Ukhiye |

I-French clef, ukhiye wesiNgisi, igciwane. Schlussel

Uphawu kubasebenzi bomculo olunquma igama nokuphakama (okungokwe-octave eyodwa noma enye) yomsindo komunye wemigqa yawo; usetha inani eliphelele lephimbo layo yonke imisindo eqoshwe esigxotsheni. K. inamathiselwe ngendlela yokuthi omunye wemigqa emihlanu yesigxobo uyinqamula phakathi nendawo. Ibekwe ekuqaleni kodondolo ngalunye; endabeni yokuguqulwa kusuka ku-K kuya kwenye, u-K omusha ubhalwa endaweni ehambisanayo yesigxobo. Kusetshenziswa ezintathu ezahlukene. ukhiye: G (usawoti), F (fa) no-C (do); amagama abo kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe ivela ku-lat. izinhlamvu ezichaza imisindo yobude obuhambisanayo (bheka Izinhlamvu Zamagama Zomculo). Ngolwesithathu. amakhulu eminyaka aqala ukusebenzisa imigqa, ngayinye ebonisa ukuphakama komsindo othile; benze kube lula ukufundwa komculo okubhaliwe okungahlangene, okucishe kwalungisa kuphela iphimbo lomculo (bona i-Nevmas). UGuido d'Arezzo ekuqaleni kwe-11 c. ngcono lolu hlelo, okwenza isibalo semigqa sibe kwemine. Umugqa obomvu ophansi wawubonisa iphimbo F, umugqa wesithathu ophuzi ubonisa iphimbo C. Ekuqaleni kwale migqa, kwabekwa izinhlamvu C kanye no-F, okwenza imisebenzi ka-K. Kamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa enemibala kuyekwa. futhi inani eliphelele lephimbo labelwa amanothi. izincwadi kuphela. Ekuqaleni, zazilotshwa eziningana (kufika kokuthathu) esigxotsheni ngasinye, bese inani labo lancishiswa laba isigxobo esisodwa. Ezinhlamvwini zezinhlamvu zemisindo, u-G, F, no-C zazisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi K. Uhlaka lwalezi zinhlamvu lwashintsha kancane kancane kwaze kwaba yilapho zithola olwanamuhla. amafomu ezithombe. Ukhiye ongu-G (sol), noma i-treble, ubonisa indawo kasawoti ozwakalayo we-octave yokuqala; itholakala emgqeni wesibili wesigxobo. Olunye uhlobo K. usawoti, okuthiwa. isiFulentshi esidala, esibekwe emgqeni wokuqala, wesimanje. ayisetshenziswa abaqambi, nokho, lapho ukuphrinta kabusha imisebenzi eyayisetshenziswa kuyo ngaphambili, le khodi iyagcinwa. Ukhiye u-F (fa), noma ibhesi, ukhombisa indawo yomsindo we-octave encane; ibekwe kulayini wesine wabasebenzi. Emculweni wasendulo, i-K. fa itholakala futhi ngesimo se-bass-profundo K. (kusuka kwelesiLatini elithi profundo - deep), eyayisetshenziselwa irejista ephansi yengxenye ye-bass futhi ibekwe emgqeni wesihlanu, kanye ne-baritone. K. - emgqeni wesithathu. Ukhiye C (yenza) ukhombisa indawo yomsindo kuze kufike ku-octave yokuqala; yesimanje Ukhiye u-C usetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili: i-alto - emugqeni wesithathu kanye ne-tenor - emugqeni wesine. Emaphuzwini amakhwaya amadala, kwasetshenziswa ukhiye C wezinhlobo ezinhlanu, okungukuthi, kuyo yonke imigqa yesigxobo; ngaphezu kwalabo okukhulunywe ngenhla, okulandelayo kusetshenziswe: i-soprano K. - emgqeni wokuqala, i-mezzo-soprano - emgqeni wesibili, ne-baritone - emgqeni wesihlanu.

