Anton von Webern |

Anton von Webern

Isimo emhlabeni siya ngokuba sibi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezobuciko. Futhi umsebenzi wethu uya ngokuya uba mkhulu. A. Webern

Umqambi wase-Austrian, umqhubi kanye nothisha u-A. Webrn ungomunye wabameleli abavelele besikole saseNew Viennese. Indlela yakhe yokuphila ayicebile ngemicimbi ekhanyayo. Umndeni wakwaWebern uvela emndenini omdala ohloniphekile. Ekuqaleni, u-Webern wafunda upiyano, i-cello, izisekelo zethiyori yomculo. Ngo-1899, ukuhlolwa komqambi wokuqala kuyingxenye. Ngo-1902-06. U-Webern ufunda e-Institute of Music History e-University of Vienna, lapho efunda khona ngokuvumelana no-G. Gredener, ephikisana no-K. Navratil. Ngombhalo wakhe ophathelene nomqambi u-G. Isak (iminyaka engu-XV-XVI), u-Webern waklonyeliswa ngeziqu zobuDokotela wePhilosophy.

Kakade izingoma zokuqala - ingoma kanye ne-idyll ye-orchestra "Emoyeni Wasehlobo" (1901-04) - kuveza ukuvela okusheshayo kwesitayela sokuqala. Ngo-1904-08. Ukwakhiwa kwezifundo ze-Webern no-A. Schoenberg. Esihlokweni esithi “Teacher”, ubeka amazwi kaSchoenberg njenge-epigraph: “Ukukholwa endleleni yokusindisa eyodwa kufanele kushabalaliswe, futhi isifiso seqiniso kufanele sikhuthazwe.” Esikhathini sika-1907-09. isitayela esisha se-Webern sase senziwe ekugcineni.

Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, u-Webern wasebenza njengomqhubi we-orchestra nomqondisi wekwaya ku-operetta. Isimo somculo olula savusa kumqambi osemusha inzondo engenakulungiseka nokunengeka ngokuzijabulisa, ukuvinjelwa, kanye nokulindela impumelelo nomphakathi. Esebenza njengomqhubi we-symphony kanye ne-opera, u-Webern udala inani lemisebenzi yakhe ebalulekile - izingcezu ezi-5. 5 ye-quartet yezintambo (1909), izingcezu eziyisi-6 ze-orchestral op. 6 (1909), 6 bagatelles for quartet op. 9 (1911-13), izingcezu ezi-5 ze-orchestra, op. 10 (1913) - "umculo wezinhlaka, ovela ekujuleni komphefumulo", njengoba omunye wabagxeki kamuva waphendula; umculo omningi wezwi (kuhlanganise nezingoma zezwi ne-orchestra, i-op. 13, 1914-18), njll. Ngo-1913, u-Webern wabhala ucezu lwe-orchestra encane esebenzisa inqubo ye-serial dodecaphonic.

Ngo-1922-34. U-Webern ungumqhubi wamakhonsathi wabasebenzi (amakhonsathi e-symphony abasebenzi base-Viennese, kanye nomphakathi wokucula wabasebenzi). Izinhlelo zala makhonsathi, obekuhloswe ngazo ukujwayeza izisebenzi ngobuciko bomculo obusezingeni eliphezulu, zazihlanganisa nemisebenzi kaL. Beethoven, F. Schubert, J. Brahms, G. Wolf, G. Mahler, A. Schoenberg, kanye namakhwaya ka-L. G. Eisler. Ukuqedwa kwalo msebenzi we-Webern akuzange kwenzeke ngentando yakhe, kodwa ngenxa ye-putsch yamabutho ama-fascist e-Austria, ukunqotshwa kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi ngo-February 1934.

Uthisha we-Webern wafundisa (ikakhulukazi kubafundi abazimele) ukuqhuba, i-polyphony, ukuvumelana, kanye nokwakheka okusebenzayo. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe, abaqambi kanye nezazi zomculo kukhona KA Hartmal, XE Apostel, E. Ratz, W. Reich, X. Searle, F. Gershkovich. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yeWebrn 20-30-ies. - Izingoma zomoya ezi-5, op. 15, 5 canons emibhalweni yesiLatini, i-string trio, i-symphony ye-orchestra yegumbi, ikhonsathi yezinsimbi ezingu-9, i-cantata "Ukukhanya Kwamehlo", okuwukuphela komsebenzi wepiyano ephawulwe ngenombolo ye-opus - Variations op. 27 (1936). Iqala ngezingoma ze-op. 17 U-Webern ubhala kuphela kuhlelo lwe-dodecaphone.

Ngo-1932 nango-1933 uWebern wanikeza imijikelezo emi-2 yezinkulumo ezinesihloko esithi “Indlela Eya Emculweni Omusha” endlini yangasese yaseViennese. Ngomculo omusha, umfundisi wayesho i-dodecaphony yesikole sase-New Viennese futhi wahlaziya okuholela kuso ngezindlela zomlando zokuziphendukela komculo.

