I-Classicism |

I-Classicism (kusuka ku-lat. classicus - isibonelo) - ubuciko. ithiyori nesitayela kwezobuciko bekhulu le-17-18. K. yayisekelwe enkolelweni yokuba nengqondo yokuba khona, lapho kukhona ukuhleleka okukodwa, kwendawo yonke okubusa inkambo yezinto emvelweni nokuphila, kanye nokuvumelana kwemvelo yomuntu. Ubuhle bakho. abameleli be-K. bathole okuhle kumasampuli asendulo. icala futhi ngokuyinhloko. izinkondlo zika-Aristotle. Lona kanye igama elithi “K.” ivela ekukhangiseni kuya kwakudala. yasendulo njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-aesthetics. ukuphelela. I-Aesthetics K., evela ku-rationalistic. okufunekayo, okujwayelekile. Iqukethe isamba semithetho eqinile eyisibopho, okufanele ubuciko ihambisane nayo. umsebenzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo izimfuneko zokulingana kobuhle neqiniso, ukucaca okunengqondo komqondo, ukuvumelana nokuphelela kokubunjwa, kanye nomehluko ocacile phakathi kwezinhlobo.

Ekuthuthukisweni kuka K. kunezimbili zomlando ezinkulu. izigaba: 1) K. Ikhulu le-17, elaphuma ebucikweni beRenaissance kanye ne-baroque futhi lathuthukiswa ngokwengxenye emzabalazweni, ngokwengxenye ekusebenzelaneni nokugcina; 2) ofundisayo K. wekhulu le-18, ohlotshaniswa ne-pre-revolutionary. i-ideological movement eFrance kanye nethonya layo kubuciko bamanye amazwe aseYurophu. amazwe. Ngokujwayelekile kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zobuhle, lezi zigaba ezimbili zibonakala ngenani lomehluko obalulekile. ENtshonalanga Yurophu. umlando wobuciko, igama elithi “K.” ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kwezobuciko kuphela. izinkomba zekhulu le-18, kuyilapho isimangalo se-17 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-18 libhekwa njenge-baroque. Ngokuphambene naleli phuzu lokubuka, elivela ekuqondeni okusemthethweni kwezitayela njengezigaba ezishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo zentuthuko, inkolelo-mbono kaMarxist-Leninist yezitayela ezakhiwe e-USSR icabangela ingqikithi yokuthambekela okuphikisanayo okushayisanayo nokuxhumana kuwo wonke umlando. inkathi.

K. Ikhulu le-17, njengoba ngezindlela eziningi iphikisana ne-baroque, lakhula emlandweni ofanayo. izimpande, ezibonisa ngendlela ehlukile ukuphikisana kwenkathi yenguquko, ebonakala ngokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo, ukukhula okusheshayo kwesayensi. ulwazi kanye nokuqiniswa kanyekanye kokusabela kwezenkolo-feudal. Inkulumo engaguquki futhi ephelele yekhulu le-17 le-K. ithole eFrance usuku lokudlondlobala kobukhosi obuphelele. Emculweni, ummeleli wayo ovelele kwakungu-JB Lully, umdali wohlobo lwe "lyrical tragedy", okuyinto, ngokuya ngesihloko sayo kanye nesisekelo. izimiso zesitayela zaziseduze nenhlekelele yakudala ka-P. Corneille no-J. Racine. Ngokuphambene ne-opera yase-Italy ye-baruch enenkululeko yayo yokwenza “ye-Shakespearean”, ukuqhathanisa okungalindelekile, ukuxutshwa okugqamile kwe-sublime kanye ne-clownish, “inhlekelele yamagama” ka-Lully yayinobunye nokuvumelana komlingiswa, umqondo oqinile wokwakha. Umbuso wakhe wawungamaqhawe aphakeme, izinkanuko eziqinile, eziphakeme zabantu abakhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga elijwayelekile. Okumangazayo ukuvezwa komculo ka-Lully kwakusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kokuvamile. ama-revolutions, asebenze ukudlulisa i-decomp. ukunyakaza kwemizwelo nemizwelo - ngokuhambisana nemfundiso yethonya (bheka. Ithiyori ethi Affect), egcizelela ubuhle be-K. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici zeBaroque zazikhona emsebenzini kaLully, zibonakaliswa ubukhazikhazi obumangalisayo bemidlalo yakhe ye-opera, ukukhula okukhulayo. indima yesimiso sezinzwa. Inhlanganisela efanayo yezinto ze-baroque nezakudala nayo ivela e-Italy, kuma-opera abaqambi besikole saseNeapolitan ngemuva kwedramaturgy. ukuguqulwa okwenziwe ngu-A. Zeno kumodeli yamaFulentshi. inhlekelele yakudala. Uchungechunge lwe-opera yamaqhawe lwathola uhlobo nobumbano olwakhayo, izinhlobo kanye nedramaturgy kwalawulwa. imisebenzi ihlukene. amafomu omculo. Kodwa ngokuvamile lobu bunye babubonakala bungokomthetho, kwavela uzungu oluhlekisayo nobuhle be-virtuoso. ikhono labaculi-abacula yedwa. NjengeNtaliyane. i-opera seria, nomsebenzi wabalandeli bakaLully baseFrance wafakazela ukwehla okwaziwayo kuka-K.

Inkathi entsha echumayo yekarati ekuKhanyiseni ayizange ihlotshaniswe nje kuphela noshintsho ekuqondeni kwayo, kodwa futhi nokuvuselelwa ngokwengxenye kwezinhlobo zayo, ukunqoba ezinye eziqinile. izici ze-aesthetics yakudala. Ezibonelweni zayo eziphakeme kakhulu, ukukhanyiselwa K. kwekhulu le-18. ikhuphukela esimemezelweni esivulekile soguquko. imibono. I-France iseyisikhungo esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kwemibono ka-K, kodwa bathola ukuzwakala okubanzi kobuhle. imicabango nobuciko. lokusungula eJalimane, Austria, Italy, Russia nakwamanye amazwe. Emculweni Indima ebalulekile ekuthandeni kwesiko idlalwa imfundiso yokulingisa, eyasungulwa eFrance nguCh. Batte, JJ Rousseau, kanye no-d'Alembert; -imicabango yobuhle yekhulu le-18 le thiyori yayihlotshaniswa nokuqonda iphimbo. uhlobo lomculo, okwaholela ekubeni ngokoqobo. ambuke. URousseau ugcizelele ukuthi into yokulingisa emculweni akumele kube imisindo yemvelo engaphili, kodwa kube ukuphinyiswa kwenkulumo yomuntu, esebenza njengokuvezwa kwemizwa okuthembekile nokuqondile. Phakathi nendawo ye-muz.-yobuhle. izingxabano ekhulwini le-18. kwakukhona i-opera. Franz. ama-encyclopedist akubheka njengohlobo, lapho ubumbano lwangempela lwezobuciko, olwalukhona ku-anti-tich, kufanele lubuyiselwe. i-t-re futhi yaphulwa enkathini elandelayo. Lo mbono wakha isisekelo sokuguqulwa kokusebenza kwe-KV Gluck, eyaqalwa nguye eVienna ngawo-60s. futhi yaqedwa esimweni sangaphambi koguquko. I-Paris ngeminyaka yawo-70s ama-opera avuthiwe ka-Gluck, enguquko, asekelwa ngokuzimisela ama-encyclopedist, ahlanganisa kahle asendulo. inhloso yeqhawe elimangalisayo. art-va, ehlukaniswa yizicukuthwane zezinkanuko, izikhulu. ubulula kanye nokuqina kwesitayela.

Njengasekhulwini le-17, ngesikhathi sokuKhanyiswa, u-K. wayengeyona into evaliwe, eyedwa futhi wayexhumana no-dec. izitayela zesitayela, ubuhle. imvelo to-rykh ngezinye izikhathi yayingqubuzana nenhloko yakhe. izimiso. Ngakho-ke, i-crystallization yezinhlobo ezintsha ze-classical. instr. umculo uqala ngekwata yesi-2. Ikhulu le-18, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesitayela esinamandla (noma isitayela se-Rococo), esihlotshaniswa ngokulandelana kokubili kwekhulu le-K. 17 kanye ne-Baroque. Izakhi ezintsha phakathi kwabaqambi ezithathwa njengesitayela esinamandla (i-F. Couperin e-France, i-GF Telemann kanye no-R. Kaiser eJalimane, u-G. Sammartini, ngokwengxenye u-D. Scarlatti e-Italy) ahlanganiswe nezici zesitayela se-baroque. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-monumentalism kanye nezifiso ze-baroque eziguquguqukayo zithathelwa indawo ukuzwela okuthambile, okucwengisisiwe, ukusondelana kwezithombe, ukucwengwa komdwebo.