Amaphuzu amakhwaya esimanje aqoshwa ku-violin ne-bass k., kodwa abahlabeleli kanye nekhwaya. amakhondaktha ahlala ehlangabezana no-clef C lapho enza imisebenzi yakudala. Ingxenye ye-tenor ibhalwe nge-treble K., kodwa ifundwa i-octave ephansi kunaleyo ebhaliwe, ngezinye izikhathi ekhonjiswa inombolo u-8 ngaphansi kokhiye. Kwezinye izimo, ivayolini ephindwe kabili K. enencazelo efanayo isetshenziselwa ingxenye ye-tenor.

Incazelo yokusetshenziswa kwehlelo. K. kuhlanganisa nokugwema okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka inani elikhulu lemigqa eyengeziwe ekuphawuleni kwemisindo futhi ngokwenza kube lula ukufunda amanothi. I-Alto K. isetshenziselwa ukuphawula ingxenye ye-viola ekhotheme ne-viol d'amour; i-tenor – yokubhala ingxenye ye-tenor trombone kanye nengxenye ye-cello (kwirejista ephezulu).

Kule okuthiwa. "Kyiv banner" (square musical notation), eyasakazeka kabanzi e-Ukraine naseRussia ngekhulu le-17, ezihlukahlukene. izinhlobo zokhiye u-C, okuhlanganisa i-cefaut K., ethole ukubaluleka okukhethekile lapho iqopha izingoma zansuku zonke ze-monophonic. Igama le-cefaut K. livela kuleli elisetshenziswa esontweni. umculo umkhuba uhlelo hexachordal of solmization, ngokusho ukuthi umsindo do (C), kuthathwe njengesisekelo notation ukhiye, kubalwa amagama fa futhi ut.

Uhlelo lwe-hexachord lokuhlanganisa njengoba lusetshenziswa esikalini sesonto. Ivolumu egcwele yesikali, ukuphawula kwayo kukhiye we-cefout namagama okulungisa wezinyathelo.

Ngosizo lwe-cefaut K., yonke imisindo yesonto eligcwele yaqoshwa. isikali esihambelana nevolumu yamazwi abesilisa (bheka isikali sansuku zonke); kamuva, lapho eya esontweni. Abafana, kwase kuba abesifazane, baqala ukukhangwa ukucula, i-cefaut K. yayisetshenziswa futhi emaphathini abo, ayenziwa i-octave ephakeme kunamadoda. Ngokwesithombe, i-cefaut K. iwuhlobo lwenothi eliyisikwele elinokuzola; ibekwe emgqeni wesithathu wesigxobo, inikeze indawo yesinyathelo sesi-4 sesonto. isikali - kufika ku-octave yokuqala. Uhlelo lokuqala oluphrintiwe, lapho kwavezwa khona uhlelo lokucula kwe-cefaut, kwakuyi-ABC Yokucula Okulula Komculo Ngokwe-Cefaut Key (1772). Ngesethulo se-monophonic yamashuni ansuku zonke, i-cefaut K. igcina ukubaluleka kwayo kuze kube namuhla.

References: I-Razumovsky DV, Ukucula kweBandla eRussia (Isipiliyoni sesethulo somlando nezobuchwepheshe) …, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Metallov VM, Indatshana yomlando wokucula kwesonto lobu-Orthodox eRussia, Saratov, 1893, M., 1915; Smolensky SV, On Old Russian ukucula notations St. Petersburg, 1901; I-Sposobin IV, i-Elementary theory of music, M., 1951, posl. ed., M., 1967; Gruber R., Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 1, M.-L., 1941; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Ehrmann R., Die Schlüsselkombinationen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, “AMw”, Jahrg. XI, 1924; Wagner P., Aus der Frühzeit des Liniensystems, “AfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1926; Smits van Waesberghe J., Ingoma yomculo kaGuido wase-Arezzo, "Musica Disciplina", v. V, 1951; U-Arel W., i-Die Notation der Polyphonen Music, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Federshofer H., Hohe und tiefe Schlüsselung im 16. Jahrhundert, ngo: Festschrift Fr. Blume…, Kassel, 1963.

VA Vakhromeev