Ukuvela kukaHitler esikhundleni kanye “ne-Anschluss” yase-Austria (1938) kwenza isikhundla sikaWebern saba yinhlekelele, saba yinhlekelele. Wayengasenalo ithuba lokuthatha noma yisiphi isikhundla, cishe wayengenabafundi. Esimweni sokushushiswa abaqambi bomculo omusha ngokuthi "owohlokayo" kanye "namasiko-amaBolshevik", ukuqina kukaWebern ekusekeleni izinhloso zobuciko obuphezulu kwaba umzuzu wokumelana ngokomoya ne-fascist "Kulturpolitik". Emisebenzini yokugcina ye-Webern - i-quartet op. 28 (1936-38), Izinguquko ze-orchestra op. 30 (1940), iCantata yesibili op. 31 (1943) – umuntu angabamba ithunzi lesizungu sombhali nokuzihlukanisa ngokomoya, kodwa alukho uphawu lokuyekethisa noma ukungabaza. Ngamazwi embongi u-X. Jone, u-Webern wabiza "insimbi yezinhliziyo" - uthando: "kwangathi angahlala ephapheme lapho ukuphila kusacwebezela khona ukuze amvuse" (amahora angu-3 weCantata yesiBili). Ngokuthula ebeka ukuphila kwakhe engozini, u-Webern akazange abhale ngisho nelilodwa inothi elivumelana nezimiso zezazi zezobuciko zamafascist. Ukufa komqambi nakho kubuhlungu: ngemva kokuphela kwempi, ngenxa yephutha elihlekisayo, uWebern wadutshulwa wabulawa isosha lamasosha aseMelika.

Isikhungo sokubuka umhlaba kukaWeben umqondo wobuntu, obusekela imibono yokukhanya, isizathu, nesiko. Esimeni esibucayi senhlalo, umqambi ukhombisa ukwenqaba izici ezingezinhle zeqiniso lonxiwankulu elimzungezile, bese ethatha isikhundla esimelene nobufascist ngokusobala: “Yeka ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kwalo mkhankaso wokulwa nesiko okuza nakho!” wababaza kwenye yezinkulumo zakhe ngo-1933. U-Webern umdwebi uyisitha esingenakugwenywa sokungabaza, inhlamba, nenhlamba kwezobuciko.

Izwe elingokomfanekiso lobuciko be-Webern likude nomculo wansuku zonke, izingoma ezilula nemidanso, iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayijwayelekile. Enhliziyweni yesistimu yakhe yobuciko isithombe sokuvumelana kwezwe, ngakho-ke ukusondela kwakhe kwemvelo kwezinye izici zezimfundiso ze-IV Goethe ekuthuthukisweni kwamafomu emvelo. Umqondo wokuziphatha we-Webern usekelwe emibonweni ephezulu yeqiniso, ubuhle nobuhle, lapho umbono womqambi wezwe uhambisana noKant, okusho ukuthi "okuhle kuwuphawu lokuhle nokuhle." Ubuhle buka-Webern buhlanganisa izimfuneko zokubaluleka kokuqukethwe okusekelwe kumanani okuziphatha (umqambi futhi uhlanganisa izici zendabuko zenkolo nezobuKristu kuzo), kanye nokupholishwa okuhle, ukunotha kwefomu lobuciko.

Kusuka kumanothi kumbhalo wesandla we-quartet nge-saxophone op. 22 ungabona ukuthi yiziphi izithombe ezazihlala ku-Webern ngesikhathi sokuqamba: "i-Rondo (i-Dachstein)", "iqhwa neqhwa, umoya ocwebezelayo", ingqikithi yesibili ithi "izimbali zasezintabeni", ngokuqhubekayo - "izingane eziseqhwa iqhwa, ukukhanya, isibhakabhaka ", kukhodi - "ukubuka izindawo eziphakeme". Kodwa kanye nalokhu kuphakama kwezithombe, umculo kaWebern uphawuleka ngenhlanganisela yobubele obudlulele nomsindo ocijile ngokwedlulele, ukucoliswa kwemigqa nezinsimbi, ukuqina, ngezinye izikhathi umsindo ocishe uhlehle, njengokungathi wawulukwe ngemicu yensimbi ecwebezelayo. U-Webern akanakho "ukuchitheka" okunamandla kanye nokukhuphuka okungavamile kwesikhathi eside kwendodana, ukugqama okuphawulekayo okungokomfanekiso akujwayelekile kuye, ikakhulukazi ukuboniswa kwezici zansuku zonke zeqiniso.

Ekusungulweni kwakhe komculo, u-Webern waba nesibindi kunazo zonke kubaqambi besikole saseNovovensk, wahamba kakhulu kunabo bobabili uBerg noSchoenberg. Kwakuyizimpumelelo zobuciko zikaWeben ezibe nomthelela omkhulu enkambweni emisha yomculo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. P. Boulez waze wathi uWebrn “uwukuphela komngcele womculo wesikhathi esizayo.” Izwe lobuciko be-Webern lihlala emlandweni womculo njengokubonakaliswa okuphakeme kwemibono yokukhanya, ukuhlanzeka, ukuqina kokuziphatha, ubuhle obuhlala njalo.

Y. Kholopov

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