Ukuthambekela kokuzwela okwandile phakathi. Ikhulu le-18 laholela ekuchumeni kwezinhlobo zezingoma eFrance, eJalimane, eRussia, ukuvela kuka-Dec. nat. izinhlobo ze-opera eziphikisana nesakhiwo esimangalisayo senhlekelele ye-classicist enezithombe nemizwa elula "yabantu abancane" evela kubantu, izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwansuku zonke, ukucula komculo ongathobekile eduze nemithombo yansuku zonke. Emkhakheni we-instr. imizwa yomculo ibonakale ku-Op. Abaqambi baseCzech abahlangene nesikole saseMannheim (J. Stamitz nabanye), i-KFE Bach, umsebenzi wabo wawuhlobene nokukhanya. ukunyakaza "Isiphepho nokuhlasela". Imvelo kulo mnyakazo, isifiso unlimited. inkululeko kanye nokushesha kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kubonakala kumculo womculo ojabulisayo. izindlela zomculo we-CFE Bach, ukuphaphatheka kwentuthuko, izinkulumo ezibukhali, ezingalindelekile. umehluko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi ye "Berlin" noma "Hamburg" Bach, abameleli besikole saseMannheim, neminye imisinga ehambisanayo ngezindlela eziningi ilungiselela ngokuqondile isigaba esiphezulu ekuthuthukiseni umculo. K., ehlotshaniswa namagama ka-J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven (bheka i-Vienna Classical School). Laba ongcweti abakhulu bafingqa izimpumelelo zikaDisemba. izitayela zomculo nezikole zikazwelonke, zakha uhlobo olusha lomculo we-classic, olucetshiswe kakhulu futhi lwakhululwa emigomeni ewuphawu lwezigaba zangaphambilini zesitayela sakudala emculweni. Imvelo ye-K. i-harmonich yekhwalithi. ukucaca kokucabanga, ibhalansi yezimiso zenyama kanye nezihlakaniphi kuhlanganiswe nobubanzi nokunotha kwezinto ezingokoqobo. ukuqonda kwezwe, ubuzwe obujulile kanye nentando yeningi. Emsebenzini wabo, banqoba i-dogmatism kanye ne-metaphysics ye-classicist aesthetics, okwathi ngezinga elithile bazibonakalisa ngisho naku-Gluck. Umlando obaluleke kakhulu ukuzuza kwalesi sigaba kwaba ukusungulwa kwe-symphonism njengendlela yokubonisa iqiniso ku-dynamics, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlanganisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuphikisana. I-symphonism yezingasoze zabuna zase-Viennese ihlanganisa izici ezithile zedrama ye-operatic, ehlanganisa imiqondo emikhulu, enemininingwane yemibono kanye nokumangalisayo. izingxabano. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimiso zokucabanga kwe-symphonic zingena hhayi kuphela kuDisemba. instr. izinhlobo (i-sonata, i-quartet, njll.), kodwa futhi ku-opera nokukhiqizwa. uhlobo lwe-cantata-oratorio.

E-France ku-con. Ikhulu le-18 i-K. ithuthukiswa futhi ku-Op. abalandeli bakaGluck, owaqhubeka namasiko akhe ku-opera (A. Sacchini, A. Salieri). Phendula ngokuqondile ezenzakalweni ze-Great French. Revolution F. Gossec, E. Megyul, L. Cherubini - ababhali be-operas kanye ne-monumental wok.-instr. imisebenzi yakhelwe ukusebenza ngobuningi, egcwele umphakathi kanye nokushisekela izwe. izindlela. K. ukuthambekela kutholakala ngesiRashiya. abaqambi bekhulu le-18 MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, VA Pashkevich, IE Khandoshkin, EI Fomin. Kodwa emculweni waseRussia u-K awuzange uthuthuke waba indlela ebanzi ehlangene. Iziveza kulaba baqambi ngokuhambisana nemizwa, ubuqiniso bohlobo oluthile. umfanekiso kanye nezakhi zothando lokuqala (isibonelo, ku-OA Kozlovsky).

