Gustav Mahler |

Gustav Mahler

Indoda equkethe intando yobuciko ebucayi nemsulwa yesikhathi sethu. T. Mann

Umqambi omkhulu wase-Austria uG. Mahler wathi kuye “ukubhala i-symphony kusho ukwakha izwe elisha ngazo zonke izindlela zobuchwepheshe obukhona. Impilo yami yonke bengiqamba umculo ngento eyodwa kuphela: ngingajabula kanjani uma omunye umuntu ehlupheka kwenye indawo. Ngobukhulu obunjalo bokuziphatha, "ukwakhiwa komhlaba" emculweni, ukuzuza okuphelele okuvumelanayo kuba yinkinga enzima kakhulu, engenakuxazululeka. UMahler, empeleni, uqedela isiko lefilosofi ye-symphonism ye-classical-romantic (L. Beethoven - F. Schubert - J. Brahms - P. Tchaikovsky - A. Bruckner), efuna ukuphendula imibuzo yaphakade yokuba khona, ukucacisa indawo womuntu emhlabeni.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ukuqonda komuntu ngamunye njengenani eliphakeme kakhulu kanye “nesitsha” sendawo yonke kuhlangabezane nenhlekelele ejulile. UMahler wakuzwa kahle; futhi noma yimaphi ama-symphonies akhe kuwumzamo omkhulu wokuthola ukuzwana, inqubo eqinile futhi eyingqayizivele yesikhathi ngasinye yokufuna iqiniso. Ukusesha kokudala kuka-Mahler kwaholela ekwephuleni imibono esunguliwe mayelana nobuhle, ukubonakala kokungabi nalutho, ukungahambisani, i-eclecticism; umqambi wamisa imiqondo yakhe eyisikhumbuzo njengokungathi ivela “ezingcezuni” ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ohlakazekile. Lokhu kusesha kwakuyisihluthulelo sokulondoloza ubumsulwa komoya womuntu kwesinye sezinkathi ezinzima kakhulu emlandweni. “Ngingumculi ozulazula ogwadule ebusuku bemisebenzi yesimanje yomculo engenaye isihlabani futhi osengozini yokungabaza yonke into noma aphambuke,” kubhala uMahler.

UMahler wazalelwa emndenini ompofu wamaJuda eCzech Republic. Amakhono akhe omculo abonakala kusenesikhathi (eneminyaka engu-10 wanikeza ikhonsathi yakhe yokuqala njengomdlali wopiyano). Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, uMahler wangena e-Vienna Conservatory, wathatha izifundo zokuqamba kumculi we-symphonist omkhulu wase-Austria uBruckner, wabe eseya ezifundweni zomlando nefilosofi e-University of Vienna. Ngokushesha kwavela imisebenzi yokuqala: imidwebo yama-opera, umculo we-orchestra nomculo wekamelo. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-20, impilo ka-Mahler ibilokhu ixhunyaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumqhubi. Ekuqaleni - izindlu ze-opera zamadolobhana amancane, kodwa ngokushesha - izikhungo ezinkulu zomculo eYurophu: ePrague (1885), Leipzig (1886-88), Budapest (1888-91), Hamburg (1891-97). Ukuqhuba, uMahler azinikele kukho ngokuthakasela okungaphezu kokuqamba umculo, kwathatha cishe sonke isikhathi sakhe, futhi umqambi wasebenza emisebenzini emikhulu ehlobo, ekhululekile emisebenzini yaseshashalazini. Ngokuvamile umqondo we-symphony wazalwa engomeni. UMahler ungumbhali wemijikelezo eminingana yamazwi, eyokuqala ethi "Izingoma Zomfundi Ozulazulayo", ebhalwe ngamazwi akhe, yenza umuntu akhumbule uF. Schubert, injabulo yakhe ekhanyayo yokuxhumana nemvelo kanye nosizi lomuntu onesizungu, uzulazula ohluphekayo. Kulezi zingoma kwakhula i-First Symphony (1888), lapho ubumsulwa bokuqala bufihlwa yinhlekelele esabekayo yokuphila; indlela yokunqoba ubumnyama ukubuyisela ubunye nemvelo.

Kuma-symphonies alandelayo, umqambi usevele eminyene ngaphakathi kohlaka lomjikelezo wakudala onezingxenye ezine, futhi uyawunweba, futhi asebenzise igama lobunkondlo njengokuthi “umthwali womqondo womculo” (F. Klopstock, F. Nietzsche). I-symphonies Yesibili, Yesithathu neyesine ixhunywe nomjikelezo wezingoma "Uphondo Lomlingo Womfana". I-Symphony Yesibili, mayelana nokuqala lapho uMahler athi lapha "ungcwaba iqhawe le-First Symphony", iphetha ngokuqinisekisa umqondo wenkolo wovuko. Okwesithathu, indlela yokuphuma itholakala ekuhlanganyeleni nokuphila okuphakade kwemvelo, okuqondwa njengokuzenzakalelayo, ubuciko be-cosmic bamandla abalulekile. "Ngihlale ngicasulwa ukuthi abantu abaningi, lapho bekhuluma" ngemvelo ", bahlale becabanga ngezimbali, izinyoni, iphunga lehlathi, njll. Akekho owazi uNkulunkulu uDionysus, iPan enkulu."

