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UFranz Liszt

Ngaphandle kuka-Liszt emhlabeni, sonke isiphetho somculo omusha singahluka. V. Stasov

Umsebenzi wokuqamba ka-F. Liszt awunakuhlukaniswa kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi ehlukahlukene futhi eshubile yalo mshisekeli weqiniso kwezobuciko. Engumshayi wopiyano nombhidisi, umhlaziyi womculo nomuntu ongakhathali emphakathini, “wayehaha futhi ezwela yonke into entsha, entsha, ebalulekile; isitha sakho konke okujwayelekile, ukuhamba, umkhuba” (A. Borodin).

F. Liszt wazalelwa emkhayeni ka-Adam Liszt, umalusi ongumalusi endaweni yeNkosana u-Esterhazy, umculi oyimfundamakhwela owaqondisa izifundo zokuqala zepiyano zendodana yakhe, eyaqala ukucula obala ineminyaka eyi-9, futhi ngo-1821- 22. wafunda eVienna no-K. Czerny (upiyano) no-A. Salieri (ukuqamba). Ngemva kwamakhonsathi ayimpumelelo eVienna and Pest (1823), u-A. Liszt wathatha indodana yakhe wayiyisa eParis, kodwa imvelaphi yangaphandle yaba isithiyo sokungena ku-conservatory, futhi imfundo yomculo kaLiszt yanezelwa izifundo zangasese zokuqamba ezivela kuF. Paer no A. Reicha. I-virtuoso esencane inqoba iParis neLondon ngemidlalo yayo, iqamba okuningi (i-opera eyodwa uDon Sancho, noma iCastle of Love, izingcezu zopiyano).

Ukushona kukayise ngo-1827, okwaphoqa uLiszt ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuba anakekele ubukhona bakhe, kwamletha ubuso nobuso nenkinga yesikhundla esilulazayo somculi emphakathini. Umbono wezwe walensizwa wakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemibono ye-utopian socialism ka-A. Saint-Simon, i-Christian socialism ka-Abbé F. Lamennay, nezazi zefilosofi zaseFrance zekhulu le-1830. njll. INguquko kaJulayi ka-1834 eParis yaveza umqondo we-"Revolutionary Symphony" (eyahlala ingakaqedwa), ukuvukela kwabeluki eLyon (1835) - ucezu lwepiyano "Lyon" (ene-epigraph - the isiqubulo sezihlubuki "Ukuphila, ukusebenza, noma ukufa ukulwa" ). Imibono yobuciko ka-Liszt yakhiwe ngokuhambisana ne-French romanticism, ekukhulumisaneni no-V. Hugo, O. Balzac, G. Heine, ngaphansi kwethonya lobuciko buka-N. Paganini, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz. Zakhiwe ochungechungeni lwezihloko ezithi “Esikhundleni sabantu bobuciko nangezimo zokuphila kwabo emphakathini” (1837) naku-“Letters of the Bachelor of Music” (39-1835), ezibhalwe ngokubambisana no-M. d'Agout (kamuva wabhala ngaphansi kwegama-mbumbulu elithi Daniel Stern ), uLiszt athatha uhambo olude oluya eSwitzerland (37-1837), lapho afundisa khona e-Geneva Conservatory, nase-Italy (39-XNUMX).

“Iminyaka yokuzulazula” eyaqala ngo-1835 yaqhubeka ohambweni olujulile lwezinhlobo eziningi zaseYurophu (1839-47). Ukufika kukaLiszt ezweni lakubo eHungary, lapho ahlonishwa khona njengeqhawe lesizwe, kwaba ukunqoba kwangempela (imali etholakala emakhonsathini yathunyelwa ukusiza labo ababethintwe uzamcolo owehlela izwe). Izikhathi ezintathu (1842, 1843, 1847) uLiszt wavakashela eRussia, esungula ubungane besikhathi eside nabaculi baseRussia, ebhala i-Chernomor March kusukela ku-M. Glinka's Ruslan noLyudmila, uthando luka-A. Alyabyev I-Nightingale, njll. Imibhalo eminingi ebhalwe phansi, amaphupho, amaphupho, amaphupho, amaphupho U-Liszt phakathi nale minyaka, akazange abonise kuphela okuthandwa ngumphakathi, kodwa futhi kwaba ubufakazi bemisebenzi yakhe yomculo neyokufundisa. Kumakhonsathi epiyano ka-Liszt, ama-symphonies ka-L. Beethoven kanye “ne-Fantastic Symphony” ka-G. Berlioz, idlulela ku-“William Tell” ka-G. Rossini kanye “ne-Magic Shooter” ka-KM Weber, izingoma zika-F. Schubert, izandulela kanye nama-fugues ka-JS Bach, kanye nencazelo ye-opera kanye nemicabango (ngezindikimba ezivela ku-Don Giovanni ka-WA ​​Mozart, ama-opera ka-V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, G. Meyerbeer, futhi kamuva ngu-G. Verdi), imibhalo yezingcezu kusukela kuma-operas we-Wagner nokunye. Ipiyano esezandleni zika-Liszt iba insimbi yendawo yonke ekwazi ukuphinda ihlanganise konke ukunotha komsindo we-opera kanye nemiphumela ye-symphony, amandla esitho kanye nomsindo wezwi lomuntu.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukunqoba komdlali wopiyano omkhulu, owanqoba yonke iYurophu ngamandla okuqala omoya wakhe wobuciko ovunguzayo, kwamlethela ukwaneliseka kwangempela kancane kancane. Kwakuya kuba nzima ngoLiszt ukwanelisa ukuthanda komphakathi, ngenxa yabo ubuhle bakhe obumangalisayo nokubukisa kwangaphandle ngokuvamile kwakufihla izinhloso ezingathi sína zomfundisi, owayefuna “ukunqamula umlilo ezinhliziyweni zabantu.” Ngemva kokunikeza ikhonsathi yokuvalelisa e-Elizavetgrad e-Ukraine ngo-1847, uLiszt wathuthela eJalimane, ukuze athule u-Weimar, ongcweliswe ngamasiko kaBach, Schiller noGoethe, lapho ebambe khona isikhundla sokuba yi-bandmaster enkantolo yezikhulu, waqondisa i-orchestra ne-opera. indlu.