References: U-Livanova T., Izingoma zomculo zakudala zekhulu le-XVIII, M.-L., 1939; yakhe, Endleleni isuka eNkathini Yenguquko iya Ekukhanyeni kwekhulu le-1963, iqoqwe: Kusukela ku-Renaissance kuya ekhulwini le-1966, uM., 264; wakhe, Inkinga yesitayela emculweni wekhulu lama-89, eqoqweni: Renaissance. I-Baroque. I-Classicism, M., 245, p. 63-1968; Vipper BR, Art of the 1973th century kanye nenkinga yesitayela seBaroque, ibid., p. 3-1915; Konen V., Theatre and Symphony, M., 1925; Keldysh Yu., Inkinga yezitayela emculweni waseRussia wekhulu lama-1926-1927, "SM", 1934, No 8; Fischer W., Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wiener klassischen Stils, “StZMw”, Jahrg. III, 1930; Becking G., Klassik und Romantik, e: Bericht über den I. Musikwissenschaftlichen KongreЯ… eLeipzig… 1931, Lpz., 432; Bücken E., Die Musik des Rokokos und der Klassik, Wildpark-Potsdam, 43 (ochungechungeni oluthi “Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft” oluhlelwe nguye; ukuhumusha kwesiRashiya: Music of the Rococo and Classicism, M., 1949); Mies R. Zu Musikauffassung und Stil der Klassik, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. XIII, H. XNUMX, XNUMX/XNUMX, s. XNUMX-XNUMX; Gerber R., Klassischei Stil in der Musik, “Die Sammlung”, Jahrg. IV, XNUMX.

Yu.V. I-Keldysh

I-Classicism (kusuka ku-lat. classicus - exemplary), isitayela sobuciko esasikhona ngo-17 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 eYurophu izincwadi nezobuciko. Ukuvela kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwesimo se-absolutist, ibhalansi yomphakathi yesikhashana phakathi kwezakhi ze-feudal kanye ne-bourgeois. Ukuxolisa kwesizathu esavela ngaleso sikhathi kanye ne-normative aesthetics eyakhula kuyo yayisekelwe emithethweni yokunambitheka okuhle, okwakubhekwa njengengunaphakade, ukuzimela komuntu futhi kuphambene nokuthanda komuntu, ugqozi kanye nemizwelo yakhe. K. wathola izindinganiso zokunambitheka okuhle emvelweni, lapho abona khona imodeli yokuvumelana. Ngakho-ke, u-K. wabiza ukulingisa imvelo, wafuna ukwethembeka. Kwaqondwa njengokubhalelana okuhle, okuhambisana nomqondo wengqondo weqiniso. Emkhakheni wombono ka-K, kwakukhona ukubonakaliswa okuqaphelayo komuntu. Konke okwakungahambelani nokucabanga, konke okubi kwakudingeka kuvele kubuciko buka-K. Lokhu kwakuhlotshaniswa nombono wobuciko basendulo njengesibonelo. I-Rationalism iholele embonweni ojwayelekile wezinhlamvu kanye nokugqama kwezingxabano ezingabonakali (ukuphikisana phakathi komsebenzi nomuzwa, njll.). Ikakhulukazi esekelwe emibonweni ye-Renaissance, u-K., ngokungafani naye, akazange abonise isithakazelo kumuntu kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwakhe, kodwa esimweni lapho umuntu azithola ekuso. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile isithakazelo asikho kumlingiswa, kodwa kulezo zezici zakhe ezidalula lesi simo. I-rationalism ye-k. kwaveza izidingo zomqondo nokulula, kanye nokuhleleka kobuciko. kusho (ukuhlukaniswa kube izinhlobo eziphezulu neziphansi, i-stylistic purism, njll.).

