Alt |

I-Alto (i-Alt yesiJalimane, i-Italian alto, kusukela ku-Latin altus - ephezulu).

1) Izwi lesibili eliphakeme kumculo onezingxenye ezine. Ngalo mqondo, igama elithi “A.” ibisetshenziswa kusukela ngekhulu le-15. Ngaphambilini, ekwethulweni okunamazwi amathathu, izwi elalizwakala ngenhla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kwe-tenor, lalibizwa ngokuthi i-countertenor. Ngokushintshela ku-4-izwi, baqala ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-countertenor alto ne-countertenor bass, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-alto kanye ne-bass. Ekuqaleni kwezingoma ezinezingxenye ezine i-cappella (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15), ingxenye ye-viola yenziwa amadoda. Ekwayeni enezingxenye ezintathu. amaphuzu kanye nasezinkathini zakamuva (amakhulu we-16-17), ingxenye ye-alto ngezinye izikhathi yayiphathiswa abaqashi.

2) Hlanganyela ekwayeni noma ekwayeni. ukuhlanganisa, okwenziwa izingane eziphansi noma amazwi aphansi abesifazane (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kumakhwaya e-opera. amaphuzu e-Italy, futhi kamuva eFrance (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), ingxenye yamakhosikazi aphansi. amazwi abizwa ngokuthi i-mezzo-soprano, noma i-soprano ephakathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amaqembu e abafazi homogeneous. amakhwaya aqala ukubizwa ngaleli gama. amazwi abesifazane: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. Ku-wok.-symp. izingoma (ngaphandle kwe-Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, njll.) kanye namakhwaya e-cappella, igama elidala, i-viola, lilondoloziwe.

3) Emazweni akhona. Igama lolimi contralto.

4) Amazwi ezingane aphansi. Ekuqaleni, amazwi abafana ababecula ingxenye ka-A. ekwayeni ayebizwa kanjalo, kamuva – noma yiliphi izwi eliphansi lezingane elicula (kokubili abafana namantombazane), uhla lwalo – (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) Insimbi ekhotheme (i-viola yase-Italy, i-French alto, i-German Bratsche) yomndeni we-violin, ethatha indawo ephakathi phakathi kwe-violin ne-cello. Ngobukhulu obumbalwa obukhulu kune-violin (ubude bomzimba obungamamilimitha angama-410; izingcweti zasendulo zazenza ama-violas afinyelela ku-460-470 mm ubude; ngo-19 B. ama-violin amancane asakazeke - 380-390 mm ubude; ngokungafani nomdlandla we kubo ka-G. Ritter futhi kamuva no-L. Tertis bathuthukisa amamodeli amakhudlwana, namanje angafiki kusayizi we-A. yakudala). Yakha i-A. ingxenye yesihlanu ngaphansi kwevayolini (c, g, d1, a1); Ingxenye ka-A. ifakwe emifantwini ye-alto kanye ne-treble. Kukholakala ukuthi i-violin iyinsimbi yokuqala yeqembu le-violin (yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16). Umsindo ka-A. uyahluka ku-violin ngobuningi bayo, ithoni ye-contralto kurejista engezansi kanye ne-timbre yekhala ethi “oboe” kwephezulu. Yenza ku-A. fast technical. amavesi anzima kakhulu kunevayolini. A. isetshenziswa ku-kam. instr. ama-ensembles (ngokungaguquki okuyingxenye ye-quartet yomnsalo), i-symphony. ama-orchestra, kancane kancane njengekhonsathi eyedwa. ithuluzi. Conc. imidlalo ka-A. yaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. (i-conc. i-symphony ye-violin ne-viola ene-orchestra ka-WA ​​Mozart, amakhonsathi ka-J. Stamitz wabazalwane u-K. no-A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, ukuhluka kwevayolini kanye ne-viola ka-IE Khandoshkin nabanye). USonata ka-A. ubhale u-MI Glinka. Ngekhulu lama-20 amakhonsathi nama-sonatas ka-A. adalwe ngu-B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin nabanye; zikhona conc. idlalela u-A. nakwezinye izinhlobo. Abahlukumezi abavelele: K. Uran (France), O. Nedbal (Czech Republic), P. Hindemith (Germany), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Abanye be-violinist abavelele kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi babesebenza njengabahlukumezi - uN. Paganini, ovela ezikhovani. abadlali beviolin - DF Oistrakh.

6) Izinhlobo ze-Alto zamanye ama-orcs. amathuluzi omoya - ama-flugelhorns (A., noma i-altohorn) nama-saxhorns, i-clarinet (uphondo lwe-basset), i-oboe (i-alto oboe, noma i-English horn), i-trombone (i-alto trombone).

7) Alto ezihlukahlukene domra.

References: I-Struve BA, Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwama-viols nama-violin, M., 1959; UGrinberg MM, izincwadi ze-viola zesiRashiya, uM., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; UClarke R., Umlando we-viola ekubhaleni kwe-Quartet, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. noShore B., The viola, L., 1946; UZeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben