Ukusebenza komculo |

ukusebenza komculo – creative. inqubo yokuqamba kabusha umculo. imisebenzi izokwenziwa ngendlela. ikhono. Ngokungafani nezikhala. ubuciko kumculo (ukudweba, ukubaza) njengobuciko besikhashana, okubonisa iqiniso kubuciko bomsindo. izithombe, idinga isenzo sokudala kabusha, ukulamula komenzi. Ikhona ngendlela yokuphawula komculo, umsindo wayo wangempela, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, umphakathi wayo. ubukhona bomculo. umsebenzi uthola kuphela inqubo yokubulawa, ubuciko bawo. incazelo. Kuhlala emqondweni womlaleli njengomculo ozwakalayo, ozwakalayo. Lesi sici somculo singokwemvelo emvelweni wawo, ku-dialectic. ubunye bomculo. umkhiqizo. kanye nokubulawa. Uzimele kanjani. uhlobo lobuciko. ubuciko I. m. ithuthuka ngalowo mlando. isigaba sokuthuthukisa umculo. claim-va, lapho izimo zezintaba. amasiko, izinhlelo zokulungisa umculo ngezimpawu ezijwayelekile ziyavela. Ekubhalweni komculo, ukwenza i-semiotic kuphela. imisebenzi nokulungisa kuphela inhlanganisela yokuphakama okuphezulu nesigqi. ukuhlobana kwemisindo, ubuciko obuthile bulungiswa ngumqambi. okuqukethwe. Iphimbo lombhalo womculo, ukuhumusha kwawo kuyisenzo sokudala. Inkambu yezindlela zokukhuluma zomculi oculayo inokuzimela nokucaciswa okuthile. Ukwenziwa kwephimbo kuyahluka kokomqambi (okugxilwe ekuphawuleni komculo) ngokuyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. imvelo. Ama-nuances amahle kakhulu wephimbo, i-agogic, ashukumisayo. kanye nokuchezuka kwetempo, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhipha umsindo, ezingaqoshwanga ekubhalweni komculo, zakha inkimbinkimbi yokwenza izindlela zokukhuluma ezihambisana nenkimbinkimbi yezakhi zomculo. ulimi olusetshenziswe umqambi. Kuye ngendlela yokuphimbola komculi, ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe. ubuntu, izinga lokuzwela ekubonweni komculo, mhlawumbe ukudalulwa okuhlukile kokuqukethwe kwawo okungokomfanekiso nesakhiwo somzwelo. Ubuningi obunjalo bokusebenza bunqunywa ukuphindaphindeka okuhlukile kokuqukethwe kwamamyuziyemu. isebenza. Ukutholakala kobuciko. iqiniso lomculo. umkhiqizo, okhona ngendlela yombhalo womculo futhi udalwe kabusha umenzi (noma abadlali) ngesisekelo sobuhle obukhona kuwo. amaphethini, ngokuyisisekelo ehlukanisa I. m. kusuka ekuthuthukisweni.

Ukwakhiwa I. m. kanjani uProf. art-va, enezici zayo zemvelo, ubuciko. kanye nochwepheshe. imisebenzi ehambisana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemiphakathi. ukwenziwa komculo, ukuthuthukiswa komculo. izinhlobo nezitayela, ukuthuthukiswa kokubhala nomculo. amathuluzi. Ukwakhiwa I. m. ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kohlaka lomculo wehlelo owawubusa ngaleso sikhathi. Isonto. umbono nokushumayela kwawo ukuzincisha umkhawulo ekukhulumeni kwawo. amathuba omculo, okufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-wok "ejwayelekile". kanye ne-instr. umsindo, onqunyiwe othize. ukukhetha kuzoveza. izindlela nezindlela zokusebenza, isitayela esimile. Unqunu kakhulu. i-polyphonic. ishede lomculo wehlelo kanye ne-approx. izinhlobo zokuqoshwa kwayo, ekuqaleni okungezona ezongqondo, bese kuthi ekubhalweni kokuya endodeni, kunqume, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugqama kokwenziwa komculo okuhlangene (ishl. hlela. choral a cappella), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzokwenza izici. ukuzijwayeza okusekelwe emithethweni nezimiso ezinqunywe kusengaphambili. FUTHI. m. kubhekwa kuphela "njengokugcwaliseka" kwale mithetho maqondana nombhalo womculo onikeziwe, umenzi - njengohlobo "lwengcweti". Ukuqonda okusha I. m. iqala ngekhulu le-16-17. e-Italy namasiko ayo obuntu weRenaissance. Ngokukhula kwezintaba onxiwankulu. isiko, ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-secular muz.