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kusuka ku-lat. intono - khuluma kakhulu

I. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwezomculo-ethiyori. kanye nobuhle umqondo onezincazelo ezintathu ezihlobene:

1) Inhlangano ye-Altitude (ukuxhumana nokuxhumana) komculo. amathoni avundlile. Emculweni ozwakalayo, ukhona kuphela ngobunye nenhlangano yesikhashana yamathoni - isigqi. “Intonation… ihlanganiswe eduze nesigqi njengento eqondisa ukwambulwa komculo” (BV Asafiev). Ukubumbana kuka-I. nesigqi kwakha umculo (ngomqondo obanzi), lapho I., njengohlangothi lwayo oluphakeme, lungahlukaniswa ngokwethiyori kuphela, ngokufinyezwa.

Muses. I. ihlobene ngemvelaphi futhi ngezindlela eziningi ifana nenkulumo, iqondwa njengezinguquko emsindweni (“ithoni”) yezwi futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuphakama kwalo (“iculo lenkulumo”). I. emculweni iyafana nenkulumo ethi I. (uma sisho uhlangothi olume mpo lwakamuva) emsebenzini wayo wokuqukethwe (yize enkulumeni umthwali omkhulu wokuqukethwe yigama - bheka I, 2) nakwezinye izici zesakhiwo, ezimele kanye nenkulumo I., inqubo yokushintsha kwephimbo emisindweni, ukuveza imizwa nokulawulwa enkulumweni nase-wok. umculo ngemithetho yokuphefumula nokusebenza kwemisipha yezintambo zezwi. Umlutha womculo. I. kusuka kulawa maphethini isivele ibonakala ekwakhiweni kwephimbo lomsindo, i-melodic. imigqa (ukuba khona kwereferensi kuzwakala njengemisindo efanayo enkulumweni I.; indawo yomkhulu engxenyeni engezansi yebanga lezwi: ukushintshaniswa kokukhuphuka nokwehla; ukwehla, njengomthetho, isiqondiso sephimbo umugqa esiphethweni, isigaba sokunyakaza, njll.), kuyathinta futhi ekukhulumeni komculo. I. (ukuba khona kwama-caesuras okujula okuhlukahlukene, njll.), kwezinye izimfuneko ezijwayelekile zokuvezwa kwayo (ukwanda kokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo lapho ukhuphuka kanye nokukhishwa lapho wehla, enkulumweni nasemculweni wephimbo ohambisana nokwanda kwemizamo. yemisipha yemishini yezwi kanye nokuphumula kwemisipha).

Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezibonisiwe ze-I. nazo zibalulekile, kokubili kokuqukethwe kwazo (bona I, 2) kanye nesimo. Uma enkulumeni I. imisindo ayihlukanisiwe futhi ayinakho okumisiwe okungenani nokuhlobene. ukunemba kobude, bese emculweni I. ukudala iminyuziyamu. amathoni imisindo ehlukanisiwe kakhulu noma ngaphansi ngokuqinile ekuphakameni kwephimbo ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwemvamisa ye-oscillation ekhombisa ngayinye yazo (yize lapha, futhi, ukumiswa kwephimbo akuphelele - bheka I, 3). Muses. amathoni, ngokungafani nemisindo yenkulumo, esimweni ngasinye angeka-k.-l. Isistimu yomsindo womculo eyasungulwa ngokomlando, yakha ubudlelwano bobude obuqhubekayo (izikhawu) ezinqunyelwe ekusebenzeni futhi zihlanganiswa ngesisekelo sesistimu ethile yokusebenza-okunengqondo. ubudlelwano kanye nokuxhumana (lada). Siyabonga kulo mculo. I. yehluka ngokwemfanelo enkulumweni - izimele kakhudlwana, ithuthukile futhi inomuzwa omkhulu ngendlela engenakulinganiswa. amathuba.

