Okokugcina |

ital. isiphetho, kusukela ku-lat. isiphetho - isiphetho, isiphetho

1) Ngaphakathi. umculo - ingxenye yokugcina yomjikelezo. umkhiqizo. - i-sonata-symphony, suite, ngezinye izikhathi futhi ingxenye yokugcina yomjikelezo wokuhluka. Ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokuqukethwe nomculo othize. izinhlobo zezingxenye zokugcina, eziningi zazo futhi zinezici ezithile ezijwayelekile, isibonelo, ijubane (imvamisa eshesha kakhulu emjikelezweni), ukushesha kokunyakaza, umlingiswa wohlobo lwesintu, ubulula kanye nokujwayelekile komculo nesigqi (uma kuqhathaniswa nokwangaphambilini. izingxenye), ukujikeleza kwesakhiwo (okungenani ngesimo sepulani lesibili noma ngendlela "yokuthambekela" ku-rondo, ku-teminology ye-VV Protopopov), okungukuthi, lokho okungokweminyuziyamu eyakhiwe ngokomlando. amasu abangela umuzwa wokuphela komjikelezo omkhulu. isebenza.

Ku-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, izingxenye zazo eziyizigaba zobuciko bombono owodwa. umqondo, F., okuyisigaba esiwumphumela, unikezwe okukhethekile, okusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lwawo wonke umjikelezo, umsebenzi we-semantic wokuqedwa, onquma ukuxazululwa kwamadrama njengomsebenzi obalulekile obalulekile wokushayisana kwe-F.. . izimiso zomculo wakhe. izinhlangano okuhloswe ngazo ukwenza umculo jikelele. izingqikithi nomculo. ukuthuthukiswa kwawo wonke umjikelezo. Lo msebenzi othile wombhali wemidlalo wenza i-sonata-symphony. F. isixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu emjikelezweni. umkhiqizo. - isixhumanisi esiveza ukujula kanye nemvelo yemvelo yayo yonke i-sonata-symphony. imiqondo.

Inkinga ye-sonata-symphony. F. njalo udonsa ukunaka kwabaculi. Isidingo se-organic F. sawo wonke umjikelezo sagcizelelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngu-AN Serov, owazisa kakhulu iziphetho zikaBeethoven. U-BV Asafiev uthi inkinga ka-F. inenani elibaluleke kakhulu ku-symphony. art-ve, ikakhulukazi egqamisa izici ezimangalisayo nezakhayo kuyo (“okokuqala … indlela yokugxila ekugcineni, esigabeni sokugcina se-symphony, umphumela wemvelo walokho okwashiwo, futhi, okwesibili, indlela yokuqedela nokuvala ukugijima kwemicabango futhi kumise ukunyakaza ngesivinini esikhulayo ”).

I-Sonata-symphony. F. kumbhali wakhe weshashalazi oyinhloko. Imisebenzi yasungulwa emisebenzini yama-Viennese classics. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zezici zayo ngazinye zagqama emculweni wenkathi yangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, kakade kumjikelezo we-sonata we-JS Bach, uhlobo lwesici somfanekiso, isihloko. kanye nobudlelwano bethoni buka-F. nezingxenye zangaphambilini, ikakhulukazi ngengxenye yokuqala yomjikelezo: ukulandela ilirikhi enensayo. ingxenye, F. ibuyisela ukusebenza kwengxenye yokuqala ("center of gravity" yomjikelezo). Uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye yokuqala, i-Bach's motor F. ihlukaniswa ngezingqikithi ezilula; ku-F. i-tonality yengxenye ye-1 ibuyiselwe (ngemuva kokuphambuka kuyo phakathi nomjikelezo); F. ingase futhi iqukathe ukuxhumana kwezwi nengxenye yokuqala. Esikhathini sika-Bach (futhi kamuva, kuze kube yi-Viennese classicism), i-sonata-cyclic. U-F. wayevame ukuzwa ithonya lomjikelezo we-F. suite - gigi.

