U-Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |

U-Alexey Verstovsky

Umculi waseRussia onethalente, umqambi kanye nomlingisi weshashalazi u-A. Verstovsky wayeneminyaka efanayo noPushkin kanye nomuntu omdala owayephila ngesikhathi sikaGlinka. Ngo-1862, ngemva kokufa komqambi, umhlaziyi womculo ovelele u-A. Serov wabhala ukuthi “ngokuthandwa, uVerstovsky unqoba uGlinka,” ebhekisela empumelelweni ephikelelayo engavamile ye-opera yakhe engcono kakhulu, i-Askold's Grave.

Ngemva kokungena emkhakheni womculo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1810, u-Verstovsky wayesenkabeni yempilo yomculo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40, ebambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo kuwo njengomqambi oqavile futhi njengomphathi weshashalazi onethonya. Umqambi wayejwayelene kakhulu nezibalo eziningi ezivelele zesiko lobuciko laseRussia. "Wayephezu kwakho" noPushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. Ubungane obuseduze nomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe wamxhumanisa nababhali abaningi nababhali bemidlalo - ngokuyinhloko u-A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.

Imvelo yemibhalo nethiyetha ibe nomthelela obonakalayo ekwakhiweni kokuthandwa kobuhle komqambi. Ukusondela kwezibalo ze-romanticism yaseRussia kanye nama-Slavophiles kwabonakala kokubili ekuzibophezeleni kukaVerstovsky endulo yaseRussia, nasekuthandeni kwakhe ukucabanga "kobudeveli", inganekwane, ehlanganiswe ngokumangalisayo nokukhiqizwa kothando kwezimpawu zesici zokuphila kwezwe, abantu bangempela bomlando kanye. imicimbi.

UVerstovsky wazalelwa endaweni yaseSeliverstovo esifundazweni saseTambov. Ubaba womqambi wayeyindodana engekho emthethweni kaGeneral A. Seliverstov kanye nowesifazane oyisithunjwa waseTurkey, ngakho-ke isibongo sakhe - uVerstovsky - sakhiwa engxenyeni yegama lomndeni, futhi yena ngokwakhe wabelwa izikhulu njengomdabu wasePoland. umnumzane.” Ukuthuthukiswa komculo komfana kwenzeka endaweni ekahle. Umndeni wawudlala umculo omningi, ubaba wayene-orchestra yakhe ye-serf nomtapo wezincwadi omkhulu womculo wangalezo zikhathi. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-8, umqambi wesikhathi esizayo waqala ukwenza amakhonsathi ayimfundamakhwela njengomdlali wepiyano, futhi ngokushesha kwabonakala ukuthanda kwakhe ukubhala umculo.

Ngo-1816, ngentando yabazali bakhe, le nsizwa yabelwa eSikhungweni Se-Corps of Railway Engineers eSt. Nokho, ngemva kokufunda lapho unyaka owodwa kuphela, wasishiya lesi sikole wangenela inkonzo yomphakathi. Le nsizwa enesiphiwo yabanjwa umoya womculo wenhloko-dolobha, futhi uyaqhubeka nemfundo yakhe yomculo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kothisha abadumile basePetersburg. U-Verstovsky wathatha izifundo zepiyano ku-D. Steibelt no-J. Field, wadlala i-violin, wafunda ithiyori yomculo kanye nezisekelo zokuqamba. Lapha, eSt. Petersburg, uthando lwemidlalo yeshashalazi luyazalwa futhi luya luqina, futhi uzohlala engumsekeli oshisekayo wayo ukuphila kwakhe konke. Ngokushiseka kwakhe kanye nesimo sakhe sengqondo, u-Verstovsky ubamba iqhaza emidlalweni ye-ateur njengomdlali, uhumushela ama-vaudeville ase-French olimini lwesiRashiya, futhi uqamba umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Abajwayelene ezithakazelisayo benziwa nabameleli abavelele bezwe laseshashalazini, izimbongi, abaculi, abaculi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona umlobi osemusha uN. Khmelnitsky, umbhali wemidlalo ohlonishwayo u-A. Shakhovskoy, umhlaziyi uP. Arapov, nomqambi u-A. Alyabyev. Phakathi kwabajwayelene nabo kwakukhona no-N. Vsevolozhsky, umsunguli womphakathi wezobuciko nezombangazwe "Lamp Green", owawuhlanganisa ama-Decembrists amaningi azayo kanye noPushkin. U-Verstovsky naye waya kule mihlangano. Mhlawumbe ngalesi sikhathi ukujwayelana kwakhe kokuqala nembongi enkulu kwenzeka.