I. (njengenhlangano ephezulu yamathoni) isebenza njengesisekelo somculo esakhayo nesivezayo-semantic. Ngaphandle kwesigqi (kanye nangaphandle kwesigqi namandla, kanye ne-timbre, exhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nayo), umculo awukwazi ukuba khona. Ngakho, umculo uwonke unephimbo. imvelo. Indima eyisisekelo neyinhloko ka-I. emculweni ibangelwa izici eziningana: a) ubudlelwano bephimbo lamathoni, obuhambayo kakhulu futhi buvumelana nezimo, buhluke kakhulu; I-psycho-physiological ethile izakhiwo zinquma indima yazo ehamba phambili ekukhulumeni ngomculo wezwe elishintshayo, elihluke ngokucashile futhi elicebe ngokungenamkhawulo lomnyakazo womuntu wokomoya; b) ubudlelwano bephimbo lamathoni ngenxa yephimbo elimisiwe lalowo nalowo kubo, njengomthetho, akhumbuleka kalula futhi akhiqizwe futhi ngakho-ke ayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza komculo njengendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu; c) ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhlotshaniswa okunembe kakhulu kwamathoni ngokuya ngobude bawo kanye nokusungulwa phakathi kwawo ngale sisekelo sokusebenza okunengqondo nokucacile nokuqinile. Ukuxhumana kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa emculweni izindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-melodic, harmonic. kanye ne-polyphonic. ukuthuthukiswa, veza amathuba angaphezu kwawo kude amathuba, ake sithi, onesigqi, ashukumisayo. noma ukuthuthukiswa kwe-timbre.

2) Indlela (“isistimu”, “inqolobane”, “ithoni”) yomculo. izitatimende, "ikhwalithi yokubiza okunengqondo" (BV Asafiev) emculweni. Ilele kunkimbinkimbi yezici zezimpawu zeminyuziyamu. amafomu (ukuphakama okuphezulu, isigqi, i-timbre, i-articulatory, njll.), enquma i-semantics yayo, okungukuthi, imizwa, i-semantic, nezinye izincazelo zalabo ababonayo. I. – enye yezigaba ezijulile zefomu emculweni, eseduze nokuqukethwe, ekuveza ngokuqondile nangokugcwele. Lokhu kuqonda komculo I. kufana nokuqonda iphimbo lenkulumo njengoba kuvezwa. iphimbo lokukhuluma, imizwelo umbala womsindo wayo, kuye ngesimo senkulumo nokuveza isimo sengqondo sesikhulumi endabeni yesitatimende, kanye nezici zobuntu bakhe, ukuzihlanganisa kazwelonke nezenhlalo. I. emculweni, njengasenkulumweni, ingaba nezincazelo ezizwakalayo (ngokomzwelo), ezinengqondo-semantic, zesici kanye nohlobo. Incazelo ecacile yomculo. I. kunqunywa imizwa, imizwa kanye nezifiso zokuzithandela zomqambi nomculi ezivezwe kuyo. Ngalo mqondo, bathi, isibonelo, mayelana neminyuziyamu ezwakala endaweni ethile. umsebenzi (noma isigaba sawo) amazwi ezikhalazo, intukuthelo, injabulo, ukukhathazeka, ukunqoba, ukuzimisela, “uthando, uzwela, ukuhlanganyela, imikhonzo yomama noma yothando, ububele, ukwesekwa kobungane” ( BV Asafiev mayelana nomculo kaTchaikovsky ), njll. Okunengqondo Incazelo -semantic ka-I. inqunywa ukuthi iveza isitatimende, umbuzo, ukuqedwa komcabango, njll. Ekugcineni, I. ingabhidlizwa. ngokwenani lesici salo, okuhlanganisa. kuzwelonke (isiRashiya, isiGeorgia, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi) kanye nezenhlalo (umlimi waseRussia, idolobha le-raznochinno, njll.), kanye nencazelo yohlobo (ingoma, i-ariose, i-recitative; ukulandisa, i-scherzo, ukuzindla; indlu, inkulumo, njll.).

Isiqephu I. amanani anqunywa abaningi. izici. Okubalulekile, nakuba kungeyona yodwa, ukulamula nokuguqulwa kancane (bheka I, 1) emculweni wenkulumo I. ngokuhambisanayo. amanani. Ukuguqulwa kwamazwi I. (okuhlukahlukene ngezindlela eziningi nokushintsha ngokomlando) kumculo womculo kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo phakathi nokuthuthukiswa komculo. ubuciko futhi ikakhulukazi inquma ikhono lomculo lokuhlanganisa imizwa ehlukahlukene, imicabango, izifiso ezinamandla kanye nezici zomlingiswa, ukuzidlulisela kubalaleli futhi kube nomthelela kulokhu. Imithombo yokuvezwa komculo. I. iphinde isebenze njengokuhlotshaniswa neminye imisindo (kokubili eyomculo nengeyona eyomculo - bheka I, 3) ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzwayo komphakathi kanye nezimfuneko ze-physiological eqondile. umthelela emizweni. indawo yomuntu.