Kuma-symphonies abaqambi besikole saseMannheim, ngokomlando ahlotshaniswa nama-symphonies okusebenza enza imisebenzi ye-overture, u-F. ngokokuqala ngqa wathola incazelo ekhethekile yengxenye ekhethekile yomjikelezo, onomfanekiso wayo ovamile. okuqukethwe (izithombe zokuphithizela kwemikhosi, njll.) nomculo ojwayelekile. i-thematicism eseduze ne-thematicism ye-wok. F. opera buffa kanye gigi. I-Mannheim F., njengama-symphonies angaleso sikhathi, ngokuvamile asondelene nezinhlobo zansuku zonke, ezithinte ubulula bokuqukethwe kwawo kanye neminyuziyamu. amafomu. Umqondo we-symphony yaseMannheim. umjikelezo, ingqikithi yawo bekuwukuhlanganisa iminyuziyamu eyinhloko. izifundazwe-izithombe ezitholakala kubuciko bangaleso sikhathi, zinqume kokubili ukuthayishwa kwe-F. kanye nemvelo yokuxhumana kwayo kwe-semantic nezingxenye zangaphambilini, eduze ne-suite.

F. Okwakudala kwe-Viennese kubonise ngokugcwele izinguquko ezenzeke eminyuziyamu. art-ve, - isifiso somuntu ngamunye we-sonata-symphony. imiqondo, ekuthuthukisweni okunqamula ukunqamula kanye nedramaturgy. ubunye bomjikelezo, ekuthuthukisweni okujulile kanye nokwandiswa kwezikhali zamamuse. izimali. Kowamanqamu uJ. U-Haydn uya ngokuya ecaca ngohlamvu, oluhambisana nokuvezwa komjikelezo ojwayelekile, wenqwaba (ngokwezinga elithile kakade isici seMannheim F.), umthombo wakho osezigcawini zokugcina ze-buffa opera. Ngomzamo wokuqinisa umculo. izithombe, uHaydn waphendukela ohlelweni (ngokwesibonelo, “Isiphepho” ku-F. I-Symphony No 8), isebenzise ishashalazi. umculo (F. i-symphony No 77, eyayiyisithombe sokuzingela esenzweni sesi-3. i-opera yakhe ethi “Rewarded Fidelity”), yathuthukiswa uNar. izingqikithi - isiCroatia, isiSerbia (F. ama-symphonies NoNo 103, 104, 97), ngezinye izikhathi abangela abalaleli ukuba baqiniseke. izixhumanisi zezithombe (ngokwesibonelo, ku-F. i-symphony No. 82 - "ibhere, eliholwa futhi liboniswe emadolobheni", yingakho yonke i-symphony yathola igama elithi "Bear"). Amanqamu ka-Haydn athambekele kakhulu ekuthwebuleni umhlaba oyimpokophelo ngokubusa komgomo wohlobo lwesintu. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lweHaydnian F. iba i-rondo (futhi i-rondo-sonata), ikhuphukela ku-Nar. imidanso eyindilinga futhi iveza umqondo wokunyakaza okuyindilinga. Inothi. isici se-sonata ye-rondo esaqala ukugqama ngokunembile kowamanqamu ka-Haydn iphimbo. ukufana kwezigaba zayo eziyinhloko (ngezinye izikhathi okuthiwa. Mr. i-monothematic noma idemoni elilodwa i-rondo sonata; bheka, isibonelo, ama-symphonies No99, 103). I-Rondo-shape nayo ingokwemvelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili ezisetshenziswa uHaydn ku-F. (fp. i-sonata e-E minor, eHob. XVI, No 34). Isikhalazo sefomu elihlukile liyiqiniso elibalulekile ngokombono womlando we-sonata-symphony. F., t. ngoba leli fomu, ngokusho kuka-Asafiev, ngempumelelo engaphansi kwe-rondo, lembula isiphetho njengenguquko "yokubonakaliswa" kombono owodwa noma umuzwa (kumafomu ahlukile omculo we-preclassical ku-F. imijikelezo yayiyisici sika-G. F. Isandla; cm. Concerto grosso op. 6 No5). Ukusetshenziswa kukaHaydn ku-F. fugue (quartet noma. 20 No 2, 5, 6, op. 50 No 4), equkethe izingxenye zerondality (isibonelo esimangalisayo i-fugue evela ku-quartet op. 20 No 5) nokuhluka, kuvuselela isiko likaF. i-sonatas endala da chiesa. Okuqinisekile Ukuvela kwamafomu okugcina kaHaydn kunikezwa indlela yokuthuthuka yokwembula iminyuziyamu. impahla, izingoma zangempela. ithola (isb Izimpinda ezi-3 ku-fugue ye-quartet op. 20 No 5, i-Adagio "yokuvalelisa" ku-Symphony No 45, lapho izinsimbi ze-orchestra zithula ngokulandelana), izoveza. ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyphony, ch. arr., njengendlela yokudala “ize” lokugcina elijwayelekile, imvuselelo ejabulisayo (Symphony No. 103), ngesinye isikhathi okuvusa umbono wesigcawu sansuku zonke (into efana “nengxabano yasemgwaqweni” noma “ingxabano eshubile” ekuthuthukisweni kwe-F. Symphony No99). T. o., emsebenzini kaHaydn F. ngezindlela zayo eziqondile zokuthuthukiswa kwetimu. impahla ikhuphukela ezingeni le-sonata allegro ye-1st movement, idala i-sonata-symphony. ibhalansi yokuqamba. Inkinga yesithombe-thematic. Ubunye bomjikelezo bunqunywa nguHaydn ikakhulukazi esikweni labanduleli bakhe. Igama elisha kule ndawo ngelika-V. A. I-Mozart. UMozart F. thola ubunye be-semantic be-sonatas nama-symphonies, angavamile ngesikhathi sawo. imicondvo, lokucuketfwe letifanekiselo emjikeletweni – liririki lenenjabulo, sib. ku-symphony ye-g-moll (No 41), ukulila ku-d-moll quartet (K.-V. 421), iqhawe ku-symphony "Jupiter". Izindikimba zesiphetho sika-Mozart zenza jikelele futhi zihlanganise amaphimbo okunyakaza kwangaphambilini. Okungavamile kwendlela kaMozart yokuphimisa. generalization ukuthi ku-F. izingcezu zomculo ezihlukene ezihlakazekile ezingxenyeni zangaphambili ziyaqoqwa. ukucula, iphimbo, ukugcizelela izinyathelo ezithile zemodi, isigqi. kanye ne-harmonic. ukuphenduka, okungezona kuphela ezigabeni zokuqala, ezibonakala kalula zezindikimba, kodwa nasekuqhubekeni kwazo, hhayi kuphela emculweni oyinhloko. amaphimbo, kodwa nakulawo ahambisana nawo - ngegama nje, lokho kuyinkimbinkimbi kuyindikimba. izakhi, uku-ry, ukudlula kusuka engxenyeni kuya engxenyeni, kunquma isici sephimbo. ukubukeka kwalo msebenzi, ubunye “bomkhathi ozwakalayo” (njengoba kuchazwa uV.