-societies. impilo (izikole, i-opera house) uprofesa. umculo kusho. okungenani ekhululwe ekubuseni ibandla. Ukuvunyelwa kwesitayela se-homophonic, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ukudlala izinsimbi ezikhotheme, kuthinte i-I. m. Ubuhle obusha izimiso zeRenaissance ziholela ekwandeni kokuvezwa kweminyuziyamu. isk-va. Ithonya elibalulekile ku-I. m. inikeza ubuciko be-opera ne-violin. Ukungqubuzana kobuhle babo kungqubuzana futhi kuthintane. isiqondiso sokuthambekela: "ukwenziwa kwezinsimbi" zokucula, isici sesitayela se-bel canto opera. amazwi, abonakala ngokucacile ikakhulukazi kumculi we-castrati wekhulu le-17-18, kanye "nokwenziwa kwabantu" kwezinsimbi, okwathola ukubonakaliswa okuphelele kwesudi "yokucula" ngesiNtaliyane. abadlali be-violin, isisekelo saso kwaba ukudalwa kwe-classic. uhlobo lwe-violin njengensimbi yomculo ebanzi. ukuphefumula. Ubuhle obuhamba phambili ithrendi ukulinganiselwa kwe-instr. umsindo ekuvezeni komuntu. (“Ukuze udlale kahle, kumelwe ucule kahle,” kumemezela uJ. Tartini), ehlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nesifiso sokuyinika umuntu ngamunye. umbala. I-violin, ekuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise umsindo ngamunye ngokwezinga elikhulu kunomoya nezinsimbi ezikhishwayo, iba umphathi wentando yeningi entsha. enza. isiko, enquma ukuthuthukiswa I. m. ekuqondeni kokuphelela okukhulu nokuhlukahluka kwenkulumo. Akuyona i-organ, noma i-harpsichord noma i-lute, edlala lapho emakhulwini angu-17-18. ifinyelele izinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe. kanye nezobuciko. izinga, alizange libe nomthelela onjalo kumdlali. funa Ihubo levayolini - elide futhi elinwetshiwe, elicebile ngokuguquguquka. i-shades, ekwazi ukuveza isimo somuntu sesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esihlukile, inquma ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi amasha. izinhlobo - preclassical. i-sonata nekhonsathi, osn. ekuhlanganiseni iminyuziyamu ehlukene. izithombe zibe umjikelezo owodwa. ukwakheka. Lokhu kwaba yisiqalo sokudlondlobala kokucula yedwa, ukunothisa abaculi. izindlela zokukhuluma. Lokhu kukhombisa imfuneko yobuhle be-Renaissance ukuze kuvezwe ku-art-ve ext. ukuthula kobuntu kuye wonke umuntu. okwakhe. Kuvela uhlobo olusha lomculi womculo. Lokhu akuseyona "ingcweti" emincane, esebenza ngokuhambisana nenzalamizi. amasiko eNkathi Ephakathi, kodwa iciko lomhlaba wonke elinolwazi namakhono ahlukahlukene. Ibonakala ngokuhlangana kumuntu oyedwa womculi nomqambi womculo; enhliziyweni yalo lizakwenza. ikhono lilele lokusungula. ukulungiswa. Wenza umsebenzi "womqambi odlalayo" ezimeni zombango. umphakathi wawunqunyelwe ohlakeni “lokwenza umculo ovaliwe”, wawenza phambi kwendilinga yabalaleli abakhethiwe ekamelweni elincane (i-aristocratic. isaluni, ihholo lesigodlo, ingxenye yesonto). Kwakuwukwenza umculo we-chamber, no-Krom kwakungekho umugqa obukhali phakathi komculi nezethameli - babehlanganiswe uzwela olujulile lwemizwa. Ngakho-ke imininingwane yesici njengokungabikho kwesiteji. Ngokuphambene