UCharles Auguste de Bériot |

UCharles Auguste de Beriot

Kuze kube muva nje, i-Berio Violin School mhlawumbe bekuyincwadi yokufunda ejwayeleke kakhulu yabadlali beviolin abasaqalayo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa abanye othisha nanamuhla. Kuze kube manje, abafundi bezikole zomculo badlala amaphupho, ukuhlukahluka, amakhonsathi e-Berio. Kubhaliwe kumnandi futhi kumnandi futhi “ivayolin”, kuyizinto zokufundisa ezibonga kakhulu. U-Berio wayengeyena umculi ovelele, kodwa wayenguthisha omkhulu, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe emibonweni yakhe ekufundiseni umculo. Ngaphandle kwesizathu phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona abadlali be-violin abanjengoHenri Vietan, uJoseph Walter, uJohann Christian Lauterbach, Jesus Monasterio. UVietang wakhonza uthisha wakhe ukuphila kwakhe konke.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe siqu pedagogical kuxoxwa. UBerio uthathwa ngokufanelekile njengenhloko yesikole sevayolini saseBelgian sekhulu lesi-XNUMX, esanikeza umhlaba abadlali abadumile njengo-Artaud, Guis, Vietanne, Leonard, Emile Servais, Eugene Ysaye.

UBerio wayevela emndenini omdala ohloniphekile. Wazalelwa eLeuven ngoFebhuwari 20, 1802 futhi washonelwa abazali bobabili esemncane. Ngenhlanhla, amakhono akhe omculo amangalisayo adonsela ukunaka kwabanye. Uthisha womculo uTibi wabamba iqhaza ekuqeqeshweni kokuqala kukaCharles omncane. U-Berio wafunda ngokuzimisela okukhulu futhi eneminyaka engu-9 wabonakala okokuqala emphakathini, edlala elinye lamakhonsathi kaViotti.

Ukuthuthukiswa okungokomoya kukaBerio kwathonywa kakhulu imibono kaprofesa wolimi lwesiFulentshi nezincwadi, uJacotot oyisazi sobuntu, owakha indlela yokufundisa "yomhlaba wonke" esekelwe ezimisweni zokuzifundisa nokuzihlanganisa ngokomoya. Ehlatshwe umxhwele indlela yakhe, uBerio wafunda ngokuzimela waze waba neminyaka engu-19. Ekuqaleni kuka-1821, waya eParis eViotti, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumqondisi weGrand Opera. UViotti wamphatha kahle umdlali wevayolini osemusha futhi, ngokuncoma kwakhe, uBerio waqala ukuya emakilasini ekilasi likaBayo, owayenguprofesa ovelele eParis Conservatory ngaleso sikhathi. Le nsizwa ayizange iphuthelwe isifundo esisodwa sikaBayo, yafunda ngokucophelela izindlela zokufundisa kwayo, izivivinya yona. Ngemva kweBayo, wafunda isikhathi esithile noBelgian Andre Robberecht, futhi lokhu kwaba ukuphela kwemfundo yakhe.

Ukusebenza kokuqala kukaBerio eParis kwamlethela ukuthandwa okubanzi. Umdlalo wakhe wasekuqaleni, othambile, onesihlabelelo wawuthandwa kakhulu emphakathini, uhambisana nezimo ezintsha zothando ezibambe abantu baseParis ngemuva kweminyaka esabekayo yenguquko kanye nezimpi zamaNapoleon. Impumelelo eParis yaholela ekutheni uBerio athole isimemo sokuya eNgilandi. Ukuvakasha kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Lapho ibuyela ezweni lakubo, inkosi yaseNetherlands yaqoka umdlali wevayolini waseBerio enkantolo ngeholo elimangalisayo lama-florins angu-2000 ngonyaka.

Uguquko lwango-1830 lwayiqeda inkonzo yakhe yasenkantolo futhi wabuyela esikhundleni sakhe sangaphambili njengomdlali wevayolini wekhonsathi. Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, ngo-1829. U-Berio weza eParis ezobonisa umfundi wakhe osemusha - uHenri Vietana. Lapha, kwelinye lama-salon aseParis, wahlangana nomkakhe wesikhathi esizayo, umculi odumile we-opera uMaria Malibran-Garcia.