Esikhathini se-sonata-symphony sekwephuzile. imijikelezo ka-Mozart F. ihlukile njengokuchazwa kwemiqondo evamile yemijikelezo, eyingxenye yayo (ngokuphathelene nama-symphonies ku-g-moll kanye ne-C-dur, isibonelo, u-TN Livanova uyaqaphela ukuthi bangabantu ngabanye kakhulu izinhlelo kunawo wonke amanye ama-symphonies ekhulwini le-18). Umqondo wokuthuthukiswa okungokomfanekiso, owanquma ubusha bomqondo waseMozartian womjikelezo, wabonakala ngokucacile esakhiweni sika-F. Bazoqashelwa. isici ukukhangwa i-sonata, ebonakala kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kwefomu le-sonata langempela (i-symphony ku-g-moll), i-rondo-sonata (fp. concerto A-dur, K.-V. 488), kanye naku- "isimo se-sonata" esingavamile ngezindlela zohlobo olungezona i-sonata, isb. ku-rondo (iquartet yomtshingo, K.-V. 285). Ekukhiqizweni kwe-F, okuhlobene nesikhathi sekwephuzile sokusungula, indawo enkulu ihlala izigaba zokuthuthukiswa, kanye nezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zomculo-thematic. ukuthuthukiswa kuba i-polyphony, esetshenziswa yi-Mozart ngobuhle obungavamile (i-string quintet ku-g-moll, K.-V. 516, i-symphony ku-g-moll, i-quartet No. 21). Nakuba i-fugue izimele. ifomu alilona elijwayelekile kokugcina kwe-Mozart (i-quartet F-dur, K.-V. 168), ethize yabo. isici ukufakwa kwe-fugue (njengomthetho, ngendlela ehlakazekile) ekubunjweni kwamafomu e-homophonic - i-sonata, i-rondo sonata (i-string quintets D-dur, K.-V. 593, Es-dur, K.- V. 164) kuze kufike ekusungulweni komculo ifomu elihlanganisa izici ze-fugue ne-sonata (iyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-quartet G-dur No1, K.-V. 387), ifomu elabonakala lithembisa kakhulu ngokomlando (F. fp . Schumann quartet Es-dur op. 47, Reger's quartet G-dur op.54 No 1). Isici esibalulekile samafomu anjalo okwenziwa ku-Op. I-Mozart - inyunyana ye-polyphonic ehlakazekile. iziqephu ngomugqa owodwa wokuthuthukiswa, ukulwela ukufinyelela umvuthwandaba ("ifomu le-polyphonic elikhulu", igama elithi VV Protopopov). Isibonelo esiphezulu salolu hlobo yi-symphony ye-F. "Jupiter", lapho ifomu le-sonata (enza uhlelo lwayo lokusebenzisana phakathi kwezigaba) luhlanganisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwe-polyphonic ehlakazekile. iziqephu ezivela njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-DOS. izingqikithi ze-sonata. Umugqa ngamunye wetimu (izindikimba zoku-1 nezesi-2 zengxenye eyinhloko, ukuxhuma nokwesibili) uthola ipholyphonic yawo. ukuthuthukiswa-okwenziwa ngendlela yokulingisa-canonical. i-polyphony. Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kwe-thematism ngokusebenzisa i-polyphony ehlukile kufinyelela ku-coda, lapho yonke i-thematic eyinhloko ihlanganiswa ku-fugato emnyama emihlanu. izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezindlela ze-polyphonic ezijwayelekile. ukuthuthukiswa (inhlanganisela yokulingisa kanye ne-contrast-thematic polyphony).