Ngo-1897, uMahler waba umqhubi omkhulu we-Vienna Court Opera House, iminyaka eyi-10 yomsebenzi okwaba inkathi emlandweni wokudlalwa kwe-opera; kumuntu ka-Mahler, umculi-umbhidisi ohlakaniphile kanye nomqondisi-umqondisi womdlalo wahlanganiswa. “Kimina, intokozo enkulu akukhona ukuthi ngifinyelele isikhundla esihle ngaphandle, kodwa manje sengithole izwe, umkhaya wami“. Phakathi kwempumelelo yokudala yomqondisi wesiteji uMahler kukhona ama-opera kaR. Wagner, KV Gluck, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, B. Smetana, P. Tchaikovsky (The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin, Iolanthe) . Ngokuvamile, u-Tchaikovsky (njengoDostoevsky) wayesondelene nokuthuthumela, ukuphefumula komqambi wase-Austrian. UMahler naye wayengumqhubi omkhulu we-symphony owavakashela amazwe amaningi (wavakashela eRussia kathathu). Ama-symphonies adalwe e-Vienna amake isiteji esisha endleleni yakhe yokudala. Okwesine, lapho umhlaba ubonakala ngeso lezingane, wamangaza abalaleli ngebhalansi eyayingeyona isici sikaMahler ngaphambili, ukubukeka okunesitayela, okune-neoclassical futhi, kwakubonakala sengathi, umculo ongenamafu we-idyllic. Kodwa le-idyll iwumcabango nje: umbhalo weculo elingaphansi kwe-symphony wembula incazelo yawo wonke umsebenzi - lawa amaphupho omntwana okuphila kwasezulwini; futhi phakathi kwezingoma zomoya kaHaydn noMozart, kukhona imisindo ephukile ngendlela engathandeki.

Kuma-symphonies amathathu alandelayo (lapho uMahler engasebenzisi khona imibhalo yezinkondlo), umbala uvame ukumbozwa - ikakhulukazi kweyeSithupha, eyathola isihloko esithi "Tragic". Umthombo ongokomfanekiso wala ma-symphonies kwakuwumjikelezo othi “Izingoma Eziphathelene Nezingane Ezifile” (emgqeni kaF. Rückert). Kulesi sigaba sobuciko, umqambi ubonakala engasakwazi ukuthola izixazululo zokungqubuzana empilweni ngokwayo, emvelweni noma enkolweni, uyibona ngokuvumelana nobuciko be-classical (amanqamu we-Fifth and Seventh abhalwe ngesitayela. ezakudala zekhulu lesi-XNUMX futhi ziqhathanise kakhulu nezingxenye ezedlule).

UMahler wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe (1907-11) eMelika (kuphela lapho esevele egula kakhulu, wabuyela eYurophu ukuze athole ukwelashwa). Ukungayekethisi ekulweni nesimiso e-Vienna Opera kwenza isikhundla sika-Mahler saba nzima, kwaholela ekushushisweni kwangempela. Wamukela isimemo esikhundleni sokuba umbhidisi weMetropolitan Opera (eNew York), futhi ngokushesha uba umqhubi we-New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Emisebenzini yale minyaka, umcabango wokufa uhlanganiswe nokoma okuvuthayo ukubamba bonke ubuhle basemhlabeni. Ku-Symphony Yesishiyagalombili - "i-symphony yabahlanganyeli abayinkulungwane" (i-orchestra eyandisiwe, amakhwaya angu-3, ​​abacula yedwa) - uMahler wazama ngendlela yakhe ukuhumusha umqondo we-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: ukuphumelela kwenjabulo ebunyeni bomhlaba wonke. “Cabanga nje umkhathi uqala ukuzwakala nokukhala. Akusewona amazwi abantu aculayo, kodwa azungeza ilanga namaplanethi,” kubhala umqambi. I-symphony isebenzisa isigcawu sokugcina se-"Faust" ka-JW Goethe. Njengesiphetho se-symphony ye-Beethoven, lesi sigcawu siyi-apotheosis yokuqinisekisa, ukufezwa kokufaneleka ngokuphelele kubuciko bakudala. Ku-Mahler, ukulandela uGoethe, okuhle kakhulu, okufinyeleleka ngokugcwele kuphela empilweni yasemhlabeni, "kungowesifazane phakade, lokho, ngokusho komqambi, okusidonsela amandla angaqondakali, ukuthi yonke indalo (mhlawumbe ngisho namatshe) ngokuqiniseka okungenamibandela izwa sengathi isikhungo sobuntu bakhe. Ukuhlobana okungokomoya noGoethe kwakuhlale kuzwakala uMahler.

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi ka-Mahler, umjikelezo wezingoma ne-symphony yahambisana futhi, ekugcineni, yahlanganiswa ku-symphony-cantata Song of the Earth (1908). Efaka ingqikithi yaphakade yokuphila nokufa, uMahler kulokhu uguqule izinkondlo zesiShayina zekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Idrama egqamile, i-chamber-transparent (ehlobene nomdwebo omuhle kakhulu wamaShayina) amagama kanye - ukuhlakazeka okuthulile, ukuya ephakadeni, ukulalela ngenhlonipho ukuthula, ukulindela - lezi izici zesitayela sika-Mahler ongasekho. "I-epilogue" yakho konke ubuciko, ukuvalelisa bekuyi-symphonies Yesishiyagalolunye nengaqediwe Yeshumi.

Ephetha inkathi yothando, uMahler wazibonakalisa engumanduleli wezigigaba eziningi emculweni wekhulu lethu leminyaka. Ukwanda kwemizwelo, isifiso sokubonakaliswa kwabo okwedlulele kuzothathwa ngabakhulumeli - A. Schoenberg no-A. Berg. Ama-symphonies ka-A. Honegger, ama-opera ka-B. Britten anophawu lomculo ka-Mahler. UMahler waba nethonya elinamandla ikakhulukazi ku-D. Shostakovich. Ubuqotho bokugcina, ububele obujulile kumuntu ngamunye, ububanzi bokucabanga kwenza uMahler asondele kakhulu esikhathini sethu esishubile, esiqhumayo.

K. Zenkin