Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Isiphetho sika-J. Meyerbeer, umqambi omkhulu we-opera wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. – kwavela ngenjabulo. Kwakungadingeki athole imali yokuziphilisa, njengoba kwenza u-WA ​​Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky nabanye abaculi, ngoba wazalelwa emndenini webhange elikhulu laseBerlin. Akazange avikele ilungelo lakhe lokusungula ebusheni bakhe - abazali bakhe, abantu abakhanyiselwe kakhulu abathanda futhi baqonda ubuciko, benza konke ukuze izingane zabo zithole imfundo ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Othisha abahamba phambili eBerlin bagxilisa kubo ukuthanda izincwadi zasendulo, umlando, nezilimi. UMeyerbeer wayekhuluma kahle isiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane, azi isiGreki, isiLatini, isiHebheru. Izelamani zakwaGiacomo nazo zazinesiphiwo: UWilhelm kamuva waba isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile, umfowabo omncane, owashona ekuseni, wayeyimbongi enekhono, umbhali wenhlekelele yaseStruensee, lapho uMeyerbeer abhala khona umculo.

UGiacomo, omdala kubazalwane, waqala ukufunda umculo eneminyaka engu-5. Ngemva kokuthuthuka kakhulu, eneminyaka engu-9 udlala ekhonsathini yomphakathi edlalwa i-Concerto kaMozart ku-D minor. U-M. Clementi odumile uba uthisha wakhe, futhi umculi we-ogani odumile kanye ne-theorist u-Abbot Vogler waseDarmstadt, ngemva kokulalela u-Meyerbeer omncane, umeluleka ukuba afunde i-counterpoint kanye ne-fugue nomfundi wakhe u-A. Weber. Kamuva, uVogler ngokwakhe umema uMeyerbeer eDarmstadt (1811), lapho abafundi abavela kulo lonke elaseJalimane beza kuthisha odumile. Lapho uMeyerbeer waba umngane no-KM Weber, umbhali wakusasa weThe Magic Shooter kanye ne-Euryanta.

Phakathi kwezivivinyo zokuqala ezizimele zikaMeyerbeer kukhona i-cantata ethi “God and Nature” kanye nama-opera angu-2: “Isifungo SikaJefta” endabeni yeBhayibheli (1812) kanye neyamahlaya, ngesakhiwo senganekwane evela ku-“A Thousand and One Nights” , "Umphathi kanye nesivakashi" (1813). Ama-opera adlalwa eMunich naseStuttgart futhi awazange aphumelele. Abagxeki bahlambalaza umqambi ngokuthi womile futhi akanaso isipho somculo. U-Weber waduduza umngane wakhe owayewile, futhi u-A. Salieri onolwazi wameluleka ukuba aye e-Italy ukuze abone ubuhle nobuhle bezingoma ezivela kubaphathi bayo abakhulu.

UMeyerbeer uchitha iminyaka eminingana e-Italy (1816-24). Umculo ka-G. Rossini ubusa ezitejini zetiyetha yase-Italy, imidlalo yokuqala ye-opera yakhe ethi Tancred kanye ne-The Barber yase-Seville iyanqoba. UMeyerbeer ulwela ukufunda isitayela esisha sokubhala. EPadua, eTurin, eVenice, eMilan, kudlalwa ama-opera akhe amasha - Romilda and Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma of Resburg (1819), Margherita of Anjou (1820), Exile from Grenada (1822) and, ekugcineni, i-opera eyayihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngaleyo minyaka, i-Crusader in Egypt (1824). Iphumelele hhayi eYurophu kuphela, kodwa nase-USA, eBrazil, ezinye izingcaphuno ezivela kuyo ziyathandwa.