neciko lesimanje elidlala phambi kwezihlwele eziningi ngohlelo oluhlelwe kusengaphambili oluhlanganisa izingoma zabanye. ababhali, "umqambi odlalayo" ukhulume nombuthano omncane "wabazi" kanye "nabaqambi" bomculo futhi ngokuvamile wenza owakhe. izindatshana. Wazuza impumelelo hhayi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. ukuphelela komdlalo, bungakanani ubuciko bokwenza ngcono. ukudlalwa komculo. I-Virtuosity yayingaqondwa njengokutholakala okuphelele kwesamba samakhono obuchwepheshe. amasu okusebenza, kodwa njengekhono “lokukhuluma” nezithameli usebenzisa ithuluzi. Lokhu kubonwe njengomgomo ophakeme kakhulu we-I. m. Umculo ofanayo. umkhuba wawuhlotshaniswa nenkathi lapho “umqambi odlalayo” engumqambi ohamba phambili. umfanekiso, nomculo. umkhiqizo. ubengakabhekwa njengokuphelele, kuze kube sekugcineni komsindo, ufakwe ngaphambilini ubuhlakani bakhe. isenzo esingaguquki emculweni. Ngakho-ke ukubusa emakhulwini angu-17-18. izinhlobo ezingaphelele zenothi lomculo (nakuba i-notation enemigqa emi-5, ethathe indawo ye-nemensional ne-mensural, yalungisa ubude obuqondile nobude bemisindo) kanye namasiko okuthuthukiswa kwayo. ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-bass evamile kanye nobuciko bokuhlobisa. Umculi bekumele abe nespesheli. ulwazi namakhono, kusukela ubuciko bokudala. ukwenza ngcono kwakudinga ukuthi umenzi alalele imithetho ethile. Isimangalo sobuciko. ukuthuthukiswa kudlale indima enkulu ekucebiseni i-express. kanye nochwepheshe. macala I. m., kube nesandla ekuqiniseni izakhi zobuciko kuyo. subjectivism, ukuthuthukiswa virtuosity. Kwaqedwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. ukwakheka kwe-orchestra ye-symphony yakudala, ehlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kohlobo lwe-symphony, futhi kamuva, ukukhuthazwa kwensimbi entsha eyedwa - insimbi esebenza ngesando, ebambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwamafomu e-classical. ama-sonata namakhonsathi, amake isigaba esibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwe-I. m. Izinhlobo ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi namafomu, afaka uhla olubanzi lwamamyuziyemu. izithombe nemizwa. izifundazwe kunezangaphambili, zibe nesandla ekujuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwabadlali. izindlela zokukhuluma. Umculo oyinkimbinkimbi. okuqukethwe kwakungadingeki kuphela ukuqoshwa okuphelele nokunembile kombhalo womculo ngabaqambi, kodwa futhi nokulungiswa kokukhethekile. enza. imiyalelo. Isistimu ye-bass evamile iyafa, ubuciko bokudala buwela ekuboleni. ukuthuthukiswa, ukuwohloka kube ukuhlobisa kwangaphandle. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-sentimentalism nenkolo yayo yokuzizwa kanye nobuntu, amagama wengoma eyedwa ayathuthuka, instr. umculo uthola ukugcwala kwemizwelo okukhulu, ukuqina, ukuqhathanisa, isitayela esisha sokudlala kwe-orchestra siyavela, okubonisa inguquko emkhakheni wokwenza amandla. Amandla afana ne-echo abebusa inkathi ye-Baroque, aphumule ku-Ch. hlela. ezimisweni ze-architectonic, yenza kube bushelelezi, kuguquguquke kancane kancane. izinguquko, ngokucashile umehluko. ama-nuances ashukumisayo - "i-dynamics of feeling". I-Aesthetics yesitayela esisha I. m. kubonakala emfundisweni yethonya (isib. Ithiyori ethintayo). Ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi kokusebenza nokuthinta, okuphawulwe ezikoleni ze-I. I-Quantz kanye noF. E. U-Bach, naphezu kwemvelo yokulungisa izinto, ube nesandla ekujuleni kokuqonda kwabadlali imizwa. okuqukethwe komculo. umsebenzi kanye nokuhlonza kwawo okuphelele ohlelweni lokusebenza. Ngemva kokudlula ethonyeni lezitayela ze-baroque, i-rococo kanye ne-sentimentalism, ubuciko be-I. m. ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-18. ibhekene nomthelela olokhu ukhula njalo wezinguquko zomphakathi ezibangelwa ukugomela konxiwankulu. imiphakathi. ubudlelwano. Ngalesi sikhathi, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-nat. enza. izikole. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-Great French revolution eyaqeda izinhlobo zakudala "ezivaliwe" zenhlangano yama-muses. ukuphila, main ne academician. amalungelo, ekubuseni kwakudala kwemibango. izicukuthwane nebandla, libuswa ngentando yeningi. Indlela entsha yonxiwankulu abavulekile. ukwenziwa komculo - ikhonsathi yomphakathi (nezimiso zayo zokukhokha kanye nohlelo olulungiselelwe kusengaphambili), iphendule ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile zezenhlalo ezenzeke ekubunjweni kwezilaleli. Umlaleli omusha, owadlula esikoleni esinzima sokuphila, wasinda ezenzakalweni zenguquko enkulu kanye nenkathi yamaNapoleon, eyashukumisa kakhulu izinkanuko zomuntu, izipho ku-I. m. izidingo ezintsha. Ukhetha ukugcwala kwemizwa, ukuveza okucacile, imizwa kunokusondelana kokuhlangenwe nakho. ubude. Uhlatshwa umxhwele umdidiyeli womculi, ekhuluma nezilaleli eziningi. Ngokuvumelana. isiteji sivela ehholo, uhlobo oluthile lokukhuluma, oluhlukanisa umdwebi emphakathini, njengokungathi umbeka ngaphezu kwawo. EFrance, emculweni. ukusebenza kwakha isitayela sobuqhawe. i-classicism, efanekisela i-romanticism ezayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-19. FUTHI. m. ukuthola ukuzimela okwengeziwe. Ukusabalala kwe-symphony ne-opera orchestra kubangela isidingo sabaningi. abasebenzi baka-prof. abadlali. Ezihlweleni zabaculi kuba nokwehlukana kwemisebenzi phakathi komqambi nomculi. Nokho, emiphakathini emisha. izimo, uhlobo oluhlukile lomculi luphinde lwakhiwe - "i-virtuoso yokuqamba", osahlanganisa umculi nomqambi kumuntu oyedwa. Ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwano bezohwebo namasiko phakathi kwamazwe, ukungena kwamamuses. amasiko ngendlela ebanzi, yentando yeningi. imibuthano yabantu ishintsha ubunjalo bomsebenzi womdlali. Isisekelo somsebenzi wakhe ngokwezomnotho akulona iholo akhokhelwa umxhasi wezobuciko noma isonto. curiae, kanye nemali engenayo evela ku-prof. umsebenzi wekhonsathi. Izinzuzo. intshisekelo ku-opera ivula intshisekelo ekhulayo ku-instr. umculo. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwekhonsathi entsha. izilaleli. Ngemva kokuqeda isidingo sokujabulisa "ongoti" abahlonishwayo kanye "nabachwepheshe" bomculo, umculi wekhonsathi uphoqeleka ukuba acabange ngokuthandwa konxiwankulu. amathikithi ekhonsathi yokuthenga umphakathi. T. mayelana., nakuba onxiwankulu. imiphakathi. uhlelo lukhulule umenzi ku-semi-feud. ukuncika futhi wamenza ilungu lomphakathi elilinganayo, le nkululeko yayiwumbhedo. Izinhlobo zokuncika kuphela ezishintshile: ziye zaba banzi, ziguquguquka kakhulu, zingabonakali futhi zilukhuni. Ukunwetshwa kwesikali kuzokwenza. umsebenzi awumvumeli umculi wekhonsathi ukuthi azilawulele yena mathupha inhlangano yemidlalo yakhe. Lokhu kumenza afune usizo kwabanye. abantu. Umsebenzi we-impresario uyavela. Ethola ingxenye ethile yemali engenayo ngaphansi kwenkontileka, iciko lithembisa ukucula kumakhonsathi ahlelwe yi-impresario. “Umculi wekhonsathi” wokuqala owaphetha isivumelwano esinjalo nomuntu ozimele kwakunguN. Phaganini. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwekhonsathi yesimanje. izimboni zonxiwankulu. amazwe, ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni konxiwankulu. izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa komdwebi. Ithalente lomculi liba yinto yokwenza inzuzo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okunenzuzo yemali. “Umculi omdayisela ukucula ngokuthanda kwakhe uyisisebenzi esingakhiqizi. Kodwa yena lo mculi, umenywe usomabhizinisi, okuthi ukuze athole imali, amenze acule, uyisisebenzi esikhiqizayo, ngoba ukhiqiza imali” (K. Marx, Theory of surplus value, ch. 1 KUYA. Amamaki kanye noF. Engels, Soch., ed. 2, t. 26, h. 1, M., 1962, p. 410). Isikhalazo kubabukeli abaningi (yize ekuqondeni kwaleso sikhathi) sibeka phambili ubuhlakani obusha kumculi. imisebenzi. Ubuhle bomculo buyathuthuka. ukusebenza, okwathola ukuphela kwayo. inkulumo ethi "ukuqamba i-virtuoso" - ubuciko obuphambili. Izibalo zothando. Phakathi kwakhe kanye "nomqambi odlalayo" wekhulu le-17-18. kunomehluko omkhulu oyisisekelo: "kumqambi odlalayo" uzocula. ubuciko buyindlela kuphela yokuqaphela ubuhlakani bomuntu. izifiso, futhi, ngokuphambene, ubuciko bomqambi “wokuqamba i-virtuoso” buyindlela nje yokubonisa ukusebenza. ikhono. I-spatial-acoustic entsha. izimo zehholo elikhulu lekhonsathi, lapho umculi eqhubeka khona. imisebenzi "yokuqamba i-virtuoso" inomthelela kuzo zonke izici ze-I. m., kanye nasemculweni. amathuluzi. Isidingo samandla amakhulu nokuqina komsindo kubangela ukuthi i-harpsichord ebuthakathaka ithathelwe indawo isenzo sesando esishintshashintshayo. Ukwenyuka okuvamile kwe-pitch yemfoloko yokushuna kwaholela ekuqineni okuqinile ezintanjeni zevayolini, okwabangela ukuba kube nesidingo soshintsho ekukhuphukeni kwayo (ukuthuthukiswa kwesitendi, izindlu zasekhaya, njll.). Lokhu kuchaza ukusetshenziswa okusabalele ngabashayi bevayolini nabalingisi beseli bendlela ye-vibrato, enomthelela ekusakazweni komsindo okungcono ekamelweni elikhulu, kanye nokuchuma okungakaze kubonwe kwesu le-virtuoso njengendlela eguquguqukayo. amafomu okudlulisa umculo. ukunyakaza. I-Acoustics enkulu. umculo we-pop ukhuthaza ukucinga amagama amasha. kanye nochwepheshe. izimali zizokwenza. isk-va. Ukuze kuqiniswe umthelela ongokwengqondo esixukwini sabalaleli, izici zokuzijabulisa zingeniswa ekusebenzeni. Ukwenza ukuphindukuzalwa, veza. Ukushukuma komzimba kuyisici esibalulekile se-romanticism. ukusebenza. “Umdlalo” wobuso nezandla zomculi uba yindlela “yokuqopha” indawo yomculi. isithombe esithuthukisa umbono womlaleli ngawo (“Ukulalela umdlalo kaLiszt ngemva kwekhethini kungaba ingxenye yenjabulo,” kubhala uR. Schumann). Ngakho-ke ukubukeka okungavamile, "kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini" yomculi, okwakuvame ukuthusa onxiwankulu "abahloniphekile". Lokhu kuphinde kwabonakala embhikishweni wezithandani bephikisana nonxiwankulu. umusa. Ukugxilisa ingqondo okuxubile nakho kwakhelwe ekuzijabuliseni. uhlelo lapho i-“composing virtuoso” idlala khona kanye nabaculi, abacula ngabodwana bezinsimbi, kanye ne-orchestra. Ukwenza okwakho kuphela. Ukukhiqiza., "Ukuqamba i-virtuoso" kukhawulelwe ezinhlotsheni zekhonsathi ye-virtuoso, inganekwane