Ngo-1819, umqambi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala waduma ngokudlala kwakhe kwe-vaudeville "Ama-Parrots Kagogo" (ngokusekelwe embhalweni kaKhmelnitsky). Ekhuthazwe yimpumelelo, uVerstovsky unquma ukuzinikela ngokuphelele ekukhonzeni ubuciko bakhe abathandayo. I-vaudeville yokuqala yalandelwa "I-Quarantine", "I-debut yokuqala yomdlali we-actress Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, noma Umshado Oyinqaba", njll. I-Vaudeville, edluliselwe esiteji saseFrance futhi yenziwa kabusha kumasiko aseRussia, iba enye yezintandokazi. izinhlobo zomphakathi waseRussia wangaleso sikhathi. Ehlakaniphile futhi ejabule, egcwele ithemba eliqinisekisa ukuphila, kancane kancane uthatha amasiko e-opera yamahlaya yaseRashiya futhi athuthuke ekudlaleni okujabulisayo nomculo abe yi-opera yase-vaudeville, lapho umculo udlala indima ebalulekile.

Abantu ababephila ngesikhathi babemazisa kakhulu uVerstovsky, umbhali wasevaudeville. UGriboedov, ngesikhathi somsebenzi ohlangene e-vaudeville "Ubani umfowethu, udadewabo, noma Inkohliso emva kwenkohliso" (1823), wabhalela umqambi: "Angingabazi ngobuhle bomculo wakho futhi ngizibongela kusengaphambili. phezu kwakho." Umshisekeli oqinile wobuciko obuphezulu u-V. Belinsky wabhala: Lena akuyona ingxoxo yomculo evamile, engenancazelo, kodwa into edlalwa impilo yethalente elinamandla. U-Verstovsky ungumnikazi womculo wama-vaudeville angaphezu kuka-30. Futhi nakuba ezinye zazo zabhalwa ngokubambisana nabanye abaqambi, nguye owaqashelwa njengomsunguli walolu hlobo eRussia, umdali, njengoba uSerov wabhala, "ngohlobo lwekhodi yomculo we-vaudeville."

Isiqalo esihle sokuqamba umsebenzi kaVerstovsky saqiniswa yinkonzo yakhe. Ngo-1823, mayelana nokuqokwa ehhovisi lombusi-jikelele wezempi waseMoscow D. Golitsyn, umqambi osemusha wathuthela eMoscow. Ngamandla akhe angokwemvelo nomdlandla, ujoyina impilo yaseshashalazini yaseMoscow, wenza abantu abasha, oxhumana nabo abanobungane nokudala. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-35 Verstovsky wakhonza ehhovisi yaseshashalazini eMoscow, ephethe kokubili repertory kanye yonke ingxenye yenhlangano nezomnotho, eqinisweni, inhloko ngaleso sikhathi opera kanye idrama iqembu Bolshoi futhi Maly yaseshashalazini. Futhi akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi abantu besikhathi sakhe babiza isikhathi eside senkonzo yakhe yaseshashalazini ngokuthi “inkathi kaVerstovsky.” Ngokwezinkumbulo zabantu abahlukahlukene ababemazi, u-Verstovsky wayengumuntu ovelele kakhulu, ehlanganisa ithalenta eliphezulu lemvelo lomculi nengqondo ekhuthele yomhleli - umkhuba webhizinisi laseshashalazini. Naphezu kwemithwalo yakhe eminingi, uVerstovsky waqhubeka nokuqamba okuningi. Wayengeyena umbhali womculo waseshashalazini kuphela, kodwa futhi wezingoma ezihlukahlukene nezothando, ezenziwa ngempumelelo esiteji futhi zaqiniswa empilweni yasemadolobheni. Ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa okucashile kwamaphimbo abantu baseRussia kanye nengoma-yothando yansuku zonke, ukuthembela ezinhlotsheni zezingoma ezidumile nomdanso, ukunotha, kanye nokucaciswa kwesithombe somculo. Isici esihlukile sokubukeka kokudala kukaVerstovsky ukuthambekela kwakhe ekuhlanganiseni izimo zengqondo eziqinile, ezinomdlandla, ezisebenzayo. Isimo sengqondo esikhanyayo namandla akhethekile ahlukanisa imisebenzi yakhe emisebenzini yabaningi besikhathi sakhe, ependwe ngokuyinhloko ngamathoni e-elegiac.

Ithalenta eliphelele nelokuqala likaVerstovsky lazibonakalisa ezingomeni zakhe ze-ballad, yena ngokwakhe azibiza ngokuthi "ama-cantatas". Lawa amaShawl Amnyama aqanjwa ngo-1823 (e-Pushkin Station), Izingoma Ezithathu kanye nethi The Poor Singer (e-V. Zhukovsky Station), ebonisa ukuthambekela komqambi ekuchazeni umdlalo weshashalazi nomdlalo wothando. Lawa ma-“cantatas” nawo enziwa ngendlela yasesiteji - enobuhle, ngemvunulo kanye nokuhambisana ne-orchestra. U-Verstovsky wabuye wadala ama-cantata amakhulu abaculi abacula yedwa, i-choir kanye ne-orchestra, kanye nezingoma ezihlukahlukene zezwi neze-orchestra "ngezinye izikhathi", namakhonsathi angcwele omculo. Ithiyetha yomculo yahlala iyinkundla ethandwa kakhulu.