Emsebenzini kaBeethoven, umbhali wemidlalo. indima kaF. ukwanda ngokungenakulinganiswa; Kungomculo wakhe lapho ku-musicology kuqwashiswa ngokubaluleka kukaF. ye-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo “njengomqhele”, umgomo, umphumela (A. N. Serov), indima kaF. kwinqubo yokudala yokudala umjikelezo (N. L. UFishman, ngenxa yokutadisha imidwebo ye-symphony yesi-3, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi "okuningi ezingxenyeni zokuqala ze-Eroica kunemvelaphi yayo ekugcineni kwayo"), kanye nesidingo sethiyori. ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso ze-symphony ephelele. izingoma. Ku-Op evuthiwe. UBeethoven F. kancane kancane iba "isikhungo sokudonsela phansi" komjikelezo, isiqongo sayo, lapho yonke intuthuko yangaphambili iqondiswe khona, kwezinye izimo ixhunywe nengxenye yangaphambili (ngokwesimiso se-attacca), yakha kanye nayo engxenyeni yesibili. yomjikelezo ifomu elihlanganisayo. Ukuthambekela kokukhulisa umehluko kuholela ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezinto ezisetshenziswe ku-F. amafomu, i-to-rye iba ngokwetimu futhi ngokwesakhiwo i-monolithic ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uhlobo lwe-sonata lwamanqamu ka-Beethoven lwabonakala ngokuguquguquka, ukusulwa kwemingcele ye-cadence phakathi kwezingxenye eziyinhloko nezinhlangothi ngephimbo lazo. ukusondelana (feat. I-sonata No. 23 “Appassionata”), ku-rondo yokugcina imigomo yesakhiwo esidala esimnyama esinama-interludes asathuthukayo avuselelwe (fp. I-Sonata No. 22), ezinhlobonhlobo kwakukhona ukugqama kohlobo oluqhubekayo, ukuhluka okukhululekile kwesakhiwo kwavela, izimiso zentuthuko ezingaguquki zangena kuzo - intuthuko, i-fugue (i-symphony yesi-3), ku-rondo sonatas ukubusa kwamafomu ngentuthuko kwabonakala. , ukuthambekela ekuhlanganisweni kwezigaba ( 6th symphony). Emibhalweni yakamuva kaBeethoven, enye yezimpawu ze-F. iba i-fugue (cello sonata op. 102 No2). Intonac. ukulungiselela F. ekukhiqizeni i-Beethoven yenziwa kokubili ngosizo lwe-melodic-harmonic. ukuxhumana, nezikhumbuzi zetimu (fp. i-sonata No 13), i-monothematism (i-symphony yesi-5). Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuxhumana kwe-tonal-phonic (umgomo "we-tonal resonance", igama lika-V. AT. Protopopov). i-organic F. emjikelezweni, isimo sawo ngezindlela. okungenani ngenxa yokunqwabelana ezingxenyeni zangaphambilini zezakhi zokuhlukahluka, ukufana kwe-rondo, ukusetshenziswa okunenjongo kwe-polyphonic. amasu anquma ukuhluka kwesakhiwo esithile sefilosofi, okungukuthi, isib. ukuba khona kuyo kwezinhlobo ezithile zohlelo lwe-2, ukuhlanganiswa okukodwa noma okunye kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene zokwakha ifomu, futhi kwezinye izimo - nokukhetha okuyinhloko. amafomu (izinguquko kuma-symphonies wesi-3 nowesi-9). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-symphony yesilinganiso sentuthuko ibonakala ku-Beethoven hhayi kuphela ku-F. ama-symphonies, kodwa futhi ku-F. imijikelezo "yegumbi" - ama-quartet, ama-sonata (isibonelo, uF. fp. i-sonatas No 21 – i-rondo enkulu enokuthuthukiswa kanye ne-coda, F. fp. I-sonata No. 29 – ifugue eliphindwe kabili elinendikimba eshubile kakhulu. ukuthuthukiswa - "indlovukazi yama-fugues", ngamagama kaF. Buzoni). Enye yezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu zikaBeethoven - F. I-symphony yesi-9. Amafomu kanye nezindlela zamamnyuziyamu ezethulwa lapha ngendlela egxilile. ama-embodiments emidwebo ebabazekayo. ukujabula - ukuguqulwa kokuguquguquka kokubunjwa, ukudala ukwanda komzwelo owodwa, ukukhuphuka kwawo ku-apotheosis - i-fugato ephindwe kabili, eveza ch. umcabango ngokuhlanganyela (nokuguqulwa kohlobo) izingqikithi ezi-2 eziyinhloko - "izindikimba zenjabulo" kanye "Nokwanga, izigidi"; ukushintshashintsha, ukukhuphukela ku-couplet futhi kuhlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa kweculo lehubo, elembuleka ngokukhululeka ngokwedlulele, elinothiswe yizimiso ze-fugue, ezifana ne-rondo, ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezintathu; ukwethulwa kwekhwaya, okwanothisa i-symphony. ifomu ngemithetho yokwakheka kwe-oratorio; idramaturgy ekhethekile. umqondo kaF., ongaqukethe kuphela isitatimende sokunqoba kweqhawe. izimo zengqondo (njengenjwayelo), kodwa futhi isigaba sokusesha okumangalisayo esandulelayo kanye nokutholwa "kwendawo" - ama-muses ayinhloko. Izihloko; ukuphelela kwesistimu yezingoma. generalizations ka-F., owaxhuma ngokuqinile i-intonational, i-harmonic, i-variation, i-polyphonic, enwebeka kuye kuyo yonke i-symphony. imicu - konke lokhu kunqume ukubaluleka komthelela we-F. I-symphony yesi-9 emculweni wakamuva futhi yathuthukiswa abaqambi bezizukulwane ezilandelayo. Okuqondile kakhulu. umthelela kaP. I-symphony yesi-9 - kuma-symphonies ka-G. Berlioz, F. List, A. Bruckner, G.