nokuhluka kwezindikimba ezithandwayo, umdlalo wesici ogqamile, okuqukethwe okungajulile, kodwa ukwethula izinto zokubonga zokubonisa umuntu ngamunye. enza. ikhono. Izithameli zithonywa ububanzi be-virtuoso bomdlalo, indiza enesibindi, uhla olumibalabala lwemithunzi yemizwa. Intshiseko yakhe ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokwenza inombolo yokugcina eyisibopho yohlelo - inganekwane yamahhala esihlokweni esithile. Kuyo, ngokusho kwezothando. ubuhle, umuzwa womdwebi wawuvezwe ngokugcwele, ngokucacile nangokuqondile, ubuntu bakhe babonakaliswa. Ukunqoba okuningi kokusebenza kwe-Romantic, ikakhulukazi imibala emisha. nezindlela zokudlala ze-virtuoso, zangena ngokuqinile kuma-muses. umkhuba Nokho, isimangalo "sokuqamba i-virtuoso" yathwala ukuphikisana okujulile, okwakuhlanganisa igebe phakathi kwengcebo yokukhuluma. kusho futhi ngokuvamile ukungabi nalutho kwama-muses. impahla, ekufanekisweni kwayo ezithunyelwe. Kuphela nabaculi abanjengoPaganini, lokhu kwahlengwa ngokudala okukhulu. amandla obuntu babo. Abaningi babo abalingisi I. m. uwohloka ube ukuzijabulisa kwe-salon. ubuciko, abantu abathuthukayo bangaleso sikhathi ababebubheka njengenkomba yokuziphatha. oBourgeois abawile. womphakathi. K ser. 19 ku. ukungqubuzana okwandayo phakathi kwesitayela sokumaketha kobuciko be-“composing virtuoso” kanye nobuciko obujwayelekile. izitayela ekuthuthukisweni komculo ziholela enkingeni yothando. ukusebenza. Kusungulwa uhlobo olusha lomculi – umhumushi, umhumushi wobuhlakani bomunye umqambi womunye umuntu. Kukhona i-radical stylistic. revolution in conc. ingoma yomculo. Amaphupho nokwehluka kuzindikimba ezisebenzayo kuthathelwa indawo imikhiqizo. FUTHI. C. Baha, W. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, imisebenzi yamakhosi amadala iyavuselelwa. Emkhakheni wethonya uzokwenza.

Esikhathini sokuqala sokuvunywa kwezimangalo zamamuse. Ukuhunyushwa kwendima enkulu kwadlalwa yidlanzana labaculi abavelele. Kanye nabadlali abafana nabadlali beviolin uF. UDavid kanye noY. Joachim noma umqhubi F. A. U-Khabeneck nabanye, laba futhi ngabaculi bamazwe ngamazwe ababengabaqambi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo abadlali bopiyano abamangalisayo nabaqhubi - F. Uhlu kanye no-A. G. I-Rubinstein, noma abaqhubi kuphela - u-G. Berlioz kanye no-R. Wagner. Kwenziwa imisebenzi yalaba baculi kwaphawula umlando obaluleke kakhulu. isigaba ekuthuthukisweni. m., okwaphawula ukuqala kwesimanje. enza. Faka isicelo. FUTHI. m. ikhuphukela kubuciko obuphezulu nobuhlukile ngokwekhwalithi. ezingeni, uhlobo olusha lomculi luvunyiwe. "Ukuqamba i-virtuoso" - umculi owakhe. prod., kuboniswe enkolelweni yakhe-ve kuphela umbuthano omncane wemizwa. izimo kanye nemizwa ehambisana nobuhle bakhe bomuntu siqu. izifiso. Empeleni ubemane nje engumuntu oveza okwakhe. imizwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, inqunyelwe imibono eqondile mayelana namathuba okwenza. isk-va. Kumdlali wohlobo olusha - umhumushi womsebenzi womqambi womunye umuntu, isimo esikhethekile somdlalo sithatha indawo yokuhumusha okubeka ubuciko obunenjongo ngaphambi komculi. imisebenzi – ukudalula, ukuhumusha kanye nokudluliswa kwesakhiwo esingokomfanekiso seminyuziyamu. umkhiqizo. kanye nenhloso yombhali wayo. Inani kokusebenzisekayo liyakhula. isk-ve inhloso-ukwazi. izakhi, isimiso sobuhlakani siyathuthukiswa. Ngokuthuthukiswa kokuhumusha kwe-art-va emculweni. ukusebenza