Lokhu noma lokhuya ngiyazindla. Izinkulumo zinqunywa kusengaphambili umqambi. Umculo owenziwe nguye. imisindo inamandla. ukubaluleka, kuye ngomzimba wabo. izakhiwo nezinhlangano. Umdlali, ngezindlela zakhe (eziguquguqukayo, ezidabukisayo, ezinemibala, nangokucula nokudlala izinsimbi ngaphandle kwephimbo eligxilile—nangokushintshashintsha kwephimbo ngaphakathi kwendawo—bheka I, 3) wembula I. yombhali futhi ayihumushe ngokuhambisana izikhundla zakhe siqu kanye nezenhlalo. Ukuhlonzwa komculi (okungase futhi kube umbhali) womqambi I., okungukuthi, iphimbo, ubukhona bangempela bomculo. Ukugcwala kwayo kanye nemiphakathi. lesi sidalwa, nokho, sizuza incazelo kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo sokubonwa komculo ngumlaleli. Umlaleli ubona, akhiqize kabusha engqondweni yakhe, ahlangabezane nakho futhi afanise i-I. yomqambi (ekuchazeni kwakhe ukwenza) naye ngamunye, ngesisekelo sakhe. isipiliyoni somculo, okuyinto, nokho, ingxenye yomphakathi. isipiliyoni kanye nesimo saso. Lokho. "Ukwenzeka kwephimbo kuhlanganisa ubunye bokusungula komculo, ukusebenza nokulalela - ukuzwa" (BV Asafiev).

3) Ukuhlanganiswa ngakunye okuncane kakhulu kwamathoni emculweni. isisho esinesisho esizimele. incazelo; iyunithi ye-semantic emculweni. Ngokuvamile kuqukethe imisindo engu-2-3 noma ngaphezulu ku-monophony noma ongwaqa; ngaphandle. Ezimweni, kungase futhi kuqukathe umsindo owodwa noma ungwaqa, ohlukaniswe indawo yawo eminyuziyamu. umongo kanye nokuvezwa kwemizwa.

Ngoba express main. indlela emculweni ingoma, I. iqondwa kakhulu njengocwaningo olufushane lwamathoni ku-monophony, njengengxenye yomculo, ingoma yokucula. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho ukuveza okuzimele ngokuqhathaniswa. okusho emculweni. umsebenzi uthola izakhi ezithile ze-harmonic, rhythmic, timbre, singakhuluma nge-harmonic, isigqi, ngokulandelana. ngisho ne-timbre I. noma mayelana ne-complex I.: i-melodic-harmonic, i-harmonic-timbre, njll. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, ngendima engaphansi yalezi zakhi, isigqi, i-timbre nokuvumelana (ngezinga elincane - amandla) asenayo umphumela embonweni wamaphimbo omculo, ubanikeze lokhu noma lokho ukukhanya, lezi noma lawo mathunzi okuveza imizwa. Incazelo ngayinye enikezwe I. ngokwezinga elikhulu futhi incike endaweni yayo, kuma-muses. umongo, lapho ingena khona, kanye nasekugcwalisekeni kwayo. izincazelo (bona I, 2).

Ngokuzimele. incazelo engokomzwelo-engokomfanekiso ye-I. ehlukile ayincikile kuyo kuphela. izakhiwo kanye nendawo endabeni, kodwa futhi ngokombono womlaleli. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-muses. ukugeleza ku-I. kanye nencazelo yencazelo yawo kungenxa yakho kokubili izici ezihlosiwe kanye nalezo ezicabangelayo, okuhlanganisa iminyuziyamu. imfundo yokuzwa kanye nolwazi lomlaleli. Nokho, ngokwezinga lapho ukubhanqa kwemisindo ethile (ngokunembile, izinhlobo zokumataniswa kwemisindo) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwakho okuphindaphindiwe emculweni. ubuqambi kanye nokulinganisa imiphakathi. ukuzijwayeza bajwayele futhi ajwayelekile endlebeni, ukukhetha kwabo kanye nokuqonda njengoba ezimele I. iqala ukuncika kuphela ngabanye isilaleli, kodwa futhi amakhono, zomculo kanye yobuhle. okuthandayo nemibono yayo yonke imiphakathi. amaqembu.

