UCarl Maria von Weber |
Carl Maria von Weber
"Umhlaba - umqambi udala kuwo!" - yile ndlela umkhakha womsebenzi womdwebi owachazwa ngayo ngu-KM Weber - umculi waseJalimane ovelele: umqambi, umgxeki, umculi, umbhali, umsakazi, isazi somphakathi sasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Futhi ngempela, sithola iziqephu zesiCzech, isiFulentshi, iSpanishi, zaseMpumalanga emisebenzini yakhe yomculo neyedrama, ekuqanjweni kwezinsimbi - izimpawu zesitayela ze-gypsy, isiShayina, isiNorway, isiRashiya, isiHungary. Kodwa ibhizinisi eliyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe kwaba opera kazwelonke German. Enovelini engakaqediwe, Impilo Yomculi, enezici ze-biography ebonakalayo, u-Weber uveza kahle, ngomlomo womunye wabalingisi, isimo salolu hlobo eJalimane:
Kukho konke ukwethembeka, isimo nge-opera yaseJalimane sidabukisa kakhulu, ihlushwa ukudlikizeka futhi ayikwazi ukuma iqine ezinyaweni zayo. Isixuku sabasizi siyaphithizela simzungezile. Nokho, engakalulami kokukodwa, uphinda awele kokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwenza zonke izinhlobo zezidingo kuye, wayekhukhumele kangangokuthi ayisekho ingubo eyodwa emfanelayo. ngeze, madoda, abalungisa kabusha, ngethemba lokuyihlobisa, babeka phezu kwayo i-caftan yesiFulentshi noma yase-Italy. Akamfanele ngaphambili noma ngemuva. Futhi lapho imikhono emisha ithungelwa kuyo futhi iphansi nemisila iba mfishane, izobambelela kakhulu. Ekugcineni, abathungi abambalwa bothando baqhamuke nombono ojabulisayo wokuyikhethela indaba yomdabu futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukufaka kuyo yonke into engelona iqiniso, ukholo, umehluko nemizwa eyake yadalwa kwezinye izizwe.
U-Weber wazalelwa emndenini womculi - uyise wayengumculi we-opera futhi edlala izinsimbi eziningi. Umculi wesikhathi esizayo walolongwa indawo ayekuyo kusukela ebuntwaneni. UFranz Anton Weber (umalume kaConstance Weber, umka-WA Mozart) ukhuthaze uthando lwendodana yakhe ngomculo nokudweba, wamethula ebunzimeni bobuciko bokudlala. Amakilasi anothisha abadumile - uMichael Haydn, umfowabo womqambi odumile emhlabeni uJoseph Haydn, no-Abbot Vogler - abe nomthelela obonakalayo kumculi osemusha. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokubhala nakho kuyingxenye. Ngokuncoma kukaVogler, uWeber wangena eBreslau Opera House njengomphathi webhendi (1804). Ukuphila kwakhe okuzimele kwezobuciko kuqala, akuthandayo, izinkolelo zakheka, imisebenzi emikhulu iyakhulelwa.
Kusukela ngo-1804, uWeber ubelokhu esebenza ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezihlukahlukene eJalimane, eSwitzerland, futhi ube ngumqondisi we-opera house ePrague (kusukela ngo-1813). Ngaso leso sikhathi, u-Weber wasungula ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhulu bempilo yobuciko baseJalimane, ababa nomthelela omkhulu ezimisweni zakhe zobuhle (JW Goethe, K. Wieland, K. Zelter, TA Hoffmann, L. Tieck, K. Brentano, L. Spohr). U-Weber uthola udumo hhayi nje njengomdlali wopiyano ovelele kanye nombhidisi, kodwa futhi njengomhleli, umgqugquzeli wenguquko onesibindi wenkundla yomculo, owagunyaza imigomo emisha yokubeka abaculi ku-orchestra ye-opera (ngokwamaqembu ezinsimbi), uhlelo olusha lwe umsebenzi wokuzijwayeza endaweni yeshashalazi. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe, isimo somqhubi siyashintsha - u-Weber, ethatha indima yomqondisi, inhloko yokukhiqiza, wabamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izigaba zokulungiselela ukusebenza kwe-opera. Isici esibalulekile senqubomgomo ye-repertory yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ayeyihola kwakuwukuthandwa kwama-opera aseJalimane nesiFulentshi, ngokungafani nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwama-Italian. Emisebenzini yenkathi yokuqala yokusungula, izici zesitayela ziyacwebezela, okwathi kamuva zaba nesinqumo - izingqikithi zengoma nomdanso, imvelaphi nemibala evumelanayo, ukusha kombala we-orchestra nokuchazwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ngamunye. Nakhu okwabhalwa uG. Berlioz, ngokwesibonelo:
Futhi yeka i-orchestra ehambisana nala maculo amnandi! Yeka ukusungulwa! Yeka ucwaningo olukhaliphile! Yeka amagugu anjalo okuphefumulelwa okuvula phambi kwethu!