kwakhiwa umenzi. izikole, izitayela, izitayela ezihlobene nokubola. ukuqonda imisebenzi kanye nezindlela ze-I. m., izinkinga ziphakama ekusebenzeni komculo wokuqala, izinhlobo zokuhumusha zizalwa - umculi. ukuhlela nokulotshwa. Ukusungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19-20. Ukurekhoda kudale ithuba lokulungisa noma yikuphi ukusebenza okuthile kokukhiqiza. Uhlobo olusha lokusebenza luye lwavela ezimweni zokuqoshwa kwe-studio - uhlobo lomdlali. “uhlobo”, olunobuhle balo. okujwayelekile kanye nezici eziyehlukanisa ne-conc evamile. ukubulawa. Ukurekhoda kube nomthelela kuzo zonke izici ze-I. m., ukubeka phambili ubuhle obusha, ezengqondo. kanye nochwepheshe. izinkinga ezihambisana nokuchazwa komuntu, ukudluliswa kanye nokubonwa komculo. Imiphakathi yesimanje. impilo ilwela naye. Ijubane, indima engakaze izwakale yobuchwepheshe, inomthelela omkhulu ku-I. m., ukuthuthukiswa okwenzeka ezimweni ezinzima. Emazweni onxiwankulu athintwa kabi ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kokwehliswa kwabantu okukhona esikhathini samanje. isimangalo sonxiwankulu. Ngama-1920-30s. ngaphakathi futhi. m. isimo sasemadolobheni siyavela. isitayela "Neue Sachlichkeit" ("ukusebenza kahle okusha", "into entsha") ngomzwelo wayo, i-apsychologism, i-fetishization yobuchwepheshe, ukoma okwakhayo, ukukhazimulisa kulwela. ijubane nokukhuthazela kwezemidlalo. Kusukela ngo-1950-ies. ithonya elibi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lonxiwankulu liyakhula. isiko "lobuningi", ukuthengiswa kwe-art-va, futhi ngakolunye - umculo. avant-garde, ephika I. m. njengecala kumuntu ophilayo. inkulumo, esikhundleni semishini yakhe. ukuhlanganisa nokukhiqiza imisindo. Lokhu kunikeza i-I. m. izenzakalo ezimbi, zakha igebe phakathi komculi nomphakathi. Imikhuba yokucekelwa phansi iphikisana nezikhova. enza. ubuciko, kanye nemisebenzi yabaculi bangaphandle abakhulu kunabo bonke abathuthukayo, ngokusekelwe emasikweni amaqiniso amakhulu. nezothando. ukusebenza. izimpawu B. Walter, W. Furtwengler, J. Sigethi, P. Casals nabanye. enye abaculi bawabonisa ngokucacile amazwi ka-K. Marx ukuthi “ukukhiqizwa kobunxiwankulu kunobutha kwezinye izingxenye zokukhiqiza ezingokomoya, njengobuciko nezinkondlo” (K. Marx, Theory of surplus value, ch. 1 KUYA. Amamaki kanye noF. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, h. 1, M., 1962, p. 280). Nokho, ngobuciko babo obuhle kakhulu. amasampula omculo wesimanje onephimbo lawo eliyinkimbinkimbi. kanye nesigqi. uhlelo luthinta ngokujulile ukuziphendukela komdlali. izindlela zokukhuluma kanye nemigomo yokusebenza kwekhonsathi. Indima yayo inkulu ekunqobeni imibono emisiwe mayelana ne-instr. futhi wok. ubuhle, ekucabangeni kabusha indima yesigqi yabadlali, ekuqondeni i-timbre hhayi njengendlela “yokufaka umbala” iphimbo, kodwa njengendlela yokuveza iminyuziyamu. inkulumo. Lesi sakamuva sithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezikhethekile zokukhuluma, eziqondile. ukusetshenziswa kokuthinta kanye ne-pedal ngabashayi bepiyano, i-violinists kanye nama-cellists - vibrato, portamento, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zokushaywa, njll. n., okuhloswe ngayo ukudalulwa kwe-psychology-express. umbhalo ongezansi womculo. Konke lokhu kushintsha instr. inqubo, spiritualizes it, kwenza kube ashukumisayo kakhudlwana. Isimanjemanje. izindlela zokukhuluma zavula ithuba lokufunda okusha kwe-museum.