I. ingase ihambisane nesisusa, ingoma. noma i-harmonic. inzuzo, iseli le-thematic (uhlamvu). Umehluko, nokho, ulele eqinisweni lokuthi incazelo yokuhlanganiswa komsindo njengesisusa, inzuzo, iseli, njll., isekelwe ezicini zayo ezihlosiwe (ukuba khona kwephimbo elihlanganisa iqembu lemisindo, kanye ne-caesura ehlukanisayo. leli qembu elisuka kwelingumakhelwane, imvelo yokuxhumana okuvumelanayo nokuvumelanayo phakathi kwamathoni noma izingoma, indima yenkimbinkimbi enikeziwe ekwakhiweni kwetimu nasekuthuthukisweni kwayo, njll.), kuyilapho kukhethwa I., basuka eveza. izincazelo zencazelo yokumataniswa kwemisindo, kusukela ku-semantiki yakhona, ngaleyo ndlela bethula isici sokuziphendulela.

I. ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi iminyuziyamu. "Izwi" (BV Asafiev). Ukufana komculo. I. Igama olimini lifakazelwa ngokwengxenye izici zokufana kwawo kokuqukethwe, isimo kanye nomsebenzi. I. ifana negama elinjengokuhlanganisa komsindo omfushane onencazelo ethile, eyavela ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwabantu futhi imele iyunithi ye-semantic enjalo engakwazi ukuhlukaniswa nokugeleza komsindo. Ukufana futhi kulele eqinisweni lokuthi amaphimbo, njengamagama, ayingxenye yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi, ethuthukisiwe esebenza ezimweni ezithile zomphakathi. Ngokufanisa nolimi olukhulunywayo (lwemvelo), uhlelo lwe-I. (ngokuqondile, izinhlobo zabo) ezitholakala emsebenzini we-k.-l. umqambi, iqembu labaqambi, emculweni. isiko k.-l. abantu, njll., ngokwemibandela bangabizwa ngokuthi “intonation. ulimi” lwalo mqambi, iqembu, isiko.

Umehluko womculo. I. egameni liqukethe ukuthi liwukuhlanganisa imisindo ehlukene ngokwekhwalithi - iminyuziyamu. amathoni, ukusika kuveza okukhethekile, ubuciko. okuqukethwe, kuvela ngesisekelo sezinye izakhiwo ezizwakalayo nobudlelwano (bheka I, 1), njengomthetho, akanalo uhlobo oluzinzile, oluphindaphindwe kaningi (kuphela izinhlobo zenkulumo ezizinzile kakhulu noma ezingaphansi) ngakho-ke kwakhiwa kabusha yilowo nalowo. umbhali enkulumeni ngayinye (nakuba kugxilwe ohlotsheni oluthile lwephimbo); I. i-polysemantic ngokuyisisekelo kokuqukethwe. Ukukhipha kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, liveza umqondo othile, kodwa nalapho incazelo yalo ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngamagama ngokunembe nangokungaguquki. I. okuningi kakhulu kunegama, kuncike encazelweni yalo kumongo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-I. ethile (umzwelo, njll.) kuxhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nefomu lempahla enikeziwe (umsindo), okungukuthi, ingavezwa yiyo kuphela, ukuze ukuxhumana phakathi kokuqukethwe kanye nefomu ku. I. njengomthetho, ngingaqondile kakhulu. kunasegameni, elingenasisekelo futhi elingenamibandela, ngenxa yalokho izakhi zezwi elilodwa “lokuphimisa. izilimi” azidingi ukuhunyushelwa kolunye “ulimi” futhi azikuvumeli ukuhunyushwa okunjalo. Umbono wencazelo ye-I., okungukuthi, "ukuqonda" kwayo, ngokwezinga elincane kakhulu kudinga okwandulelayo. ulwazi “lolimi” oluhambisanayo, ngoba Ch. ar. ngesisekelo sezinhlangano ezivusayo neminye imisindo, kanye nezimfuneko ze-psychophysiological eziqukethwe kuyo. umthelela. I., kufakwe kule “intonation. ulimi”, azixhunyiwe ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo nganoma iyiphi indlela ezinzile futhi eyisibopho. imithetho yokwakheka nokuxhumana kwazo. Ngakho-ke, umbono ubonakala unengqondo, ngokusho kukaKrom, ngokungafani negama elithi, I. ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi isibonakaliso, kodwa "intonation. ulimi” – uhlelo lwezimpawu. Ukuze ajeziswe ngabalaleli, umqambi emsebenzini wakhe akakwazi ukuncika emiphakathini ezungezile kakade eyaziwayo. imvelo kanye neminyuziyamu efundwe yiyo. kanye nomuz. ukuhlanganisa umsindo. Ezomculo, I. Nar. dlala indima ekhethekile njengomthombo nesibonelo sobuciko bomqambi. kanye nomculo wansuku zonke (ongewona owendabuko), ovamile eqenjini elithile lenhlalo nokuba yingxenye yempilo yalo, ukubonakaliswa komsindo okuqondile (okungokwemvelo) okuzenzakalelayo kwesimo sengqondo samalungu alo ngokoqobo. From nemuz. ukubhanqa komsindo kudlala indima efanayo etholakala ku-nat ngayinye. ulimi oluzinzile, olukhiqizwe nsuku zonke ekuqeqesheni ukukhuluma ngephimbo. ukuphenduka (ama-intomes) anencazelo, kuwo wonke umuntu osebenzisa lolu limi, engaguquki kancane, ecacile, enemibandela ngokwengxenye (amagama ombuzo, isibabazo, ukugomela, ukumangala, ukungabaza, izimo ezihlukahlukene zomzwelo nezisusa, njll.) .

Umqambi angakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ukubhanqwa kwemisindo okukhona ngendlela eqondile noma eguquliwe, noma adale ukubhanqa okusha, kwangempela kwemisindo, ngendlela eyodwa noma enye egxile ezinhlotsheni zalokhu kumataniswa kwemisindo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nasemsebenzini wombhali ngamunye, phakathi kwamathoni amaningi aphinde akhiqizwa futhi asekuqaleni, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-I., izinhlobonhlobo zazo zonke ezinye. Ingqikithi yalolo hlobo lwe-I., isici somqambi onikeziwe futhi akha isisekelo, ukwaziswa “kwezwi lakhe. ulimi”, lwakha “intonation yalo. isichazamazwi” (igama elithi BV Asafiev). Ingqikithi ye-I. ejwayelekile, ekhona emiphakathini. umkhuba wale nkathi, etholakala kulo mlando. inkathi “yokulalelwa” kwesizwe noma izizwe eziningi, yakha, ngokulandelana, nat. noma “intonation” yamazwe ngamazwe. isichazamazwi senkathi”, kuhlanganise njengesisekelo I. nar. nomculo wasekhaya, kanye ne-I. prof. ubuqambi bomculo, obufakwe ukwazi komphakathi.

Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu ongenhla phakathi kuka-I. negama elithi, “izwi. isichazamazwi” kuyinto ehluke ngokuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nesichazamazwi. Isikhwama solimi olukhulunywa ngomlomo (olukhulunywayo) futhi kufanele siqondwe ezicini eziningi njengenemibandela, isingathekiso. ithemu.

Nar. kanye nekhaya I. kuyisici esibalulekile sokuxhumana. izinhlobo zomculo. inganekwane nomculo wansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, "intonation. isichazamazwi se-epoch” sihlobene eduze nezinhlobo ezikhona kule nkathi eshiwo, “isikhwama sohlobo” lwaso. Ukuthembela kulesi sikhwama (futhi ngaleyo ndlela “nakwisichazamazwi sezwi senkathi”) kanye nokubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwaso okujwayelekile. izici ekudaleni, okungukuthi, "ukwenziwa ngokujwayelekile ngohlobo" (AA Alshvang), ikakhulukazi kunquma ukuqondakala nokuqondakala komculo kubalaleli bomphakathi othile.