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yalesi sikhathi i-opera yothando uSilvana (1810), i-singpiel Abu Hasan (1811), ama-cantatas angu-9, ama-symphonies angu-2, ama-overtures, ama-piano sonatas angu-4 namakhonsathi, Isimemo Somdanso, inqwaba yama-instrumental and vocal ensembles, izingoma (ngaphezu kwama-90).
Inkathi yokugcina, yaseDresden yokuphila kukaWeber (1817-26) yaphawuleka ngokuvela kwama-opera akhe adumile, futhi umvuthwandaba wawo wangempela kwaba umdlalo wokuqala wokunqoba weThe Magic Shooter (1821, Berlin). Le opera akuwona nje umsebenzi womqambi okhaliphile. Lapha, njengoba kugxilwe, kugxilwe emibonweni yobuciko obusha be-operatic baseJalimane, obugunyazwe u-Weber bese iba yisisekelo sokuthuthuka okulandelayo kwalolu hlobo.
Imisebenzi yomculo neyomphakathi yayidinga ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga hhayi nje ukudala. U-Weber, ngesikhathi esebenza eDresden, wakwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu kulo lonke ibhizinisi lomculo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini eJalimane, okuhlanganisa kokubili inqubomgomo ye-repertoire ehlosiwe kanye nokuqeqeshwa kweqoqo lemidlalo yaseshashalazini labantu abanomqondo ofanayo. Ukuguqulwa kwaqinisekiswa umsebenzi obalulekile womculo womqambi. Izindatshana ezimbalwa azibhalayo ziqukethe, empeleni, uhlelo olunemininingwane yothando, olwasungulwa eJalimane ngokufika kweThe Magic Shooter. Kodwa ngaphezu kokuqondisa kwayo okungokoqobo, izitatimende zomqambi nazo ziyisiqephu somculo esikhethekile, sokuqala esigqokiswe ngendlela yobuciko ekhazimulayo. izincwadi, efanekisela izihloko zikaR. Schumann noR. Wagner. Nansi enye yezingcezu zakhe "Amanothi AseMarginal":
Ukungahlangani okubonakala sengathi kumnandi, okukhumbuzayo hhayi okuningi komculo ojwayelekile obhalwe ngokwemithetho, njengowomdlalo omnandi, kungadalwa ... kuphela ngohlakanipheni oluvelele kakhulu, lowo odala umhlaba wakhe. Ukuphazamiseka okucatshangelwayo kwalomhlaba empeleni kuqukethe ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi, okugcwele umuzwa oqotho kakhulu, futhi udinga nje ukwazi ukukubona ngemizwa yakho. Kodwa-ke, ukuvezwa komculo sekuvele kuqukethe okuningi okungapheli, umuzwa womuntu ngamunye kufanele utshale imali eningi kuwo, ngakho-ke imiphefumulo yomuntu ngamunye kuphela, ehlelwe ngokwezwi nezwi ithoni efanayo, ezokwazi ukuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa komzwelo, okudingayo. indawo enjengalena, hhayi ngenye indlela, ebeka phambili ukuqhathanisa okunjalo futhi hhayi okunye okudingekayo, okuyiqiniso ngawo kuphela lo mbono. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wenkosi yeqiniso uwukubusa ngokunamandla phezu kwemizwa yakhe kanye neyabanye abantu, kanye nomuzwa awudluliselayo ukuze akhiqize kabusha njengento ehlala njalo futhi enikezwe kuphela. leyo mibala nama-nuances adala ngokushesha isithombe esiphelele emphefumulweni womlaleli.