Isikhathi se-Weimar (1848-61) - isikhathi "sokugxilwa komcabango", njengoba umqambi ngokwakhe esibiza - ngaphezu kwakho konke, inkathi yokudala okukhulu. U-Liszt uqedela futhi asebenze kabusha izingoma eziningi ezidalwe ngaphambilini noma eziqalwe, futhi asebenzise imibono emisha. Ngakho-ke kusukela kudalwe kuma-30s. "I-albhamu yabahambi" ikhula "Iminyaka yokuzulazula" - imijikelezo yezingcezu zepiyano (unyaka 1 - Switzerland, 1835-54; unyaka wesi-2 - e-Italy, 1838-49, ngokungezwa kwe "Venice neNaples", 1840-59) ; thola ama-Etudes wokugcina wokuqeda wekhono eliphezulu kakhulu (“I-Etudes of transcendent performance”, 1851); "Izifundo ezinkulu kuma-caprices wePaganini" (1851); "Ukuvumelana Kwezinkondlo Nezenkolo" (izingcezu eziyi-10 zepianoforte, 1852). Eqhubeka nomsebenzi kumashuni aseHungary (I-Hungarian National Melodies for Piano, 1840-43; "Hungarian Rhapsodies", 1846), uLiszt udala "i-Hungarian Rhapsodies" engu-15 (1847-53). Ukuqaliswa kwemibono emisha kuholela ekuveleni kwemisebenzi ephakathi kaLiszt, ehlanganisa imibono yakhe ngezindlela ezintsha - i-Sonatas ku-B minor (1852-53), izinkondlo eziyi-12 ze-symphonic (1847-57), "Faust Symphonies" kaGoethe (1854). -57) kanye ne-Symphony kuDante's Divine Comedy (1856). Bahlanganiswe amakhonsathi angu-2 (1849-56 no-1839-61), “Dance of Death” yepiyano ne-orchestra (1838-49), “Mephisto-Waltz” (esekelwe ku-“Faust” ka-N. Lenau, 1860), njll.

Ku-Weimar, uLiszt uhlela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ye-opera ne-symphony yakudala, izingoma zakamuva. Waqale wadlala i-Lohengrin ka-R. Wagner, u-Manfred ka-J. Byron ngomculo ka-R. Schumann, waqhuba ama-symphonies nama-opera ka-G. Berlioz, njll. umgomo wokuqinisekisa izimiso ezintsha zobuciko bothando obusezingeni eliphezulu (incwadi ethi F. Chopin, 1850; izindatshana uBerlioz noHarold Symphony wakhe, uRobert Schumann, iFlying Dutchman kaR. Wagner, njll.). Imibono efanayo igcizelela inhlangano ye-"New Weimar Union" kanye "ne-General German Musical Union", ngesikhathi sokudalwa uLiszt athembele ekusekelweni abaculi abavelele ababebuthene eduze kwakhe e-Weimar (I. Raff, P. Cornelius, K .Tausig, G. Bulow nabanye).

Kodwa-ke, inertia yamaphilistine kanye nobuqili benkantolo yase-Weimar, okwakulokhu kuvimbela ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezinkulu ze-List, kwamphoqa ukuba ashiye isikhundla. Kusukela ngo-1861, uLiszt wahlala isikhathi eside eRoma, lapho enza khona umzamo wokuguqula umculo wesonto, wabhala i-oratorio ethi “Christ” (1866), kwathi ngo-1865 wathola isikhundla sokuba u-abbot (ngokwengxenye ngaphansi kwethonya leNkosazana K. Wittgenstein). , abasondelene naye kusukela ngo-1847 G.). Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu nakho kwaba nomthelela esimweni sokudumala nokungabaza - ukushona kwendodana yakhe uDaniel (1860) nendodakazi uBlandina (1862), okwaqhubeka nokukhula phakathi neminyaka, umuzwa wesizungu nokungaqondi izifiso zakhe zobuciko nezenhlalo. Avezwa emisebenzini eminingi yakamuva - "Unyaka Wokuzulazula" wesithathu (iRoma; umdlalo othi "Cypresses of Villa d'Este", 1 no-2, 1867-77), izingcezu zepiyano ("Grey Clouds", 1881; " I-Funeral Gondola, "Czardas death", 1882), eyesibili (1881) neyesithathu (1883) "Mephisto Waltzes", enkondlweni yokugcina ye-symphonic "Kusukela ekubelethweni kuya ethuneni" (1882).