Izinkinga ze-I. m. zidonse ukunaka kuwo wonke umlando wokuthuthuka kwayo. Zihlanganiswe emisebenzini eminingi yesayensi: kusukela ezincwadini zongqondongqondo zasendulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi. izifundiswa emisebenzini yefilosofi kaD. Diderot, F. Hegel futhi K. Marx. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuvela okukhethekile. izindaba ku-I. m., evame ukuzala, i-polemical ebukhali. umlingiswa (ngokwesibonelo, incwadi ka-Y. I-Leblanc "Ukuvikela i-bass viola ngokumelene nezimangalo ze-violin ..." - "Défense de la basse de viole contre les entréprises du violon et les prétentions du violoncel", 1740), wok. kanye ne-instr. "Izindlela" ezichaza ithiyori. kanye ne-aesthetics izisekelo ze-I. m., ukucabangela imibuzo kuzokwenza. imikhuba. Ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi komculo. isiko lanquma indawo ebalulekile ehlala u-I. m. kwesimanje. imiphakathi. ukuphila, ukubaluleka kwayo njengobuciko obukhulu.-ethical. amandla athinta umhlaba kamoya womuntu. Intshisekelo emibuzweni ka-I. m. kuye kwanda, futhi nohlu lokucwaninga lwesayensi luye lwanda. izinkinga. Kanye nesikhungo. izinkinga ze-aesthetics zika-I. m. (isilinganiso senhloso kanye nezimiso ezizimele kuyo, umsebenzi kanye nencazelo yawo), isifundo sokuqhathanisa I. m., os. ekurekhodweni komsindo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqhathanisa nokuhlaziya i-decomp. izincazelo zomkhiqizo ofanayo. Umthelela ku-I. m. nasendleleni ebona ngayo umsindo oqoshiwe, umsakazo, umabonakude, njll. kuyafundwa. izincwadi zakwamanye amazwe, ezinikelwe. imibuzo ka I. m., iveza isithombe esimibalabala. Imibono engokoqobo kanye nokuqashelwa okuhloswe kahle kwemvelo ye-I. m. hlangana ne-decomp. uhlobo lwe-idealistic. imiqondo kanye nokuhlelekile. amathiyori ahlakaza imibono nemizwa. ingqikithi ye-I. m., nemibono eyehlisela indima yokuba umakhenikha. ohambisa umbhalo womculo, kanye nesayensi mbumbulu. ukubikezela ukufa kwayo ngaphansi kwezimo zesimanje. inqubekelaphambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Kweminye imisebenzi, njengesibonelo, encwadini. T. V. Adorno “Umeluleki Othembekile. Inkomba yomkhuba womculo”, kwenziwa umzamo, ngokusekelwe ezicini ezijwayelekile ezitholakala esikhathini samanje. umculo (A. Webern, A. Schoenberg, A. Berg), ukunikeza okusha okusebenzayo. iziyalezo eziphezulu. Okubalulekile ekucabangeni kabusha kule ndawo kwakudala. nezothando. amasiko, ahlobene nezindaba zokukhiqiza kabusha, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu athile okudlala: ukushaya ukhiye, ukunyathela, ukushaywa unhlangothi, ukubekwa kwezimpawu zokuphimisela, i-tempo, ukuphimisela, ukuguquguquka, njll.; emacaleni omnyango, lezi zinkomba zinentshisekelo. Kusho. iqhaza esifundweni sika-I. m. kwenza izikhova. n.-i. kanye nomcabango wetiyetha. E-USSR, ukutadisha ukubunjwa komculo kwakha igatsha elizimele le-musicology-umlando kanye nethiyori yokusebenza, ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ze-Marxist-Leninist aesthetics. Emisebenzini yakhe, uSt. umlando we-I. m., inkolelo yakhe kanye nobuhle, izikhova. izazi zomculo zifuna ukuveza ubuntu. kanye nenani le-I. m. njengamaqiniso. izimangalo zenkulumo yomuntu ephilayo. Izinhlelo ezikhethekile zishicilelwa e-USSR. Ngomgqibelo. "Ukwenziwa komculo" (uhlelo 1-7, eMoscow, 1954-72), "Ubuciko bokwenza umculo wangaphandle" (uhlelo 1-6, eMoscow, 1962-72) kanye "Ikhono lomculi odlalayo" (ukukhishwa 1, M. , 1972). Ezikhovaneni eziningi. ama-conservatories afundeka ngokukhethekile. inkambo yomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo.

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I-IM Yampolsky