"Ngangingafuni ukulingisa uRossini," kusho uMeyerbeer futhi kubonakala sengathi uyazithethelela, "futhi ngibhale ngesiNtaliyane, njengoba besho, kodwa kwadingeka ngibhale kanjalo ... ngenxa yokukhangwa kwami ​​kwangaphakathi." Ngempela, abangane abaningi baseJalimane bomqambi - futhi ikakhulukazi u-Weber - abakwamukelanga lokhu kushintshwa kwe-Italian. Impumelelo enesizotha yama-opera ase-Italy kaMeyerbeer eJalimane ayizange imthene amandla umqambi. Wayenomgomo omusha: iParis - isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezombangazwe namasiko ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1824, uMeyerbeer wamenywa eParis akekho omunye ngaphandle kuka-maestro Rossini, owayengasoli ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi uthatha isinyathelo esibulalayo odumo lwakhe. Uze abambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni i-Crusader (1825), esekela umqambi osemusha. Ngo-1827, uMeyerbeer wathuthela eParis, lapho athola khona ikhaya lakhe lesibili nalapho udumo lomhlaba lwafika kuye.

eParis ngasekupheleni kwawo-1820. impilo yezombangazwe neyobuciko eshisayo. Inguquko yonxiwankulu yango-1830 yayisondela. Onxiwankulu benkululeko babelungiselela kancane kancane ukuqedwa kwamaBourbons. Igama likaNapoleon lizungezwe izinganekwane zothando. Imibono ye-utopian socialism iyasabalala. U-V. Hugo osemusha esanduleleni esidumile sedrama ethi "Cromwell" umemezela imibono yomkhuba omusha wobuciko - i-romanticism. Etiyetha yomculo, kanye nama-opera ka-E. Megul no-L. Cherubini, imisebenzi ka-G. Spontini ithandwa kakhulu. Izithombe zamaRoma asendulo azidala ezingqondweni zamaFulentshi zinokuthile okufanayo namaqhawe enkathi yamaNapoleon. Kukhona ama-comic opera ka-G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. U-G. Berlioz ubhala i-Fantastic Symphony yakhe entsha. Ababhali abathuthukayo abavela kwamanye amazwe beza eParis - L. Berne, G. Heine. U-Meyerbeer ubhekisisa impilo yaseParis, wenza ukuxhumana kwezobuciko namabhizinisi, uhambela imidlalo yeshashalazi, phakathi kwayo kukhona imisebenzi emibili eyingqophamlando ye-opera yothando - ka-Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fenella) (1828) kanye noWilliam Tell kaRossini (1829). Okubalulekile kwaba umhlangano womqambi nomculi wakusasa u-E. Scribe, uchwepheshe wemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nezinto ezithandwa umphakathi, umpetha wobuqili basesiteji. Umphumela wokubambisana kwabo kwaba i-opera yothando ethi Robert the Devil (1831), eyaba yimpumelelo emangalisayo. Ukugqama okugqamile, ukwenzeka bukhoma, izinombolo zezwi ezihlaba umxhwele, umsindo we-orchestra - konke lokhu kuba uphawu kwamanye ama-opera e-Meyerbeer.

Umboniso wokuqala wokunqoba we-The Huguenots (1836) ekugcineni uchoboza zonke izimbangi zakhe. Udumo olukhulu lukaMeyerbeer luphinde lungene ezweni lakubo - eJalimane. Ngo-1842, iNkosi yasePrussia uFriedrich Wilhelm IV wamemela eBerlin njengomqondisi jikelele womculo. E-Berlin Opera, uMeyerbeer uthola uR. Wagner ekukhiqizeni i-The Flying Dutchman (umbhali oqhuba), umeme uBerlioz, uLiszt, G. Marschner eBerlin, unesithakazelo emculweni kaM. Glinka futhi wenza i-trio evela ku-Ivan Susanin . UGlinka naye uyabhala: “I-orchestra yayiqondiswa uMeyerbeer, kodwa kumelwe sivume ukuthi ungumphathi webhendi omuhle kakhulu kuzo zonke izici.” EBerlin, umqambi ubhala i-opera Camp eSilesia (ingxenye eyinhloko yenziwa ngu-J. Lind odumile), eParis, uMprofethi (1849), i-North Star (1854), i-Dinora (1859) idlalwa. I-opera yokugcina kaMeyerbeer, ethi The African Woman, yadlala inkundla ngemva konyaka eshonile, ngo-1865.