Kodwa-ke, ngeminyaka yama-60s kanye nama-80s uLiszt unikela ngamandla amakhulu namandla ekwakheni isiko lomculo laseHungary. Uhlala njalo e-Pest, wenza imisebenzi yakhe lapho, kuhlanganise naleyo ehlobene nezindikimba zikazwelonke (i-oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth, 1862; I-Hungarian Coronation Mass, 1867, njll.), inikela ekusungulweni kwe-Academy of Music in Pest. (wayengumongameli wayo wokuqala), ubhala umjikelezo wepiyano "Izithombe Zomlando zaseHungary", 1870-86), owokugcina "I-Rhapsodies yaseHungary" (16-19), njll. E-Weimar, lapho uLiszt ebuya khona ngo-1869, wahlanganyela nenqwaba. abafundi abavela emazweni ahlukene (A. Siloti, V. Timanova, E. d'Albert, E. Sauer nabanye). Abaqambi nabo bayayivakashela, ikakhulukazi uBorodin, owashiya izinkumbulo ezimnandi nezicacile zikaLiszt.

U-Liszt wayehlale ethwebula futhi esekela ubuciko obusha nobokuqala ngokuzwela okukhethekile, okubambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komculo wezikole zikazwelonke zaseYurophu (isiCzech, isiNorway, iSpanishi, njll.), ikakhulukazi eqokomisa umculo waseRussia - umsebenzi kaM. Glinka, A. Dargomyzhsky, abaqambi be-Mighty Handful, ubuciko obudlalwayo A. kanye no-N. Rubinsteinov. Iminyaka eminingi, uLiszt wakhuthaza umsebenzi kaWagner.

Ungqondongqondo wopiyano we-Liszt wanquma ukubaluleka komculo wepiyano, lapho imibono yakhe yobuciko okokuqala yaqala khona, iqondiswa umbono wesidingo sethonya elisebenzayo elingokomoya kubantu. Isifiso sokuqinisekisa umgomo wezemfundo wobuciko, ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zawo zalokhu, ukukhuphula umculo ufinyelele ezingeni lefilosofi nezincwadi, ukuhlanganisa kuwo ukujula kokuqukethwe kwefilosofi nenkondlo ngobuhle, kwakuhlanganiswe nombono kaLiszt we ukuhleleka emculweni. Wakuchaza ngokuthi "ukuvuselelwa komculo ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwawo kwangaphakathi nezinkondlo, njengokukhululwa kokuqukethwe kwezobuciko ku-schematism", okuholela ekudalweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha namafomu. Imidlalo ka-Listov yeminyaka yokuzulazula, ehlanganisa izithombe eziseduze nemisebenzi yezincwadi, imidwebo, izithombe, izinganekwane zomdabu (i-sonata-fantasy "Ngemva kokufunda uDante", "Petrarch's Sonnets", "Betrothal" esekelwe emdwebeni kaRaphael, "The Thinker". ” okusekelwe esibazweni sikaMichelangelo, “I-Chapel of William Tell”, ehlotshaniswa nesithombe seqhawe lesizwe laseSwitzerland), noma izithombe zemvelo (“Echibini LaseWallenstadt”, “Entwasahlobo”), izinkondlo zomculo zezikali ezahlukene. U-Liszt ngokwakhe wethula leli gama ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu we-symphonic one-movement. Izihloko zabo ziqondisa umlaleli ezibongweni zika-A. Lamartine (“Izandulela”), V. Hugo (“Okuzwakala entabeni”, “Mazeppa” – kukhona nesifundo sopiyano esinesihloko esifanayo), F. Schiller (“Izimiso”); ezinhlekeleleni zikaW. Shakespeare (“Hamlet”), J. Herder (“Prometheus”), kuya enganekwaneni yasendulo (“Orpheus”), umdwebo kaW. Kaulbach (“Battle of the Huns”), idrama ka-W. JW Goethe (“Tasso” , inkondlo iseduze nenkondlo kaByron ethi “The Complaint of Tasso”).

Lapho ekhetha imithombo, uLiszt ugxila emisebenzini equkethe imibono evumelanayo yencazelo yokuphila, izimfihlakalo zokuba (“Preludes”, “Faust Symphony”), isiphetho esibuhlungu somculi nenkazimulo yakhe yangemva kokufa (“Tasso”, ne isihlokwana esithi “Isikhalazo Nokunqoba”). Futhi ukhangwa izithombe ze-folk element ("Tarantella" kusukela kumjikelezo othi "Venice naseNaples", "i-Rhapsody yaseSpain" yepiyano), ikakhulukazi mayelana neHungary yakubo ("i-Rhapsodies yesiHungary", inkondlo ye-symphonic "Hungary" ). Indikimba yobuqhawe nobuqhawe-ebuhlungu yomzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke yabantu baseHungary, uguquko luka-1848-49, yazwakala ngamandla amangalisayo emsebenzini kaLiszt. nokuhlulwa kwakhe (“Rakoczi March”, “Funeral Procession” yopiyano; inkondlo yomculo we-symphonic ethi “Lilela Amaqhawe”, njll.).