Kubhekiselwa ku-“intonation. isichazamazwi senkathi”, umqambi uwubonisa emsebenzini wakhe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuzimela nomsebenzi. Lo msebenzi ungazibonakalisa ekukhethweni kwe-I., ukuguqulwa kwabo ngenkathi kugcinwa inkulumo efanayo. izincazelo, ukujwayela kwazo, ukucabanga kabusha kwazo (ukuphinda kuzwakale), okungukuthi, uguquko olunjalo, olubanika incazelo entsha, futhi, ekugcineni, ekuhlanganisweni kwe-decomp. amaphimbo namaphimbo aphelele. imikhakha.

“Intonation kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe. izichazamazwi” zihlala zishintsha futhi zithuthukisa ngenxa yokushona kwabanye I., izinguquko kwezinye, kanye nokuvela kweyesithathu. Ezinkathini ezithile - ngokuvamile eziphawulwa izinguquko ezinkulu empilweni yomphakathi - ukushuba kwale nqubo kukhula kakhulu. Ukuvuselelwa okubalulekile nokusheshayo kwe-“intonation. isichazamazwi” ngezikhathi ezinjalo (ngokwesibonelo, engxenyeni yesi-2 yekhulu le-18 eFrance, ngeminyaka yama-50-60 yekhulu le-19 eRussia, eminyakeni yokuqala emva kweNguquko Enkulu Ka-Okthoba Yezenhlalakahle) u-BV Asafiev wabiza ngokuthi “intonation. izinkinga.” Kodwa ngokuvamile, "intonation. isichazamazwi “noma iyiphi i-nat. isiko lomculo lizinzile kakhulu, lishintsha kancane kancane futhi ngisho nangesikhathi "sokuzwakala". izinkinga” azikho ukuwohloka okukhulu, kodwa ziyingxenye yokuvuselelwa kabusha okungaphelele.

“Intonation. isichazamazwi” somqambi ngamunye sibuyekezwa kancane kancane ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-I entsha kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zamaphimbo ajwayelekile. amafomu angaphansi kwalesi “silulumagama”. Ch. ukusebenza njengendlela yokuguqula Futhi. ar. izinguquko ezinkathini kanye nesakhiwo se-modal, isigqi, nohlamvu lohlobo (futhi, ekulingiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvumelana). Ngaphezu kwalokho, express. inani le-I. lithintwa izinguquko ku-tempo, i-timbre, nerejista. Kuye ngokujula koshintsho, umuntu angakhuluma ngokubonakala kokuhlukile kwe-I., noma i-I. njengenye inhlobo yefomu elijwayelekile elifanayo, noma i-I entsha. njengenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinye ifomu elijwayelekile. Ekunqumeni lokhu, umbono wokuzwa udlala indima ebalulekile.

I. ingaguqulwa futhi ngaphakathi kwamamuse afanayo. isebenza. Ukuhluka, ukudalwa kokuhlukile okusha, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ye-c.-l. kungenzeka lapha. eyodwa I. Umqondo wephimbo. ukuthuthukiswa kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nenhlanganisela ye-decomp. I. ngokuvundlile (inguquko ebushelelezi noma ukuqhathanisa ngokuphambene) futhi mpo (intonation. counterpoint); “izwi. ukuguquguquka ”(ukuguquka kusuka kwesinye isigaba se-I kuya kwesinye); ukungqubuzana kwephimbo kanye nomzabalazo; ukususwa kwezinye I. ngabanye noma ukwakheka zokwenziwa I., njll.

Ukuhlelwa okuhlangene kanye nesilinganiso Futhi. ku-prod. yakha iphimbo layo. isakhiwo, kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphakathi komfanekiso-semantic I. ngokushesha. ucwaningo noma kude (“intonation. arches”), ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zoguquko – iphimbo. idramaturgy, okuwuhlangothi oluyinhloko lwama-muses. umdlalo jikelele, izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuveza okuqukethwe eminyuziyamu. isebenza.

Izindlela zakhe, ngokuhambisana nencazelo evamile yomkhiqizo, ziyawuguqula futhi ziwuthuthukise I. kanye nomenzi (bona I, 2), onenkululeko ethile mayelana nalokhu, kodwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lokudalula iphimbo. idramaturgy enqunywe kusengaphambili umqambi. Isimo esifanayo sikhawulela inkululeko yokuguqulwa kwe-I. ohlelweni lokubona kwabo nokukhiqizwa kwengqondo ngumlaleli; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihluke kakhulu. ukukhiqiza kabusha (iphimbo langaphakathi) njengokubonakaliswa komsebenzi womlaleli yisikhathi esidingekayo sombono ogcwele womculo.