Indaba yabo yothando ibuhlungu. Indodakazi endala ye-tenor edumile uGarcia, uMaria wazalelwa eParis ngo-1808. Wayenesiphiwo esihle, wafunda ukuqamba nopiyano kuHerold esemncane, wayekwazi kahle izilimi ezine, futhi wafunda ukucula kuyise. Ngo-1824, wenza i-debut yakhe eLondon, lapho enza khona ekhonsathini futhi, ngemva kokufunda ingxenye kaRosina ku-Rossini's Barber yaseSeville ngezinsuku ezi-2, wathatha indawo yePasta egulayo. Ngo-1826, ngokumelene nezifiso zikayise, washada nomthengisi ongumFulentshi uMalibran. Umshado awuzange ujabule futhi owesifazane osemusha, eshiya umyeni wakhe, waya eParis, lapho ngo-1828 efinyelela isikhundla somculi wokuqala we-Grand Opera. Kwenye yezindawo zokucwala izinwele eParis, wahlangana noBerio. Insizwa yaseBelgium enomusa yenza umbono ongenakuvinjelwa kumuntu waseSpain othukuthele. Ngokunwebeka kwesici sakhe, wavuma uthando lwakhe kuye. Kodwa uthando lwabo lwabangela inhlebo engapheli, ukulahlwa kwezwe "eliphakeme". Ngemva kokusuka eParis, baya e-Italy.

Ukuphila kwabo bakuchitha ohambweni oluqhubekayo lwamakhonsathi. Ngo-1833 baba nendodana, uCharles Wilfred Berio, kamuva owaba umshayi wopiyano nomqambi ovelele. Iminyaka eminingana, uMalibran ubelokhu ephikelela efuna isehlukaniso nomyeni wakhe. Nokho, uyakwazi ukuzikhulula emshadweni kuphela ngo-1836, okungukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka engu-6 ebuhlungu kuye esikhundleni inkosikazi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwesehlukaniso, umshado wakhe noBerio wenziwa eParis, lapho kwakukhona khona uLablache noThalberg kuphela.

UMaria wayejabule. Wasayina ngenjabulo ngegama lakhe elisha. Kodwa-ke, isiphetho asizange sibe nesihe kumbhangqwana wakwaBerio lapha. UMaria, owayethanda ukugibela amahhashi, wawa ehhashini lakhe phakathi nohambo lwakhe futhi washaywa kanzima ekhanda. Wafihla lesi sigameko kumyeni wakhe, akazange athole ukwelashwa, futhi lesi sifo, esakhula ngokushesha, samholela ekufeni. Washona eneminyaka engu-28 kuphela ubudala! Enyakaziswa ukufa komkakhe, uBerio wayesesimweni sokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo kwaze kwaba ngo-1840. Wacishe wayeka ukunikeza amakhonsathi futhi wazihoxisa. Eqinisweni, akazange alulame ngokugcwele ekushayweni.

Ngo-1840 wenza uhambo olukhulu eJalimane nase-Austria. E-Berlin, wahlangana futhi wadlala umculo nomdlali wevayolini odumile waseRussia u-AF Lvov. Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, wamenywa ukuba athathe isikhundla sokuba uprofesa eBrussels Conservatory. UBerio wavuma ngokushesha.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-50, ishwa elisha lawela phezu kwakhe - isifo samehlo esiqhubekayo. Ngo-1852, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye umsebenzi. Eminyakeni eyi-10 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uBerio waba yimpumputhe ngokuphelele. Ngo-Okthoba 1859, esevele eyimpumputhe, wafika eSt. Petersburg kuNkosana uNikolai Borisovich Yusupov (1827-1891). U-Yusupov - umdlali wevayolini kanye nomthandi womculo okhanyisiwe, umfundi waseVieuxtan - wamema ukuba athathe indawo yomholi oyinhloko wendlu yesonto yasekhaya. Enkonzweni yeNkosana uBerio wahlala kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1859 kuya kuMeyi 1860.

Ngemuva kweRussia, uBerio wayehlala ikakhulukazi eBrussels, lapho afela khona ngo-Ephreli 10, 1870.

Ukusebenza nobuciko be-Berio kwahlanganiswa ngokuqinile namasiko esikole se-violin sakudala saseFrance saseViotti - Baio. Kodwa wanikeza la masiko umlingiswa we-sentimentalist-zothando. Mayelana nethalente, u-Berio wayengaziwa ngokulinganayo kuthando olunezivunguvungu lwePaganini kanye "nokujulile" kothando lukaSpohr. Izingoma zika-Berio zibonakala ngobuhle obuthambile nokuzwela, nezingcezu ezisheshayo - ukucwengwa nomusa. Ukuthungwa kwemisebenzi yakhe kuhlukaniswa nokukhanya kwayo okusobala, i-lacy, i-filigree figuration. Ngokuvamile, umculo wakhe unokuthinta kwe-salonism futhi awunakho ukujula.