Kubuciko be-post-Beethoven, kukhona ukuthambekela ekuhlanganiseni umculo nezincwadi, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, ifilosofi, ekubhekiseni kumlingiswa wesici wamamyuziyamu. izithombe, ekwenziweni komuntu ngamunye imiqondo kunqume inhlobonhlobo enkulu yokuqukethwe okuthile nesakhiwo sika-F. Ekuhlanganiseni u-F. nezingxenye zangaphambilini, kanye netimu. inkumbulo, izimiso ze-monothematism ye-Liszt kanye ne-operatic leitmotivity yaqala ukudlala indima ehamba phambili. Emculweni wohlelo lwabaqambi be-Romantic, izinsimbi zomculo zemvelo yaseshashalazini zavela, ezifana nesiteji se-opera, esibuye savumela ukusebenza kwesiteji. incarnation (“Romeo and Julia” by Berlioz), uhlobo “lobudemoni” F.-grotesque oluthuthukisiwe (“Faust” is a symphony by Liszt). Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo isiqalo kwaletha ukuphila okuyingqayizivele F. - "i-afterword" ku-FP. sonata b-moll Chopin, kubuhlungu. F. Adagio lamentoso ku-symphony yesi-6 ka-Tchaikovsky. Izinhlobo zamagama anjalo ahlukene, njengomthetho, azivamile neze (ku-symphony yesi-6 kaTchaikovsky, isibonelo, ukunyakaza okuthathu okulula okune-coda eyethula isici se-sonata); ukwakheka kwesoftware F. kwesinye isikhathi kungaphansi kokukhanyisa. isakhiwo, ukwakha amafomu mahhala ngezinga elikhulu (Manfred by Tchaikovsky). Ukuhunyushwa kwe-F. njenge-semantic neyezwi. isikhungo somjikelezo, okudonselwa kuwo kokubili umvuthwandaba jikelele kanye nokuxazululwa kwamadrama. ukungqubuzana, isici sama-symphonies ka-G. Mahler, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-symphonies of the final" (P. Becker). Isakhiwo sika-Mahler's F., esibonisa “izinga elikhulu lokwakheka” (ngamazwi ka-Mahler ngokwakhe) wawo wonke umjikelezo, kunqunywa “isiqephu” somculo ohlelwa ngaphakathi esihlanganisa i-symphony. umqondo we-Mahler, futhi imvamisa ikhula ibe yi-grandiose variant-strophic. amafomu.