Ku-ballet, lezi zimfuneko zabonakala zinezithelo. Ukungqubuzana okuthuthukiswe ngu-K. - ukuphikiswa kokucabanga nemizwa, isimo somuntu ngamunye, njll. - kwembulwa ngokugcwele emdlalweni wedrama. Umthelela wedrama ka-K. ujulise okuqukethwe kwe-ballet futhi wagcwalisa umdanso. izithombe zokubaluleka kwe-semantic. Kuma-comedies-ballets ("I-Boring", 1661, "Umshado ngokuzenzakalelayo", 1664, njll.), uMoliere wayefuna ukuzuza ukuqonda kwesakhiwo sokufakwa kwe-ballet. Izingcezu ze-ballet ku- "The Tradesman in the Nobility" ("Umkhosi WaseTurkey", 1670) naku-"The Imaginary Sick" ("Ukuzinikela Kudokotela", 1673) kwakungezona nje izixhumi, kodwa eziphilayo. ingxenye yokusebenza. Izenzakalo ezifanayo zenzeke hhayi kuphela ku-farcical-nsuku zonke, kodwa futhi kumfundisi-mythological. izethulo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-ballet yayisabonakala ngezici eziningi zesitayela se-Baroque futhi yayiseyingxenye yokwenziwa. ukusebenza, okuqukethwe kwayo kwanda. Lokhu kungenxa yendima entsha yombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi eqondise umdidiyeli nomqambi.

Inqoba kancane kancane i-baroque variegation kanye ne-cumbersomeness, i-ballet ka-K., isalela ngemuva kwezincwadi nobunye ubuciko, nayo yalwela ukulawula. Ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo kuye kwahluka kakhulu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, umdanso waba nzima kakhulu futhi wahlelwa. ubuchwepheshe. I-Ballet. U-P. Beauchamp, ngokusekelwe kumgomo we-eversion, wasungula izikhundla ezinhlanu zemilenze (bheka Izikhundla) - isisekelo sokuhleleka komdanso we-classical. Lo mdanso wakudala ugxile ku-antique. amasampula aphrintwe ezikhumbuzo azoboniswa. ubuciko. Konke ukunyakaza, ngisho waboleka Nar. umdanso, wedlule njengowakudala futhi wabhalwa njengowakudala. I-Ballet yenziwe ngobungcweti futhi yadlula umbuthano wesigodlo. Abathandi bomdanso abavela kuma-courters ekhulwini le-17. ushintshile uphrof. abaculi, amadoda okuqala, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, abesifazane. Kwaba nokukhula ngokushesha kwamakhono okwenza. Ngo-1661, kwasungulwa iRoyal Academy of Dance eParis, eholwa uBeauchamp, kwathi ngo-1671, iRoyal Academy of Music, eholwa nguJB Lully (kamuva owaba yiParis Opera). U-Lully wabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-ballet K. Esebenza njengomdansi nomdwebi wama-choreographer ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMolière (kamuva njengomqambi), wakha ama-muses. uhlobo lwe-lyric. inhlekelele, lapho ipulasitiki nomdanso wadlala indima ehamba phambili ye-semantic. Isiko likaLully laqhutshekiselwa phambili nguJB Rameau kuma-opera-ballets "Gallant India" (1735), "Castor and Pollux" (1737). Ngokuya ngesikhundla sazo kulokhu kumelelwa okusakwenziwa, izingcezu ze-ballet ziya ngokuya zihambisana nezimiso zobuciko bakudala (ngezinye izikhathi zigcina izici ze-baroque). Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-18 hhayi nje ngokomzwelo, kodwa futhi ukuqonda okunengqondo kwepulasitiki. izigcawu zaholela ekuhlukaniseni kwabo; ngo-1708 i-ballet yokuqala ezimele yavela endikimbeni evela ku-Corneille's Horatii ngomculo ka-JJ Mouret. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-ballet izenzele njengohlobo olukhethekile lobuciko. Ibibuswa ukudansa kwe-divertissement, dance-state kanye nokungacaci kwayo ngokomzwelo kube nomthelela ekucabangeni. ukwakha ukusebenza. Ukuthinta kwe-semantic kusabalele, kodwa kuqala. okunemibandela.

Ngokuwohloka kwedrama, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kwaqala ukucindezela umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi. Qala. Umuntu ohamba phambili etiyetha ye-ballet umdansi we-virtuoso (L. Dupre, M. Camargo, nabanye), ovamise ukwehlisela phansi umdwebi wama-choreographer, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu umqambi nombhali wemidlalo, ngemuva. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunyakaza okusha kwasetshenziswa kabanzi, okuyisizathu sokuqala kokuguqulwa kwezingubo.

I-Ballet. I-Encyclopedia, SE, 1981