Ngemva kwe-The Magic Shooter, u-Weber uphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-opera yamahlaya (i-Three Pintos, i-libretto ka-T. Hell, 1820, engaqediwe), ubhala umculo womdlalo ka-P. Wolf othi Preciosa (1821). Imisebenzi esemqoka yalesi sikhathi i-opera ye-heroic-romantic u-Euryanta (1823), eya eVienna, esekelwe esakhiweni senganekwane yama-French knightly, kanye ne-opera yenganekwane-fantastic Oberon, eyagunyazwa yi-London yaseshashalazini i-Covent Garden (1826). ). Amaphuzu okugcina aqedwe umqambi osevele egula kakhulu kwaze kwaba lusuku lomdlalo wokuqala. Impumelelo ibingakaze izwakale eLondon. Noma kunjalo, u-Weber wabheka izinguquko nezinguquko ezithile ezidingekayo. Akabanga naso isikhathi sokubenza...
I-Opera yaba umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuphila komqambi. Wayazi ukuthi wayelwelani, isithombe sakhe esihle saphathwa nguye:
... ngezinga elithile zibhujiswa ngisho, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi zakha umhlaba omusha!
U-Weber ukwazile ukuzakhela lokhu okusha - futhi yena - umhlaba ...
V. Barsky
- Impilo nomsebenzi ka-Weber →
- Uhlu lwemisebenzi ka-Weber →
I-Weber kanye ne-National Opera
U-Weber wangena emlandweni womculo njengomdali we-opera kazwelonke yaseJalimane.
Ukuhlehla okuvamile konxiwankulu baseJalimane kuphinde kwabonakala ekuthuthukisweni okunesikhathi kwethiyetha kazwelonke yomculo. Kuze kube yiminyaka yama-20s, i-Austria neJalimane yayibuswa i-opera yase-Italy.
(Isikhundla esihamba phambili emhlabeni we-opera eJalimane nase-Austria sasigcwele abantu bakwamanye amazwe: Salieri eVienna, Paer noMorlacchi eDresden, Spontini eBerlin. Nakuba phakathi kwabaqhubi kanye nezibalo zaseshashalazini abantu bobuzwe baseJalimane nase-Austrian bathuthuka kancane kancane, ku-repertoire engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-1832 waqhubeka nomculo wesiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi. E-Dresden, indlu ye-opera yase-Italy yahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-20, eMunich kwaze kwaba yingxenye yesibili yekhulunyaka. Ikholoni ye-opera yase-Italy, eholwa ngu-D. Barbaia, impresario yaseMilan naseNaples (Abaqambi be-opera baseJalimane nabase-Austrian basemfashinini uMayr, Winter, Jirovets, Weigl wafunda e-Italy futhi wabhala izincwadi zesiNtaliyane noma zesiNtaliyane.)
Isikole sakamuva kuphela saseFrance (iCherubini, Spontini) esiqhudelane nayo. Futhi uma u-Weber ekwazile ukunqoba amasiko emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule, khona-ke isizathu esibalulekile sempumelelo yakhe kwaba inhlangano ebanzi yenkululeko yezwe eJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, eyamukela zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi yokudala emphakathini waseJalimane. U-Weber, owayenethalente elinesizotha ngokwedlulele kunoMozart noBeethoven, ukwazile ukusebenzisa enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini imiyalelo yobuhle ka-Lessing, okwathi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX waphakamisa ibhanela lomzabalazo wobuciko bukazwelonke nobentando yeningi.
Umuntu osebenza ngezindlela eziningi emphakathini, umsakazi wenkulumo-ze kanye nommemezeli wesiko lesizwe, wenza samuntu uhlobo lomculi othuthukile wesikhathi esisha. U-Weber udale ubuciko be-operatic obusekelwe kumasiko obuciko bomdabu waseJalimane. Izinganekwane zasendulo nezinganekwane, izingoma nemidanso, ithiyetha yesintu, izincwadi zentando yeningi kazwelonke - yilapho adweba khona izici ezivelele zesitayela sakhe.