Incazelo yengxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo ithi F. in op. DD Shostakovich. Okuhluke kakhulu kokuqukethwe (isibonelo, ukuqinisekiswa kwentando yokulwa ku-symphony ye-F. 1st, imashi yomngcwabo ku-F. 4th, ukuqinisekiswa kombono wezwe onethemba ku-F. 5), ngokuphathelene nezingxenye ezedlule (kwezinye izimo F., engena ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, njengaku-symphony ye-11, kubonakala sengathi ilandela kuyo yonke inkambo yezenzakalo zangaphambilini, kwezinye ibonakala ihluke ngokugqamile, njengaku-symphony yesi-6), iveza ububanzi obuyivelakancane bomjikelezo we iminyuziyamu esetshenzisiwe. kusho (i-monothematism - yomibili ye-Beethoven's (5th symphony) kanye nohlobo luka-Liszt (1st symphony), indlela ye-thematic reminiscence - kufaka phakathi "izinhlobonhlobo zesiRashiya", njengoba yasetshenziswa ku-PI Tchaikovsky, SI Taneyev, AN Scriabin (coda-apotheosis endikimbeni eyinhloko eguquliwe yomnyakazo wokuqala ku-symphony F. 1th), isici sokuhluma kwephimbo, sihlanganisa imigomo ka-JS Bach no-Mahler, ngamafomu, izindlela zokubunjwa kwakudala (F. we-symphony yesi-7) kanye nesakhiwo sohlelo ( F., isibonelo, ye-symphony yesi-6, "okungahleliwe"), iziphetho zikaShostakovich ziwukubonakaliswa kwemibono ye-eseyi ye-Ch.