Imibuzo mayelana nengqikithi yomculo. I., izwi. uhlobo lomculo, ubudlelwano kanye nomehluko wamamuse. kanye nenkulumo I. nezinye sekuyisikhathi eside zathuthukiswa isayensi (yize ezimweni eziningi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "I."), futhi kakhulu ngenkuthalo futhi enezithelo kulezo zikhathi lapho inkinga yokusebenzelana kweminyuziyamu. kanye nenkulumo I. yaba usizo ikakhulukazi kumamyuziyamu. ubuhlakani. Bebehlelwe kancane emculweni. ithiyori kanye ne-aesthetics yasendulo (u-Aristotle, uDionysius waseHalicarnassus), bese kuthi iNkathi Ephakathi (John Cotton) kanye neRenaissance (V. Galilee). Kusho. umnikelo ekuthuthukisweni kwabo wenziwa amaFulentshi. abaculi bekhulu le-18 ababengabakhanyiseli (JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot) noma ababengaphansi kokulawula kwabo okuqondile. ithonya (A. Gretry, KV Gluck). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ikakhulukazi, umqondo waklanywa okokuqala mayelana nokuhlotshaniswa "kwezwi lomculo" "nezwi lokukhuluma", ukuthi izwi eliculayo "lilingisa izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene zezwi elikhulumayo eliqhutshwa imizwa" (Rousseau). Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori ye-I. kwakuyimisebenzi kanye nezitatimende zesiRashiya esithuthukisiwe. abaqambi nabagxeki bekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi u-AS Dargomyzhsky, u-AN Serov, u-MP Mussorgsky, no-VV Stasov. Ngakho-ke, uSerov wabeka phambili izinhlinzeko zomculo njengokuthi "uhlobo olukhethekile lolimi lwenkondlo" futhi, kanyekanye no-NG Chernyshevsky, ekuqaleni kwe-wok. amaphimbo maqondana nezinsimbi; UMussorgsky wakhomba ukubaluleka kwezisho zenkulumo njengomthombo nesisekelo “sohubo oludalwa inkulumo yomuntu”; U-Stasov, ekhuluma ngomsebenzi kaMussorgsky, okokuqala ngqa wakhuluma “ngeqiniso lamaphimbo.” Imfundiso eyinqaba ethi I. yathuthukiswa ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 u-BL Yavorsky (bheka II), owabiza u-I. “ifomu elincane kakhulu (ngokwakha) le-monophonic ngesikhathi” futhi wachaza isistimu yephimbo ngokuthi “enye yezindlela zokuqaphela umphakathi.” Imibono Russian. nabaculi bakwamanye amazwe mayelana nephimbo. uhlobo lomculo, ukuxhumana kwawo ne-I. yenkulumo, indima yamaphimbo akhona enkathini, ukubaluleka kwenqubo yephimbo njengobukhona bangempela bomculo emphakathini, nabanye abaningi. amanye ajwayelekile futhi athuthukiswa ngobuningi. imisebenzi ka-BV Asafiev, owadala ukujula nokuthela kakhulu (nakuba kungakhiwanga ngokucacile futhi kungenayo igebe elihlukene nokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi) "intonation. theory” umculo. ubuhlakani, ukusebenza kanye nokuqonda kanye nokuthuthukisa imigomo yephimbo. ukuhlaziywa komculo. Izazi zomculo zase-USSR kanye nabanye osocialists bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa le thiyori eqhubekayo, ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi. amazwe.

II. “Kuthiyori yesigqi ye-modal” ka-BL Yavorsky ihlanganisa (ushintsho) lwezikhathi ezimbili ze-modal, ezethulwa ngezwi elilodwa (bona isigqi se-Modal).