Ama-opera amabili avela ngo-1816 - i-Ondine ka-ETA Hoffmann (1776-1822) kanye ne-Faust ka-Spohr (1784-1859) - yayilindele ithuba lika-Weber ezifundweni zezinganekwane. Kodwa yomibili le misebenzi yayiwuphawu lokuzalwa kwemidlalo yeshashalazi kazwelonke. Izithombe ezisankondlo zeziqephu zabo azihambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi nomculo, owawuhlala ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindlela ezicacile zesikhathi esidlule. Ku-Weber, ukwenziwa samuntu kwezithombe zezinganekwane kwakuxhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo sezwi lenkulumo yomculo, nesici samasu okubhala anemibala ewuphawu lwesitayela sothando.
Kodwa ngisho nomdali we-opera kazwelonke yaseJalimane, inqubo yokuthola izithombe ezintsha zokusebenza, exhunywe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nezithombe zezinkondlo zakamuva zothando nezincwadi, yayiyinde futhi inzima. Amathathu kuphela ama-opera akamuva ka-Weber, amaningi avuthiwe - I-Magic Shooter, i-Euryant ne-Oberon - evule ikhasi elisha emlandweni we-opera yaseJalimane.
* * *
Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwetiyetha yomculo waseJalimane kwaphazanyiswa ukusabela komphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-20s. Wazenza wazizwa emsebenzini kaWeber ngokwakhe, owahluleka ukufeza icebo lakhe - ukwakha i-opera yamaqhawe. Ngemva kokushona komqambi, i-opera yangaphandle ejabulisayo yaphinde yathatha isikhundla esiphezulu ku-repertoire yamathiyetha amaningi eJalimane. (Ngakho-ke, phakathi kuka-1830 no-1849, ama-opera aseFrance angamashumi amane nanhlanu, ama-opera ase-Italy angamashumi amabili nanhlanu, nama-opera aseJalimane angamashumi amabili nantathu adlalwa eJalimane. Kuma-opera aseJalimane, ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela aqanjwa abaqambi besikhathi samanje.)
Iqembu elincane kuphela labaqambi baseJalimane bangaleso sikhathi - uLudwig Spohr, u-Heinrich Marschner, u-Albert Lorzing, u-Otto Nicolai - abakwazi ukuncintisana nemisebenzi eminingi yezikole ze-opera zaseFrance nase-Italy.
Umphakathi othuthukayo awuzange wenze iphutha mayelana nokubaluleka kwesikhashana kwama-opera aseJalimane angaleso sikhathi. Emshinini wokunyathelisa womculo waseJalimane, amazwi ayezwakala ngokuphindaphindiwe ebiza abaqambi ukuthi baphule ukumelana nesimiso semidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi, belandela ezinyathelweni zika-Weber, bakha ubuciko be-operatic kazwelonke ngempela.
Kodwa kuphela ngeminyaka yawo-40s, phakathi nenkathi yokukhuphuka kwentando yeningi entsha, lapho ubuciko buka-Wagner baqhubeka futhi bathuthukisa izimiso zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezatholwa kuqala futhi zathuthukiswa kuma-opera othando avuthiwe ka-Weber.
V. Konen
- Impilo nomsebenzi ka-Weber →
Indodana yesishiyagalolunye yephoyisa elihamba ngezinyawo elizinikele emculweni ngemva kokuba umshana walo uConstanza eshade noMozart, u-Weber uthola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zomculo kumfowabo uFriedrich ngamzali munye, wabe esefunda eSalzburg noMichael Haydn naseMunich noKalcher noValesi (ukuqamba nokucula. ). Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nantathu, waqamba i-opera yokuqala (engakafiki kithi). Kulandela isikhathi esifushane sokusebenza noyise ku-lithography yomculo, bese ethuthukisa ulwazi lwakhe no-Abbot Vogler eVienna naseDarmstadt. Uhamba izindawo ngezindawo, esebenza njengomdlali wopiyano kanye nombhidisi; ngo-1817 ushada nomculi uCaroline Brand futhi uhlela yaseJalimane opera yaseDresden, ngokumelene Italian opera yaseshashalazini ngaphansi kokuqondisa Morlacchi. Ekhathele umsebenzi omkhulu wenhlangano futhi egulela ukufa, ngemva kwesikhathi sokwelashwa eMarienbad (1824), wadlala i-opera ethi Oberon (1826) eLondon, eyamukelwa ngesasasa.