2) Emculweni we-opera, isiteji esikhulu esihlanganisa yonke i-opera nezenzo zayo ngazinye. I-Opera F. njengomculo othuthuka ngokushesha. iqoqo elibonisa konke ukuguquguquka kwamadrama. izenzo, ezathuthukiswa ngekhulu le-18. nge-ithalikhi. i-opera buffa; u-F. wakhe waqanjwa ngokuthi “amabhola”, ngoba ayegxile kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kobuqili bamahlaya. Kulokhu F., ukushuba kwesimo kwaqhubeka kwanda ngenxa yokuvela kancane kancane esiteji kwabalingisi abasha, okwenza kube nzima uzungu, futhi kwafika ekugxekeni okunezivunguvungu nokucasuka (esenzweni sika-F. 1 - umvuthwandaba wayo yonke i-opera, ngokwesiko. Izenzo ezimbili), noma i-denouement (ku-F. wokugcina). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, idram. isigaba esisha ngasinye sohlelo luka-F. sahlangatshezwa yi-tempos entsha, i-tonality, kanye nengqikithi ngokwengxenye. impahla; Phakathi kwezindlela zokuhlanganisa i-F. ukuvalwa kwethoni kanye nesakhiwo esifana ne-rondo. Isibonelo sokuqala se-dynamic ensemble F. - ku-opera ethi "The Governor" ka-N. Logroshino (1747); ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamagama okudlala kwenzeka ngo-N. Piccinni (Indodakazi Enhle, 1760), Paisiello (Owesifazane KaMiller, 1788), kanye no-D. Cimarosa (Umshado Oyimfihlo, 1792). Ukuphelela kuka-Classic F. kutholakala kuma-opera ka-Mozart, iminyuziyamu. ukuthuthuka ku-rykh, kulandela idrama kalula. isenzo, ngesikhathi esifanayo sithatha isimo seminyuziyamu ephelele efanele. izakhiwo. Okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye "ne-symphonic" eminyuziyamu yabo. uvuthondaba lwentuthuko. F. ama-opera ka-Mozart - 2nd d. "Umshado we-Figaro" kanye no-1st d. "Don Giovanni".

Uhlobo olusha lwesisho sokusebenza lwadalwa ngu-MI Glinka ku-epilogue ka-Ivan Susanin; kuyisigcawu esiyisikhumbuzo sesintu, ekubunjweni kwaso isimiso sokuhlukahluka sihamba phambili; Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic zihlanganiswa kuyo nezindlela zesici zokwethula kanye nezici zezwi zesiRashiya. nar. izingoma.

References: Serov AN, Ukuphawula esihlokweni esithi "Inothi lomcabango wesimanje odumile (ovela kwabangewona abaculi) ku-symphony yesishiyagalolunye kaBeethoven", "Era", 1864, No 7, yanyatheliswa kabusha. esithasiselweni sobuciko. TN Livanova "uBeethoven kanye nokugxeka komculo waseRussia wekhulu le-XIX", encwadini: Beethoven, Sat. st., udaba. 2, M., 1972; eyakhe, i-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, isakhiwo nencazelo yayo, "I-Modern Chronicle", 1868, May 12, No 16, okufanayo, encwadini: AN Serov, Izihloko Ezikhethiwe, vol. 1, M.-L. , 1950; I-Asafiev BV, Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, incwadi. 1, M., 1930, (izincwadi 1-2), L., 1971; eyakhe, Symphony, encwadini: Essays on Soviet musical creativity, vol. 1, M.-L., 1947; Livanova T., Umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuze kube ngu-1789, M.-L., 1940; owakhe, umculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu wekhulu le-XVII-XVIII ngenani lobuciko, uM., 1977; Incwadi ka-Beethoven yemidwebo ye-1802-1803, ucwaningo nokuchazwa ngu-NL Fishman, M., 1962; I-Protopopov Vl., ITestamente likaBeethoven, "SM", 1963, No 7; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, (ukukhishwa kwe-2), M., 1965; eyakhe, Izimiso zikaBeethoven zeFomu Lomculo, M., 1970; yakhe, Efomini le-sonata-cyclic emisebenzini ka-Chopin, ngo-Sat: Imibuzo yefomu lomculo, vol. 2, M., 1972; wakhe, Ifomu le-Rondo ku-Mozart's Instrumental Works, M., 1978; wakhe, Imidwebo evela emlandweni wezinhlobo zezinsimbi ze-1979 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1975, uM., 130; Barsova I., Symphonies of Gustav Mahler, M., 3; I-Tsakher I., Inkinga yesiphetho ku-B-dur quartet op. 1975 Beethoven, ngoSat: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. 1976, M., XNUMX; Sabinina M., Shostakovich-symphonist, M., XNUMX.

TN Dubrovskaya