma ikuphi, kwakusukela ekungqubuzaneni okuqhubekayo nezicucu ezihlukahlukene zomculo nezokuziphatha zangaleso sikhathi lapho kwazalwa khona lobu buhle obumsulwa, obuthambile, obungenakonakala bomculo kaMozart, lapho ngale ndlela engaqondakali kukhona lobo bumnandi, ubuqili, obuvevezela lokho. ibizwa ngokuthi “idemoni”. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokuvumelana kwalezi zimfanelo, inkosi yase-Austrian - isimangaliso sangempela somculo - yanqoba bonke ubunzima bokuqanjwa ngolwazi lwendaba, u-A. Einstein abiza ngokufanelekile ngokuthi "somnambulistic", okwenza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi eyaphuma. kusukela ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe kokubili ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kumakhasimende futhi futhi ngenxa yezifiso zangaphakathi ezisheshayo. Wenza ngejubane nokuzola komuntu wezikhathi zanamuhla, nakuba ahlala engumntwana ongunaphakade, ongaziwa kunoma yiziphi izimo zamasiko ezingahlobene nomculo, waphendukela ngokuphelele ezweni langaphandle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ekwazi ukuqonda okumangalisayo ukujula kwengqondo kanye nemicabango.

Isazi esingenakuqhathaniswa somphefumulo womuntu, ikakhulukazi owesifazane (odlulisa umusa wakhe nobubili ngesilinganiso esilinganayo), izenzo ezimbi ezihlekisayo, ukuphupha umhlaba okahle, osuka kalula osizini olujulile uye enjabulweni enkulu, umculi oqotho wezinkanuko. namasakramente - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lawa okugcina angamaKatolika noma ama-Masonic - uMozart usathakazelisa njengomuntu, ehlala eyisicongweni somculo ngomqondo wesimanje. Njengomculi, wahlanganisa zonke izimpumelelo zesikhathi esidlule, wafinyelela ekupheleleni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zomculo futhi wadlula cishe bonke abanduleli bakhe ngenhlanganisela ephelele yemizwa yasenyakatho neLatin. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ifa lomculo lika-Mozart, kwadingeka ukuthi ngo-1862 kushicilelwe ikhathalogi enkulu, kamuva eyabuyekezwa futhi yalungiswa, enegama lomdidiyeli wayo u-L. von Köchel.

Ukukhiqiza okunjalo - okungavamile, kodwa-ke, emculweni waseYurophu - kwakungewona umphumela wamakhono azalwa kuphela (kuthiwa wabhala umculo kalula futhi kalula njengezinhlamvu): phakathi nesikhathi esifushane asibelwe ngokudalelwa futhi ephawulwe ngokugxuma kwekhwalithi kwesinye isikhathi okungachazeki, yathuthukiswa ngokuxhumana nothisha abahlukahlukene, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunqoba izikhathi ezibucayi ekwakhiweni kobuchule. Kubaculi ababenethonya eliqondile kuye, umuntu kufanele abize igama (ngaphezu kukayise, abanduleli base-Italy nabaphila ngesikhathi, kanye no-D. von Dittersdorf no-JA Hasse) I. Schobert, KF Abel (eParis naseLondon), womabili amadodana ka-Bach, u-Philipp Emanuel futhi ikakhulukazi u-Johann Christian, owayeyisibonelo senhlanganisela yezitayela "ezinamandla" kanye "nezifundiswa" ngezindlela ezinkulu zezinsimbi, kanye nochungechunge lwe-arias ne-opera, i-KV Gluck - ngokwemidlalo yaseshashalazini. , naphezu kokuhluka okuphawulekayo kwezilungiselelo zokudala, uMichael Haydn, umdlali ongcono kakhulu we-counterpoint, umfowabo kaJoseph omkhulu, owabonisa uMozart indlela yokufeza inkulumo ekholisayo, ukulula, ukukhululeka nokuguquguquka kwengxoxo, ngaphandle kokushiya okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. amasu. Uhambo lwakhe oluya eParis naseLondon, eMannheim (lapho alalela khona i-orchestra edumile eyayiqhutshwa u-Stamitz, iqoqo lokuqala nelithuthuke kakhulu eYurophu) lalibalulekile. Masiphinde sikhombise indawo kaBaron von Swieten eVienna, lapho uMozart afunda futhi wazisa umculo kaBach noHandel; Ekugcineni, siphawula uhambo oluya e-Italy, lapho ahlangana khona nabahlabeleli nabaculi abadumile (uSammartini, uPiccini, uManfredini) nalapho e-Bologna athatha khona ukuhlolwa okuqinile okuvela kuPadre Martini (ukukhuluma iqiniso, hhayi impumelelo enkulu).

Etiyetha, u-Mozart wazuza inhlanganisela engakaze ibonwe ye-Italian opera buffa nedrama, ethola imiphumela yomculo ebaluleke ngendlela engenakulinganiswa. Nakuba umsebenzi wama-opera akhe usekelwe emiphumeleni yesiteji ekhethwe kahle, i-orchestra, njenge-lymph, ingena kuwo wonke amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu ezici zomlingiswa, ingena kalula ezikhaleni ezincane kakhulu ngaphakathi kwegama, njengewayini elinephunga elimnandi, elisivivi, njengokungathi ngenxa yokwesaba. ukuthi umlingiswa ngeke abe nomoya owanele. bamba indima. Izingoma ze-fusion engavamile zigijima ngoseyili ogcwele, noma zakha ama-solo adumile, noma zigqoke izingubo ezihlukahlukene, ezicophelela kakhulu zama-ensembles. Ngaphansi kwebhalansi enhle engapheli yefomu nangaphansi kwemaski e-satirical ebukhali, umuntu angabona isifiso esiqhubekayo sokwazi komuntu, okufihlwe umdlalo osiza ukuphatha ubuhlungu nokuphulukisa. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi indlela yakhe yokudala ekhaliphile yaphela nge-Requiem, okuthi nakuba ingaqediwe futhi ingakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukucacisa ukufunda, nakuba iqedwe umfundi ongakwazi ukufunda, isaqhaqhazela futhi ihlengezele izinyembezi? Ukufa njengomsebenzi kanye nokumomotheka okukude kwempilo kubonakala kithi kuLacrimosa ebubulayo, njengomyalezo kankulunkulu osemusha othathwe kithi ngokushesha kakhulu.

G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)

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