U-Weber wayeseyindodana yekhulu lesi-XNUMX: engaphansi kuka-Beethoven ngeminyaka eyishumi nesithupha, washona cishe unyaka ngaphambi kwakhe, kodwa ubonakala engumculi wesimanjemanje kunowakudala noma uSchubert ofanayo ... brilliant, virtuoso pianist, umqhubi we-orchestra edumile kodwa futhi umhleli omkhulu. Kulokhu wayefana noGluck; kuphela wayenomsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ngoba wayesebenza endaweni engcolile yasePrague naseDresden futhi engenawo umlingiswa onamandla noma inkazimulo engenakuphikwa kaGluck ...
“Emkhakheni we-opera, uvele wayivelakancane eJalimane – engomunye wabaqambi abambalwa abazalwa be-opera. Umsebenzi wakhe wanqunywa ngaphandle kobunzima: kakade kusukela eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu wayazi ukuthi isiteji sidingani ... Impilo yakhe yayimatasa, icebile ezenzakalweni kangangokuthi kubonakala sengathi yinde kakhulu kunempilo kaMozart, empeleni - iminyaka emine kuphela "(Einstein).
Ngenkathi u-Weber ethula i-The Free Gunner ngo-1821, wayekulindele kakhulu uthando lwabaqambi abafana noBellini noDonizetti ababezovela ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, noma uWilliam Tell kaRossini ngo-1829. Ngokuvamile, unyaka ka-1821 wawubalulekile ekulungiseleleni uthando emculweni. : ngalesi sikhathi, u-Beethoven uqambe ingoma yamashumi amathathu nanye ye-Sonata. 110 ngopiyano, uSchubert wethula ingoma ethi “Inkosi Yasehlathini” futhi uqala i-Symphony Yesishiyagalombili, “Engaqediwe”. Kakade ekuqubukeni kwe-The Free Gunner, u-Weber ubhekisa amabombo esikhathini esizayo futhi uyazikhulula ethonyeni letiyetha yakamuva, i-Spohr's Faust noma i-Hoffmann's Ondine, noma i-opera yesiFulentshi eyathonya laba ababili abandulele. Lapho uWeber esondela e-Euryanta, u-Einstein uyabhala, “indawo yakhe ebukhali kakhulu, uSpontini, kakade, ngomqondo othile, yayimlungisele indlela; ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Spontini wanikeza kuphela i-opera yakudala eyi-seria enkulu kakhulu, ubukhulu obukhulu ngenxa yezigcawu zesixuku nokushuba kwemizwelo. E-Evryanta kuvela ithoni entsha, yothando, futhi uma umphakathi ungazange ujabule ngokushesha le opera, abaqambi bezizukulwane ezilandelayo bayakwazisa kakhulu.
Umsebenzi kaWeber, owabeka izisekelo ze-opera kazwelonke yaseJalimane (kanye nekaMozart ethi The Magic Flute), wanquma incazelo ekabili yefa lakhe lokudlala, uGiulio Confalonieri abhala kahle ngalo: “Njengomuntu othembekile wothando, uWeber watholakala ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni. amasiko esintu umthombo womculo ongenamanothi kodwa olungele ukuzwakala... Kanye nalezi zici, wayefuna ukuveza ngokukhululekile isimo sakhe sengqondo: izinguquko ezingalindelekile zisuka kwelinye ithoni ziye kwelinye, ukuhlangana ngesibindi kokweqisa, ukuhlalisana ngokuvumelana. ngemithetho emisha yomculo we-romantic Franco-German, yalethwa emkhawulweni ngumqambi, ongokomoya isimo sakhe, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa, sasihlala singaphumuli futhi sinomkhuhlane. Lokhu okubili, okubonakala kungqubuzana nobunye besitayela futhi empeleni kuyawephula, kwaveza isifiso esibuhlungu sokubalekela, ngenxa yokuzikhethela kokuphila, kusukela encazelweni yokugcina yokuphila: kusukela eqinisweni - nalo, mhlawumbe, ukubuyisana kufanele kuphela ku-Oberon yemilingo, futhi ngisho nangokwengxenye futhi engaphelele.
G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)