III. Izinga lokunemba kwe-acoustic lokukhiqizwa kabusha kwephimbo kanye nezilinganiso zabo (izikhawu) nomculo. ukusebenza. Yiqiniso, "hlanzekile" I. (ngokuphambene namanga, "okungcolile") - ukuqondana kweqiniso. ukuphakama kwethoni yomsindo nesidingo, okungukuthi, ngenxa yendawo yayo emculweni. isistimu yomsindo nemodi, elungiswa ngokuqanjwa kwayo (igraphic, ngomlomo noma ngenye indlela). Njengoba kuboniswa isikhova. i-acoustician NA Garbuzov, I. ingabonwa ngokuzwa njengeqiniso ngisho nalapho ukuqondana okubonisiwe kunganembile ngokuphelele (njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka lapho umculo udlalwa ngezwi noma ngezinsimbi ngaphandle kwephimbo elimisiwe lethoni ngayinye). Isimo sombono onjalo indawo yethoni yomsindo ngaphakathi koswebezane oluthile, olulinganiselwe. izindawo eziphakeme eziseduze kokudingekayo. Le ndawo yaqanjwa ngu-NA Garbuzov a zone.

IV. Kuthiyori yezoni yokuzwa kwephimbo ka-NA Garbuzov, umehluko wephimbo phakathi kwezikhawu ezimbili eziyingxenye yendawo efanayo.

V. Ekukhiqizeni nasekulungiseni umculo. amathuluzi anephimbo elingashintshi lemisindo (i-ogani, upiyano, njll.) – ukulingana kwazo zonke izigaba namaphoyinti esikali sensimbi ngokwevolumu ne-timbre. Kuzuzwe ngemisebenzi ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi iphimbo lensimbi.

VI. ENtshonalanga Yurophu. umculo kuze kube ser. Ikhulu le-18 - isingeniso esifushane se-wok. noma instr. umkhiqizo. (noma umjikelezo), ofana ne-intrade noma isandulela. Eculweni likaGregory, u-I. wayehloselwe ukusungula ithoni yeshuni nokuphakama kwethoni yayo yokuqala futhi yayiyizwi ekuqaleni, futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-14, njengomthetho, isitho. Kamuva u-I. waphinde waqamba i-clavier nezinye izinsimbi. Okudume kakhulu yizinsimbi zesitho ezakhiwe ngekhulu le-16. A. kanye no-J. Gabrieli.

References:

1) I-Asafiev BV, Ifomu Lomculo njengenqubo, incwadi. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; eyakhe, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; eyakhe, "Eugene Onegin" - izigcawu zomculo zika-PI Tchaikovsky. Isipiliyoni sokuhlaziya iphimbo lesitayela nedramaturgy yomculo, M.-L., 1944; yakhe, uGlinka, M., 1947, 1950; eyakhe, Amahemuhemu kaGlinka, ch. 1. Isiko lezwi likaGlinka: ukuzifundisa kokuzwa, ukukhula kwayo nokudla, ekuqoqweni: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Vanslov VV, Umqondo wephimbo kumculo weSoviet, encwadini: Imibuzo Yezomculo, vol. 1 (1953-1954), M., 1954; Kremlev Yu. A., Ama-Essays on musical aesthetics, M., 1957, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: Essays on the aesthetics of music, M., 1972; I-Mazel LA, Emqondweni wethiyori yomculo ka-B. Asafiev, “SM”, 1957, No 3; Orlova BM, BV Asafiev. ELeningrad, ngo-1964; iphimbo nesithombe somculo. Imibhalo kanye nezifundo zezazi zomculo zaseSoviet Union namanye amazwe ezenhlalakahle, ed. Ihlelwe ngu-BM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Shakhnazarova NG, Intonation "isichazamazwi" kanye nenkinga yomculo wesintu, M., 1966; Sohor AH, Umculo njengendlela yobuciko, M., 1961, 1970; Nazaikinsky E., Psychology of perception musical, M., 1972; Kucera V., Vevoj a obsah Asafjevovy intotonacnin teorie, “Hudebni veda”, 1961, No 4; Kluge R., Definition der Begriffe Gestalt und Intonation…, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1964, No 2; Jiranek J., Asafjevova teorie intotonace, jeji genez and a viznam, Praha, 1967;

2) Yavorsky VL, Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo, M., 1908;

3) kanye 4) Garbuzov HA, Zone nature of pitch hearing, M., 1948; I-Pereverzev NK, Izinkinga zezwi lomculo, M., 1966;

5) Protscher G., Umlando wokudlala isitho kanye nokwakheka kwezitho, ama-vols. 1-2, В., 1959.

AH Coxop