U-Liszt wehla emlandweni womculo njengomsunguli onesibindi emkhakheni wefomu lomculo, ukuvumelana, wacebisa umsindo wepiyano ne-symphony orchestra ngemibala emisha, wanikeza izibonelo ezithakazelisayo zokuxazulula izinhlobo ze-oratorio, ingoma yothando ("Lorelei" on. Ubuciko buka-H. Heine, “Like the Spirit of Laura” ku-st. V. Hugo, “Three Gypsies” ku-st. N. Lenau, njll.), kusebenza izitho zomzimba. Ethatha okuningi emasikweni amasiko eFrance naseJalimane, ekubeni yi-classic kazwelonke yomculo waseHungary, waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

E. Tsareva

• Impilo ka-Liszt nendlela yokudala →

I-Liszt iyinhlangano yakudala yomculo waseHungary. Ukuxhumana kwayo namanye amasiko esizwe. Ukubukeka kokudala, ukubukwa komphakathi kanye nobuhle be-Liszt. Ukuhlela kuyisimiso esiyisiqondiso sobuhlakani bakhe

U-Liszt - umqambi omkhulu wekhulu lama-30, umshayi wopiyano okhaliphile nombhidisi, umdidiyeli ovelele womculo nowomphakathi - ukuziqhenya kwesizwe saseHungary. Kodwa isiphetho sikaLiszt saba kangangokuthi washiya izwe lakubo ekuqaleni, wachitha iminyaka eminingi eFrance naseJalimane, ngezikhathi ezithile evakashela eHungary, futhi kuphela ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wahlala kulo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwanquma inkimbinkimbi yesithombe sobuciko sikaLiszt, ubuhlobo bakhe obuseduze nesiko lesiFulentshi nesiJalimane, lapho athatha khona okuningi, kodwa owanikeza okuningi ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala onamandla. Akekho nomlando wempilo yomculo eParis ngeminyaka yamaXNUMX, noma umlando womculo waseJalimane maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ubungeke uphelele ngaphandle kwegama likaLiszt. Kodwa-ke, ungowesiko laseHungary, futhi umnikelo wakhe emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwezwe lakubo mkhulu kakhulu.

ULiszt ngokwakhe wathi, ngemva kokuchitha ubusha bakhe eFrance, wayevame ukukubheka njengezwe lakubo: “Nanku umlotha kababa, lapha, ethuneni elingcwele, usizi lwami lokuqala luthole isiphephelo. Bengingazizwa kanjani njengendodana yezwe lapho ngahlupheka khona futhi ngilithanda kangaka? Bengingacabanga kanjani ukuthi ngazalelwa kwelinye izwe? Ukuthi elinye igazi ligeleza emithanjeni yami, ukuthi abathandekayo bami bahlala kwenye indawo? Ngemva kokuzwa ngo-1838 ngenhlekelele embi kakhulu - uzamcolo owehlela iHungary, washaqeka kakhulu: “Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho nemizwa kwembule kimi incazelo yegama elithi” motherland “.”

ULiszt wayeziqhenya ngabantu bakubo, izwe lakubo, futhi egcizelela njalo ukuthi ungumHungary. “Kubo bonke abaculi abaphilayo,” esho ngo-1847, “yimi ngedwa olokotha ngokuziqhenya ukukhomba izwe lakubo eliziqhenyayo. Ngenkathi abanye betshala emachibini angashoni, ngangihlale ngihamba ngomkhumbi olwandle olugelezayo lwesizwe esikhulu. Ngikholelwa ngokuqinile kunkanyezi yami eqondisayo; injongo yokuphila kwami ​​iwukuthi ngolunye usuku iHungary ingase ingikhombe ngokuziqhenya.” Futhi uphinda okufanayo engxenyeni yesine yekhulu kamuva: “Mangivunyelwe ukuvuma ukuthi, naphezu kokungazi kwami ​​​​okudabukisayo kolimi lwesiHungary, ngihlala ngingumMagyar kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ethuneni emzimbeni nasemphefumulweni futhi, ngokuhambisana nalokhu okubucayi kakhulu. ngendlela, ngilwela ukusekela nokuthuthukisa isiko lomculo laseHungary”.

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uLiszt waphendukela endikimbeni yesiHungary. Ngo-1840, wabhala i-Heroic March ngeSitayela saseHungary, kwase kuba i-cantata Hungary, i-Funeral Procession edumile (ukuhlonipha amaqhawe awile) futhi, ekugcineni, izincwadi ezimbalwa ze-Hungarian National Melodies and Rhapsodies (izingcezu ezingamashumi amabili nanye sezizonke) . Esikhathini esimaphakathi - ngawo-1850, kwadalwa izinkondlo ezintathu ze-symphonic ezihlotshaniswa nezithombe zezwe ("Isililo samaqhawe", "Hungary", "Battle of the Huns") kanye nama-rhapsodies ayishumi nanhlanu aseHungary, okungamalungiselelo amahhala abantu. izingoma. Izindikimba zesiHungary nazo zingazwakala emisebenzini engokomoya kaLiszt, ebhalelwe ikakhulukazi iHungary - "Grand Mass", "Legend of St. Elizabeth", "Hungarian Coronation Mass". Ngisho nangokwengeziwe uphendukela engqikithini yesiHungary ngeminyaka yama-70-80s ezingomeni zakhe, izingcezu zepiyano, izinhlelo namaphupho ezindikimba zemisebenzi yabaqambi baseHungary.

Kodwa lezi zincwadi zesiHungary, eziningi ngokwazo (inombolo yazo ifinyelela ikhulu namashumi amathathu), azihlukanisiwe emsebenzini kaLiszt. Eminye imisebenzi, ikakhulukazi yamaqhawe, inezici ezifanayo nayo, ihlukanisa izikhathi ezithile kanye nezimiso ezifanayo zokuthuthuka. Awukho umugqa obukhali phakathi kwe-Hungarian kanye "nemisebenzi yangaphandle" ye-Liszt - ibhalwe ngesitayela esifanayo futhi inothiswe ngempumelelo yobuciko be-European classical and romantic. Yingakho uLiszt engumqambi wokuqala ukuletha umculo waseHungary endaweni ebanzi yomhlaba.

Kodwa-ke, kwakungeyona kuphela isiphetho sezwe lomama esasimkhathaza.

Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, wayenephupho lokunikeza imfundo yomculo ezingxenyeni ezibanzi kakhulu zabantu, ukuze abaqambi bakhe izingoma ngomfanekiso weMarseillaise namanye amaculo oguquko aphakamise uquqaba lwabantu ukuba lulwele inkululeko yabo. U-Liszt waba nesibikezelo sokuvukela umbuso (wawucula ecushweni lepiyano elithi "Lyon") futhi wanxusa abaculi ukuthi bangagcini ngamakhonsathi ukuze kuzuze abampofu. “Kwaphela isikhathi eside ezigodlweni bababuka (kubaculi. MD) njengezinceku zenkantolo nama-parasites, isikhathi eside babekhazimulisa izindaba zothando zabanamandla nezinjabulo zabacebile: ihora ekugcineni selifikile lokuba bavuse isibindi kwababuthakathaka futhi banciphise ukuhlupheka kwabacindezelwe! Ubuciko kufanele bugxilise ubuhle kubantu, bukhuthaze izinqumo zobuqhawe, buvuse isintu, bubonakale! Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, le nkolelo endimeni ephakeme yokuziphatha kwezobuciko empilweni yomphakathi yabangela umsebenzi wokufundisa ngezinga elikhulu: U-Liszt wasebenza njengomdlali wopiyano, umqhubi, umgxeki - umsakazi osebenzayo wemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yakudala neyamanje. Okufanayo kwaba ngaphansi komsebenzi wakhe njengothisha. Futhi, ngokwemvelo, ngomsebenzi wakhe, wayefuna ukusungula imibono ephezulu yobuciko. Nokho, le mibono yayingavezwa ngokucacile kuye ngaso sonke isikhathi.

U-Liszt ungummeleli oqhakazile we-romanticism emculweni. Okhuthele, oshisekayo, ongazinzile ngokomzwelo, ofuna ngentshiseko, yena, njengabanye abaqambi bothando, wadlula ezilingweni eziningi: indlela yakhe yokudala yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi iphikisana. ULiszt wayephila ezikhathini ezinzima futhi, njengoBerlioz noWagner, akazange akubaleke ukungabaza nokungabaza, imibono yakhe yezombangazwe yayingacacile futhi ididekile, wayethanda ifilosofi enengqondo, ngezinye izikhathi aze afune induduzo enkolweni. “Iminyaka yethu iyagula, futhi iyasikhathaza,” kuphendula uLiszt ezihlazweni zokushintsha kwemibono yakhe. Kodwa isimo esiqhubekayo somsebenzi wakhe kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle, ukuhlonishwa okungavamile kokubukeka kwakhe njengomculi nomuntu kwahlala kungashintshile kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe okude.

"Ukuba umfanekiso wokuhlanzeka kokuziphatha kanye nobuntu, ekuzuzeni lokhu ngezindleko zobunzima, imihlatshelo ebuhlungu, ukukhonza njengesisulu sokuhlekwa usulu nomona - lokhu kuyinkambo evamile yabaphathi beqiniso bezobuciko," kubhala abangamashumi amabili nane. U-Liszt oneminyaka engu-. Futhi wayenjalo njalo. Ukusesha okujulile nomzabalazo onzima, umsebenzi we-titanic kanye nokubekezela ekunqobeni izithiyo kwakuhambisana naye impilo yakhe yonke.

Imicabango emayelana nenjongo ephezulu yomculo yomculo ikhuthaze umsebenzi kaLiszt. Ubelwela ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe ifinyeleleke kubalaleli abaningi, futhi lokhu kuchaza ukukhangwa kwakhe ngenkani ezinhlelweni. Emuva ngo-1837, uLiszt usifakazela ngamafuphi isidingo sokwenza izinhlelo emculweni kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo azobambelela kuzo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe: “Kwabanye abaculi, umsebenzi wabo uwukuphila kwabo ... Ikakhulukazi umculi ophefumulelwe imvelo, kodwa ongakopishi. yona, iveza ngemisindo izimfihlo ezijulile zesiphetho sakhe. Ucabanga kuzo, uhlanganisa imizwa, uyakhuluma, kodwa ulimi lwakhe lunezingxabano futhi alunamkhawulo kunanoma yimuphi omunye, futhi, njengamafu amahle egolide athatha ekushoneni kwelanga noma iyiphi indlela anikezwa ngayo ngephupho lomhambi enesizungu, nayo iyasiza. kalula ekuchazeni okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, akusizi ngalutho futhi kunoma yikuphi akuhlekisi - njengoba ngokuvamile bethanda ukusho - uma umqambi eveza umdwebo womsebenzi wakhe emigqeni embalwa futhi, ngaphandle kokuwela emininingwaneni emincane nemininingwane, uveza umqondo owenziwe. yena njengesisekelo sokuqanjwa. Khona-ke ukugxekwa kuyoba mahhala ukudumisa noma ukusola ukuvezwa komuntu okuphumelelayo noma okuncane kwalo mbono.

Ithuba lika-Liszt lokuhlela kwaba yinto eqhubekayo, ngenxa yayo yonke isiqondiso sezifiso zakhe zokudala. U-Liszt wayefuna ukukhuluma ngobuciko bakhe hhayi ngendilinga ewumngcingo yabalaleli, kodwa noquqaba lwabalaleli, ukuze ajabulise izigidi zabantu ngomculo wakhe. Yiqiniso, ukuhlela kukaLiszt kuyangqubuzana: emzamweni wokuhlanganisa imicabango nemizwa emikhulu, wayevame ukuwela ekucabangeni, ekuhlakanipheni okungacacile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wanciphisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ububanzi bemisebenzi yakhe. Kodwa okuhle kakhulu kubo kunqoba lokhu kungaqiniseki okungaqondakali nokungacacile kohlelo: izithombe zomculo ezidalwe ngu-Liszt zikhonkolo, ziyaqondakala, izingqikithi zicacile futhi ziqoshiwe, ifomu licacile.

Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokuhlela, egomela okuqukethwe kwemibono yobuciko ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala, uLiszt wacebisa ngokungavamile izinsiza zomculo ezichazayo, ngokulandelana kwazo ngaphambi ngisho no-Wagner kulokhu. Ngezinto azitholile ezimibalabala, uLiszt wandisa ububanzi bomculo; ngasikhathi sinye, angathathwa ngokufanelekile njengomunye wabasunguli abanesibindi kakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX emkhakheni wokuzwana. U-Liszt futhi ungumdali wohlobo olusha lwe-"symphonic poem" kanye nendlela yokuthuthukisa umculo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-monothematism". Ekugcineni, impumelelo yakhe emkhakheni wobuciko bepiyano nokuthungwa kwayo ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uLiszt wayengumdlali wopiyano ohlakaniphile, olingana naye umlando ongakaziwa.

Ifa lomculo alishiya likhulu, kodwa akuyona yonke imisebenzi elinganayo. Izindawo ezihamba phambili emsebenzini ka-Liszt upiyano kanye ne-symphony - lapha izifiso zakhe ezintsha zemibono nezobuciko zazisebenza ngokugcwele. Okubaluleke ngokungangabazeki izingoma zikaLiszt, okukhona kuzo izingoma ezigqamayo; wayebonisa isithakazelo esincane kumculo we-opera nowe-chamber.

Izindikimba, izithombe zobuciko buka-Liszt. Ukubaluleka kwayo emlandweni wobuciko bomculo baseHungary kanye nomhlaba

Ifa lomculo lika-Liszt licebile futhi lihlukahlukene. Wayephila ngezithakazelo zesikhathi sakhe futhi walwela ukuphendula ngobuciko ezidingweni zangempela zangempela. Ngakho-ke inqolobane yomculo wamaqhawe, idrama yawo yemvelo, amandla avuthayo, ama-sublime pathos. Izimpawu zokucabanga okuhle ezitholakala kumbono womhlaba ka-Liszt, nokho, zathinta imisebenzi eminingana, zadala ukusho okuthile okungapheli, ukungaqondakali noma ukungaqondakali kokuqukethwe. Kodwa emisebenzini yakhe emihle kakhulu lezi zikhathi ezingezinhle ziyanqotshwa - kuzo, ukusebenzisa isisho sikaCui, "impilo yangempela iyabila."

Isitayela sika-Liszt esibukhali sincibilikise amathonya amaningi okudala. Ubuqhawe kanye nedrama enamandla ka-Beethoven, kanye ne-romanticism enobudlova kanye nemibala ye-Berlioz, idemoni kanye nobuhle obuhle be-Paganini, yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kokuthandwa kobuciko kanye nemibono yobuhle ye-Liszt encane. Ukuvela kwakhe okuqhubekayo kokudala kwaqhubeka ngaphansi kophawu lwe-romanticism. Umqambi ugxile empilweni, imibhalo, ubuciko kanye nokuvela komculo.

I-biography engavamile ibe nomthelela ekutheni amasiko ahlukahlukene esizwe ahlanganiswe emculweni kaLiszt. Kusukela esikoleni saseFrance sothando, wathatha umehluko okhanyayo ekuhlanganiseni kwezithombe, ukubukeka kwazo; ovela kumculo we-opera wase-Italy wekhulu lesi-XNUMX (i-Rossini, i-Bellini, i-Donizetti, i-Verdi) - uthando olungokomzwelo kanye nentokozo ye-cantilena, ukuphindaphinda kwezwi okukhulu; kusukela esikoleni saseJalimane - ukujula nokwandiswa kwezindlela zokubonisa ukuzwana, ukuhlolwa emkhakheni wefomu. Kumelwe kwengezwe kulokho okuye kwashiwo ukuthi esikhathini esivuthiwe somsebenzi wakhe, Uhlu lwaphinde lwathola ithonya lezikole ezincane zezwe, ikakhulukazi isiRashiya, izimpumelelo zakhe azifunda ngokucophelela.

Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe ngokwemvelo ngesitayela sobuciko sikaLiszt, esitholakala esakhiweni somculo kazwelonke nesiHungary. Inezinhlaka ezithile zezithombe; Phakathi kwabo, amaqembu amahlanu ayinhloko angahlukaniswa:

1) Izithombe zobuqhawe zomlingiswa omkhulu ngokugqamile, ovuselelayo zimakwa ngokuvela okukhulu. Zibonakala nge-warehouse ye-chivalrous ngokuziqhenya, ubuhlakani kanye nobuhlakani bokwethulwa, umsindo okhanyayo wethusi. Iculo elinwebekayo, isigqi esinamachashazi “sihlelwa” ngokumashayo. Livela kanje iqhawe elinesibindi engqondweni kaLiszt, lilwela injabulo nenkululeko. Umsuka womculo walezi zithombe usezindikimbeni zobuqhawe zikaBeethoven, ngokwengxenye u-Weber, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, kulapha, kule ndawo, lapho ithonya lomculo wesizwe waseHungary libonakala ngokucacile kakhulu.