Kukhona ama-opera angu-6 efa lokuqamba le-Verstovsky. Eyokuqala kubo - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - yabhalwa mahhala. U-Zagoskin esekelwe "endabeni yakhe embi" yegama elifanayo, esekelwe enguqulweni yaseNtshonalanga Slavic (Polish) yenganekwane kaFaust. I-opera yesibili, i-Vadim, noma i-Awakening of the Twelve Sleeping Maidens (1832), esekelwe ku-Ballad Thunderbolt kaZhukovsky, noma Izintombi Eziyishumi Nambili Ezilele, isekelwe esakhiweni sempilo ye-Kievan Rus. E-Kyiv yasendulo, isenzo senzeka futhi okwesithathu - i-opera edume kakhulu kaVerstovsky - "Ithuna lika-Askold" (1835), ngokusekelwe endabeni yomlando neyothando yegama elifanayo likaZagoskin.

Izithameli zakwamukela ngentshiseko ukuvela kwama-opera amathathu okuqala ka-Verstovsky, owafuna ngamabomu ukwenza i-opera kazwelonke yaseRashiya esekelwe ezenzakalweni zomlando nezenganekwane kusukela esikhathini esidlule esingasenganekwaneni futhi ehlanganisa izinhlangothi zezwe ezinokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu nezigqamile zomlingiswa wesintu. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kothando kwezehlakalo zomlando ezenzeka ngemuva kwezithombe ezinemininingwane zempilo yesintu, nemikhuba yayo, izingoma, nemidanso, kuhambisana nokuthandwa kobuciko kwenkathi yezothando. Ezothando nokuqhathanisa ukuphila kwangempela kwamaqhawe avela kubantu kanye nezinganekwane zamademoni ezidangele. U-Verstovsky udale uhlobo lwe-opera yengoma yaseRashiya, lapho isisekelo sezici i-Russian-Slavic song-dance, i-elegiac romance, i-ballad ephawulekayo. Vocalism, ingoma isosha esihlatshelelwayo, wabheka izindlela eziyinhloko ekudaleni ephilayo, abalingiswa ecacile futhi ebonisa imizwa yomuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iziqephu ezimangalisayo, ezinomlingo namademoni zama-operas akhe zihlanganiswe nezindlela zomculo we-orchestra, kanye nosizo lwe-melodrama, okuyisici sangaleso sikhathi (okungukuthi, ukuphindaphinda ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhambisana ne-orchestra). Lezo yiziqephu “ezesabekayo” zeziphonso, ubuthakathi, ukubonakala kwemimoya emibi “yesihogo”. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-melodrama kwakungokwemvelo kuma-operas ka-Verstovsky, njengoba kwakusewuhlobo lomculo oxubile nomdlalo omangalisayo, ohlanganisa izingxoxo ze-prose. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ku "Vadim" indima eyinhloko ehloselwe inhlekelele edumile uP. Mochalov yayimangalisa kakhulu.

Ukubonakala kwe "Ivan Susanin" kaGlinka, kwenziwa unyaka ngemuva kwe "Askold's Grave". (1836), kwaphawula ukuqala kwesiteji esisha emlandweni womculo waseRussia, okusibekele konke okwakwandulele futhi kwaqhubekisela phambili ama-opera angenangqondo ka-Verstovsky. Umqambi wayekhathazeke kabuhlungu ngokulahlekelwa ukuthandwa kwakhe kwangaphambili. “Kuzo zonke izihloko engazibona njengezakho, ngazibona ngingazinaki ngokuphelele, njengokungathi angikho .. .  ” wabhalela u-Odoevsky. - "Ngingumuntu wokuqala othanda ithalente elihle kakhulu lika-Glinka, kodwa angifuni futhi angikwazi ukuyeka ilungelo lokuba mkhulu."

Engafuni ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa igunya lakhe, uVerstovsky waqhubeka nokuqamba ama-opera. Wavela ngesikhathi sokugcina sokuphila kwakhe, i-opera esekelwe esakhiweni sempilo yanamuhla yaseRussia, i-Long for the Homeland (1839), i-opera yasenganekwaneni ethi A Dream in Reality, noma i-Churova Valley (1844) kanye nenganekwane enkulu- i-opera emnandi I-Stormbreaker (1857) – ifakazela ukusesha kobuciko kokubili okuhlobene nohlobo lokudlala kanye nendima yesitayela. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokunye okutholakele okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ku-opera yokugcina ethi "Gromoboy", ephawulwe yi-flavour ye-Russian-Slavic ye-Verstovsky, umqambi wehlulekile ukubuyela enkazimulweni yakhe yangaphambili.

Ngo-1860, washiya inkonzo ehhovisi yaseshashalazini eMoscow, futhi ngo-September 17, 1862, ngemva kokusinda Glinka iminyaka 5, Verstovsky wafa. Ingoma yakhe yokugcina kwakuyi-cantata "Umkhosi kaPetru Omkhulu" emavesini embongi yakhe eyintandokazi - AS Pushkin.

T. Korzhenyants