Emisebenzini yakhe engcono kakhulu yesiteji, uMeyerbeer ubonakala njengenkosi enkulu kunazo zonke. Ithalente lomculo elisezingeni lokuqala, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-orchestration nomculo, alizange linqatshwe ngisho nabaphikisi bakhe uR. Schumann noR. Wagner. Ubuciko be-orchestra buyivumela ukuba ifinyelele imiphumela emihle kakhulu nemangalisayo (isiqephu sesonto lombhishobhi, isiqephu sephupho, imashi yokuthweswa ubukhosi kuyi-opera ethi The Prophet, noma ukungcwatshwa kwezinkemba kuyi-Huguenots). Akukho khono elincane futhi ekuphatheni uquqaba lwamakhwaya. Umthelela womsebenzi kaMeyerbeer watholwa abantu abaningi besikhathi sakhe, okuhlanganisa no-Wagner ku-opera ethi Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, futhi ngokwengxenye e-Tannhäuser. Abantu besikhathi samanje baphinde bakhangwa indlela yezepolitiki yama-opera kaMeyerbeer. Ezakhiweni zomlando-mbumbulu, babona umzabalazo wemibono yanamuhla. Umqambi wakwazi ukuzwa ngobuqili inkathi. UHeine, owayewuthakasela umsebenzi kaMeyerbeer, wabhala: “Ungumuntu wesikhathi sakhe, futhi isikhathi, ehlale ekwazi ukukhetha abantu baso, simphakamisele isihlangu ngomsindo futhi ememezela ukubusa kwakhe.”

E. Illeva

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera – Isifungo sikaJefta (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Umsingathi kanye nesivakashi, noma ihlaya (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Two caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, 1814Kernttor ”, Vienna; ngaphansi kwegama elithi Alimelek, 1820, Prague and Vienna), Brandenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1814, not permanent), Bachelor from Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), akuqediwe), Umfundi waseStrasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1815 (?), akuqediwe), Robert and Elisa (1816, Palermo), Romilda and Constanta (melodrama, 1817, Padua), Recognized Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. “Reggio”, Turin), Emma of Resburg (1819, tr “San Benedetto”, Venice; ngaphansi kwegama Emma Lester, noma Voice of Conscience, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret of Anjou (1820, tr “ La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1821, akaqedanga), Exile from Grenada (L'esule di Granada, 1822, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader in Egypt (Il crociato e-Egitto, 1824, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, noma uPedro wasePortugal (Ines di Castro osia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1825, engaqediwe), uRobert the Devil (Robert le Diable, 1831, “Inkosi. I-Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1835, post. 1836, ibid; eRussia ngaphansi kwegama elithi Guelphs and Ghibellines), Idili Lenkantolo eFerrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, umdlalo wenjabulo wemikhosi yasenkantolo uguquliwe Ball, 1843, Royal Palace, Berlin), Camp in Silesia (Ein Feldlager in Schlesien, 1844, “King. Spectacle”, Berlin), Noema, or Repentance (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1846, akaphelanga.), Prophet ( Le prophète, 1849, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; eRussia ngaphansi kwegama elithi The Siege of Ghent, kwase kuba uJohn of Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); wasebenzisa umculo we-opera Camp eSilesia), uJudith (1854, akaphelanga.), Ploermel forgiveness (Le pardon de Ploërmel, ekuqaleni ebizwa ngokuthi Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; ebizwa nangokuthi Dinora, noma Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1859, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (igama langempela elithi Vasco da Gama, 1864, post. 1865, Grand Opera, Steam izh); ukuzijabulisa - Ukuwela umfula, noma Owesifazane Onomona (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; ebizwa nangokuthi The Fisherman and the Milkmaid, noma A Lot of Noise because of a Kiss, 1810, tr “King of the Spectacle”, Berlin) ; okushiwo ngomlomo – UNkulunkulu nemvelo (Gott und die Natur, 1811); ye-orchestra - Imashi yamaholide eya ekugcotshweni kukaWilliam I (1861) nabanye; kwaya – AmaHubo 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, amahubo, amahubo abacula ngabodwa kanye nekhwaya (ayishicilelwe); okwezwi nopiyano - Izingoma ezingu-St. 40, ezothando, ama-ballads (emavesini ka-IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, njll.); umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi, okuhlanganisa i-Struenze (idrama ka-M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Intsha yaseGoethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, idrama ka-A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, engashicilelwe).