Izwi eliphansi |

Itemu elisho imigqa yomculo ehlukahlukene (amazwi) ku-polyphonic yesiRashiya (i-choral neqoqo) amaculo, ikakhulukazi lawo angamagama. Isetshenziswa ku-Nar. chanter practice, kwangena umculo. inganekwane. Okususelwe kulo igama elivame kakhulu elithi “vocal polyphony”. U-P. uhlotshaniswa negama elithi “izwi” ngencazelo yokucula nothile ngamanothi aphezulu (ezimweni ezinjalo babuye bathi “squeal”) osn. iculo noma ukuhluka kwawo (ubuciko bokuvuthela). Abanye abantu bayaziwa. amagama anencazelo efanayo: “i-eyeliner” (esifundeni esiseningizimu yeRussia, ngesi-Ukraine naseBelarusian Polesie), “dishkant” (kuDon), “donsa ipiston” (isifunda saseBelgorod), “goryak” (e-Ukraine) . Amagama okugcina asetshenziswa kuphela ku-P. engenhla, okwenza uzimele geqe. iphathi yomculo; amazwi aphansi kulezi zimo "i-bass" (isifunda saseBelgorod), "i-bass" (isifunda saseRyazan), njll. Igama elithi "overvoice" alisetshenziswa - kokubili amakhwaya aphezulu naphansi. amazwi abizwa ngokulinganayo ngokuthi P. I-P. ephezulu ivame ukuphathiswa izwi elilodwa, kuyilapho kungase kube nambalwa aphansi. T. n. okuyinhloko iculo livame ukuqhutshwa ngezwi eliphakathi; imvamisa yenziwa umculi (ku-Don - bass), nakuba imisebenzi yamazwi kuyo yonke ingoma kwezinye izitayela ingashintsha (isibonelo, umculo oyinhloko ungasuka ezwini uye ezwini ngezikhathi ezithile). Kuzo zonke izimo, u-P. abizwa ngokuthi amazwi achezuka kwelikhulu liye phezulu noma phansi. Lesi isici sikazwelonke esiyisici se-folklore polyphony njengesenzo "sokutholwa komculo ngokuhlanganyela" (BV Asafiev). Into noma izisekelo ze-osn. iculo (imvamisa elivela ngezansi), noma liyayibeka, liyihlobise (kusuka phezulu), noma limelene nalo, lakha umehluko wesikhashana.

Ngo-Russian Enyakatho, isisekelo se-monophonic sengoma sihlatshelelwa kanyekanye noma nge-octave, kuyilapho u-P., egwema ukunyakaza okufanayo okuhambisanayo, ahluka ngendlela efanayo, njengokungathi uyayihlobisa, ngezinye izikhathi ephikisana nayo ngokuzimela okulinganiselwe. ukucula (imvamisa kuvela phezulu), gcwalisa ukumiswa kanye nokweqa okuyinhloko. amazwi avame ukuhlangana naye kanyekanye noma i-octave, ngaleyo ndlela embule ngokucace kakhudlwana ukuphenduka kwakhe okuholayo. Ukuqedwa kwe-unison-octave yengoma ku-fret-rhythm yokugcina kuhlala kuyisibopho. ezinzile. P. - "ihlumela kushuni oyinhloko, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlubuka kancane esiqwini esikhulu" (Asafiev). Kwesinye isikhathi i-P. ekuzimeleni nasekuvezeni imizwa ilinganiswa nalokhu okubizwa. ingoma eyinhloko, futhi kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo. Enyakatho yesiRashiya. Izitayela zibuswa ngu-P. - amahlumela avela kokuyinhloko. amazwi (empeleni, ukuhlukahluka kwawo okuseduze):

Kusuka eqoqweni lika-EV Gippius no-ZV Ewald "Izingoma Ze-Pinezhya", Nombolo 55.

Kusuka eqoqweni le-AM Listopadov "Izingoma ze-Don Cossacks", vol. 3, No. 19.

Maphakathi futhi ikakhulukazi eningizimu Russian. Izitayela ze-P. zivame ukuphikiswa ngokukhululekile ne-DOS. izwi (bheka isibonelo ngenhla).

Amanye ama-echo enza lula, "qondisa" okuyinhloko. umculo, abanye, kunalokho, bayawuhlobisa, bawuthuthukise futhi bawucebise. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile ze-P. yi-pedal (ch. arr. ezingxenyeni ezimfushane zengoma) kanye nalokho okubizwa. i-non-textual P. - "iphimbo" (ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni saseVoronezh), ngokuma njalo ngomsindo owandisiwe we-tonic (phansi noma ngaphezulu) futhi, kancane kancane, okwesihlanu noma i-VII degree yemvelo (uma kwenzeka ukuchezuka kwesikhashana).

NgesiBelarusian. Polissya chorus ihlukaniswe ezimbili ezimele. amaqembu: okuyinhloko umculo womculo uzwakala ngephimbo eliphansi, elithi "bass" (ngenxa yokufingqa komculo, u-ZV Ewald walichaza njengohlobo lwe-cantus firmus), olwathi ngenqubo ye-polygoal. ingoma ingaphuma nge-polyphonically, kuyilapho iphimbo eliyedwa eliphezulu (“padvodchyk”) lihola umugqa. Iculo elilodwa nelifanayo ngokuvamile lisekela ezimbalwa. ezahlukene ngezinhlamvu kanye melodic. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-lyric. izingoma ze-polygonal (ngokwesibonelo, esigodini sasePolissya saseTonezh).

Phakathi nengoma eyodwa, ukudideka kancane kancane kwekhorasi kungenzeka. ukwakheka, ukusebenza kwe-P. Sekukonke, "imishini" eyinkimbinkimbi, enamandla yokusebenzisana kwangempela kwamazwi ku-Nar yangempela. ikhorasi ayikahlolisiswa ngokugcwele. Okurekhodiwe kwakamuva komsindo weziteshi eziningi nokunye kobuchwepheshe. izindlela zingafaka isandla ekutholakaleni kwendawo yangempela nencazelo ye-P. eNar. ikhwaya. ukucula dec. izitayela zesifunda.

References: Melgunov Yu., izingoma zesiRashiya eziqoshwe ngokuqondile emazwini abantu, vol. 1, M., 1879; I-Palchikov N., Izingoma ze-Peasant ezilotshwe edolobhaneni laseNikolaevka, isifunda saseMenzelinsky, esifundazweni sase-Ufa, M., 1888; I-Lopatin HM, i-Prokunin VP, Ukuqoqwa kwezingoma ze-lyrical zaseRussia, izingxenye 1-2, M., 1889; U-Lineva E., izingoma ezinhle zesiRashiya ekuvumelaneni kwabantu, vol. 1, eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1904; U-Gippius E., Ku-polyphony yabantu baseRussia ngasekupheleni kwe-1948 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-2, "i-Soviet Ethnography", 1960, No. 1974; URudneva A., ikhwaya yesintu yaseRussia futhi esebenza naye, M., 1961, okufanayo, 1; I-Bershadskaya T., Amaphethini ayinhloko wokuqamba we-polyphony yengoma yabalimi baseRussia, L., 1962; Popova T., ubuciko bomculo wesintu waseRussia, vol. 1965, M., 1971; I-Asafiev B., Izwi lokukhuluma, M.-L., 1972; I-Mozheiko Z., Isiko lengoma ye-Belarusian Polissya. Idolobhana laseTonezh, eMinsk, XNUMX; Amasampula e-folk polyphony, comp., inani. ed. kanye nesandulela sika-I. Zemtsovsky, L.-M., XNUMX.

II Zemtsovsky