Phakathi kwezithombe zodwendwe olunesizotha, kukhona nezindikimba ezengeziwe ezithuthukisiwe, ezincane, ezibonwa njengendaba noma i-ballad mayelana nesikhathi esidlule esikhazimulayo sezwe. I-juxtaposition encane - i-parallel enkulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-melismatics kugcizelela ukunotha komsindo nokuhlukahluka kombala.

2) Izithombe ezidabukisayo ziwuhlobo lokufana nezamaqhawe. Lezi yizingoma zokulila ezithandwayo zika-Liszt noma izingoma zokulila (okubizwa ngokuthi “i-trenody”), umculo wazo ugqugquzelwa izehlakalo ezidabukisayo zomzabalazo wenkululeko yabantu eHungary noma ukufa kwezingcweti zayo ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezomphakathi. Isigqi sokumasha lapha siba sibukhali, siba novalo kakhulu, sinyakaze, futhi ngokuvamile esikhundleni sokuthi

Lapho

or

(isibonelo, itimu yesibili kusukela ekunyakazeni kokuqala kwe-Second Piano Concerto). Sikhumbula imashi yomngcwabo kaBeethoven kanye nezibonelo zabo emculweni weNguquko yaseFrance ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX (bheka, ngokwesibonelo, uMngcwabo odumile kaGossek). Kodwa i-Liszt ibuswa umsindo wama-trombones, amabhesi ajulile, “aphansi”, izinsimbi zomngcwabo. Njengoba isazi somculo saseHungary uBence Szabolczy siphawula, “le misebenzi inyakaza ngenxa yothando olufiphele, esiluthola kuphela ezinkondlweni zokugcina ze-Vörösmarty nasemidwebeni yokugcina yomdwebi uLaszlo Paal.”

Imvelaphi yezwe-isiHungary yezithombe ezinjalo ayinakuphikiswa. Ukubona lokhu, kwanele ukubhekisela enkondlweni ye-orchestra ethi “Lilela Amaqhawe” (“Heroi'de funebre”, 1854) noma ucezu lwepiyano oludumile oluthi “The Funeral Procession” (“Funerailles”, 1849). Kakade isihloko sokuqala, esiqhubeka kancane kancane, "soMngcwabo" siqukethe ukuphenduka okuphawulekayo komzuzwana okhulisiwe, okunikeza ubumnyama obukhethekile kumashi yomngcwabo. I-astringency yomsindo (enkulu ye-harmonic) igcinwe ku-cantilena ye-lyrical elandelayo. Futhi, ngokuvamile ngo-Liszt, izithombe zokulila ziguqulwa zibe amaqhawe - ukunyakaza okudumile okunamandla, emzabalazweni omusha, ukufa kweqhawe lesizwe kubiza.

I-3) Enye indawo engokomzwelo neye-semantic ihlotshaniswa nezithombe ezidlulisa imizwa yokungabaza, isimo sengqondo sokukhathazeka. Le sethi eyinkimbinkimbi yemicabango nemizwa phakathi kwabathandi bothando yayihlotshaniswa nombono kaGoethe's Faust (qhathanisa noBerlioz, Wagner) noma uManfred kaByron (qhathanisa noSchumann, Tchaikovsky). IHamlet kaShakespeare yayivame ukufakwa kumbuthano walezi zithombe (qhathanisa noTchaikovsky, nenkondlo kaLiszt). Ukufanekiswa kwezithombe ezinjalo kwakudinga izindlela ezintsha ezivezwayo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokuvumelana: I-Liszt ivamise ukusebenzisa izikhawu ezikhuphukile nezinciphile, ama-chromatisms, ngisho nokuvumelana okungaphandle kwethoni, inhlanganisela ye-quart, ukuguquguquka okugqamile. “Uhlobo oluthile lomkhuhlane, ukuntula isineke okubuhlungu kuyavutha kulo mhlaba wokuzwana,” kuphawula uSabolci. Lena imishwana yokuvula yomibili i-sonatas yepiyano noma i-Faust Symphony.

4) Ngokuvamile izindlela zenkulumo esondelene nencazelo zisetshenziswa endimeni engokomfanekiso lapho kugcwele khona ukubhuqa nokubhuqa, kudluliselwa umoya wokuphika nokubhubhisa. “Lowo “sathane” owashiwo u-Berlioz “eSabata Labathakathi” ku-“Fantastic Symphony” uthola umlingiswa ongenakuvinjelwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ku-Liszt. Lokhu ukwenza samuntu kwezithombe zobubi. Isisekelo sohlobo - umdanso - manje ubonakala ekukhanyeni okuhlanekezelwe, ngamagama abukhali, kuma-dissonance consonances, agcizelelwe ngamanothi omusa. Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu salokhu yi-Mephisto Waltzes emithathu, isiphetho se-Faust Symphony.

5) Ishidi liphinde lathwebula ngokucacile inhlobonhlobo yemizwa yothando: ukudakwa inkanuko, umfutho wenjabulo noma injabulo yamaphupho, languor. Manje sekuyi-cantilena ephefumulayo emoyeni wama-opera ase-Italy, manje okuphindaphindwayo okujabulisayo, manje osekuyizwi elihle lokuvumelana kwe-"Tristan", elihlinzekwa kakhulu ngoshintsho kanye ne-chromaticism.