Sithola ukuhlola okubulalayo komculo wakhe ku-V. Odoevsky: “Kuyini ukuhluka kukaMnu. Berio, uMnu. Kallivoda kanye ne-tutti quanti? “Eminyakeni embalwa edlule eFrance, kwasungulwa umshini, obizwa ngokuthi i-componuum, wona ngokwawo owahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kunoma iyiphi ingqikithi. Ababhali banamuhla balingisa lo mshini. Okokuqala uzwa isingeniso, uhlobo lokuphindaphinda; khona-ke i-motif, bese kuba ama-triplets, bese kuba amanothi axhumene kabili, bese kuba i-staccato engenakugwenywa ne-pizzicato engenakugwemeka, bese kuba i-adagio, futhi ekugcineni, ngenxa yokuzijabulisa okucatshangwayo komphakathi - ukudansa futhi njalo okufanayo yonke indawo!

Umuntu angahlanganyela ekufanekisweni okungokomfanekiso kwesitayela sikaBerio, uVsevolod Cheshikhin ake asinikeza i-Concerto yakhe Yesikhombisa: "Ikhonsathi Yesikhombisa. ayihlukaniswa ukujula okukhethekile, imizwa encane, kodwa inhle kakhulu futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu. Imyuziyamu ka-Berio … kunalokho ifana no-Cecilia Carlo Dolce, umdwebo othandwa kakhulu we-Dresden Gallery ngabesifazane, le museum enombala othakazelisayo wesimanje wokuzwela, i-brunette ebukekayo, ethusayo eneminwe emincane namehlo athokomele aphansi.

Njengomqambi, uBerio wayeneqhaza elikhulu. Wabhala amakhonsathi e-violin angu-10, ama-arias angu-12 anokwehluka, izincwadi zokubhalela ezingu-6 ze-violin, izingcezu eziningi ze-salon, ama-duo ekhonsathi e-49 ahlakaniphile opiyano ne-violin, iningi lawo laqanjwa ngokubambisana nabadlali bopiyano abadume kakhulu - uHertz, uThalberg, u-Osborne, uBenedict. , impisi. Kwakuwuhlobo lwekhonsathi esekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zohlobo lwe-virtuoso.

I-Berio inezingoma ezihlokweni zesiRashiya, isibonelo, i-Fantasia yengoma ka-A. Dargomyzhsky ethi "Darling Maiden" Op. 115, enikezelwe kumdlali wevayolini waseRussia u-I. Semenov. Kulokhu okungenhla, kufanele sengeze iSikole seViolin ezingxenyeni ezi-3 ngesithasiselo esithi "Transcendental School" (Ecole transendante du violon), esakhiwe ngama-etudes angu-60. Isikole sikaBerio sembula izici ezibalulekile ze-pedagogy yakhe. Kukhombisa ukubaluleka akunamathisele ekuthuthukisweni komculo komfundi. Njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuthuthukiswa, umbhali uphakamise ukuxazululwa - ukucula izingoma ngendlebe. Wabhala: “Ubunzima obulethwa isifundo se-violin ekuqaleni buyancishiswa ngokwengxenye kumfundi oqede izifundo ze-solfeggio. Ngaphandle kwanoma ibuphi ubunzima ekufundeni umculo, angagxila kuphela ensimbini yakhe futhi alawule ukunyakaza kweminwe yakhe futhi akhothame ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu.

Ngokusho kukaBerio, i-solfegging, ngaphezu kwalokho, isiza umsebenzi ngokuthi umuntu uqala ukuzwa lokho iso elikubonayo, futhi iso liqala ukubona lokho indlebe ekuzwayo. Ngokwenza kabusha umculo ngezwi lakhe futhi awubhale phansi, umfundi ulola inkumbulo yakhe, amenze agcine yonke imithunzi yomculo, ukuphimisela nombala. Vele, isikole saseBerio siphelelwe yisikhathi. Amahlumela endlela yokufundisa yokuzwa, okuyindlela eqhubekayo yokufundisa ngomculo wesimanje, abalulekile kuwo.

U-Berio wayenomsindo omncane, kodwa ogcwele ubuhle obungachazeki. Kwakungumculi wezingoma, imbongi ye-violin. UHeine wabhala encwadini evela eParis ngo-1841: “Ngezinye izikhathi angikwazi ukuqeda umqondo wokuthi umphefumulo womkakhe ongasekho useviolin kaBerio futhi uyacula. U-Ernst kuphela, i-Bohemian esankondlo, ongakhipha imisindo enjalo ethambile, ebuhlungu ephusheni lakhe.

L. Raaben