Yebo, ayikho imingcele ecacile phakathi kwezimbulunga ezingokomfanekiso ezimakiwe. Izindikimba zamaqhawe zisondele ekudabukeni, izihlokwana ze-“Faustian” zivame ukuguqulwa zibe “i-Mephistopheles”, futhi izingqikithi “ezivusa inkanuko” zihlanganisa kokubili imizwa emihle nephakeme kanye nezilingo zokuyenga “kaSathane”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-palette ka-Liszt ecacile ayiphelelwa yilokhu: ku-"Hungarian Rhapsodies" izithombe zomdanso wohlobo lwe-folklore zihamba phambili, "Eminyakeni Yokuzulazula" kunemidwebo eminingi yezwe, kuma-etudes (noma amakhonsathi) kunemibono emihle ye-scherzo. Noma kunjalo, izimpumelelo zoList kulezi zindawo zingezangempela kakhulu. Yibo ababenethonya elinamandla emsebenzini wezizukulwane ezilandelayo zabaqambi.

* * *

Ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala komsebenzi wohlu - ngeminyaka yama-50-60s - ithonya lakhe lalilinganiselwe kumbuthano omncane wabafundi nabangane. Nokho, njengoba iminyaka ihamba, impumelelo kaLiszt yokuphayona yaqashelwa ngokwandayo.

Ngokwemvelo, okokuqala, ithonya labo lithinte ukusebenza kwepiyano nokudala. Ngokuthanda noma ngokungathandi, wonke umuntu ophendukela upiyano akakwazanga ukudlula ukunqoba kuka-Liszt kule ndawo, okwakubonakala kokubili ekuchazeni insimbi kanye nokuthungwa kwezingoma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso ze-Liszt zemibono nezobuciko zaqashelwa emisebenzini yomqambi, futhi zahlanganiswa abameleli bezikole ezihlukahlukene zezwe.

Umgomo ojwayelekile wokuhlela, obekwe phambili ngu-Liszt njengophikisana no-Berlioz, oyisici esengeziwe sokuchazwa kwesithombe-"seshashalazi" sesakhiwo esikhethiwe, sesisabalele. Ikakhulukazi, izimiso zikaLiszt zazisetshenziswa kakhulu abaqambi baseRussia, ikakhulukazi uTchaikovsky, kunoBerlioz (nakuba lezi zamuva zingaphuthelwa, isibonelo, nguMussorgsky kuNight on Bald Mountain noma uRimsky-Korsakov eScheherazade).

Uhlobo lwenkondlo ye-symphonic yohlelo selusabalele ngokulinganayo, amathuba obuciko abaqambi bawo abasathuthuka kuze kube namuhla. Ngokushesha ngemva kuka-Liszt, izinkondlo ze-symphonic zabhalwa eFrance nguSaint-Saens noFranck; eCzech Republic - ukhilimu omuncu; eJalimane, u-R. Strauss uzuze izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu kulolu hlobo. Yiqiniso, imisebenzi enjalo yayingasekelwe njalo ku-monothematism. Izimiso zokuthuthukiswa kwenkondlo ye-symphonic ehlanganiswe ne-sonata allegro yayivame ukuhunyushwa ngendlela ehlukile, ngokukhululeka. Kodwa-ke, isimiso se-monothematic - ekuchazeni kwayo ngokukhululekile - sasetshenziswa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqambeni okungahleliwe ("isimiso se-cyclic" ku-symphony kanye nemisebenzi ye-chamber-instrumental kaFrank, i-symphony ye-c-moll kaTaneyev nabanye). Ekugcineni, abaqambi abalandelayo babevame ukuphendukela ohlotsheni lwenkondlo lwekhonsathi yepiyano ka-Liszt (bheka i-Piano Concerto ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, i-First Piano Concerto ka-Prokofiev, i-Second Piano Concerto ka-Glazunov, nezinye).

Izimiso zokuqamba ze-Liszt azizange zithuthukiswe kuphela, kodwa futhi nemikhakha engokomfanekiso yomculo wakhe, ikakhulukazi iqhawe elithi "Faustian", "Mephistopheles". Ake sikhumbule, ngokwesibonelo, “izindikimba zokuzigomela” eziqhoshayo kuma-symphony kaScriabin. Ngokuqondene nokugxekwa kobubi ezithombeni ze- "Mephistophelian", njengokungathi zihlanekezelwe ngokuhlekwa, zisekelwe emoyeni "wemidanso yokufa", ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okuqhubekayo kutholakala ngisho nasemculweni wesikhathi sethu (bheka imisebenzi kaShostakovich). Isihloko esithi “Faustian” ukungabaza, ukuyenga “kobudeveli” nakho kusabalele. Le mikhakha ehlukahlukene ibonakala ngokugcwele emsebenzini kaR. Strauss.

Ulimi lomculo olumibalabala lwaseLiszt, olucebile ngama-nuances acashile, nalo lwathola ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlakanipha kokuvumelana kwakhe kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokufuna kwe-French Impressionists: ngaphandle kwezimpumelelo zobuciko zikaLiszt, uDebussy noma uRavel ngeke acabangeke (lokugcina, ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswe kabanzi impumelelo yopiyano lukaLiszt emisebenzini yakhe. ).

“Imibono” kaLiszt yenkathi yakamuva yokusungula emkhakheni wokuvumelana yasekelwa futhi yashukunyiswa isithakazelo sakhe esikhulayo ezikoleni zezwe ezincane. Kwakuphakathi kwabo - futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke phakathi kwamaKuchkists - lapho uLiszt athola khona amathuba okucebisa ulimi lomculo ngokushintshashintsha kwe-modal, melodic kanye nesigqi.

M. Druskin

• Upiyano lukaLiszt luyasebenza →
• Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic ka-Liszt →

• Umsebenzi wezwi kaLiszt →

• Uhlu lwemisebenzi kaLiszt →