Leonid Vitalievich Sobinov |

Leonid Sobinov

Isazi somculo esikhulu kunazo zonke saseSoviet u-Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev wabiza uSobinov ngokuthi "umthombo wezingoma zesiRashiya." Indlalifa yakhe efanelekayo uSergei Yakovlevich Lemeshev wabhala: “Ukubaluleka kweSobinov yaseshashalazini yaseRussia kukhulu ngokungavamile. Wenza izinguquko zangempela kwezobuciko be-opera. Ukwethembeka ezimisweni ezingokoqobo zetiyetha kwahlanganiswa kuye nendlela ejulile yomuntu ngamunye endimeni ngayinye, nomsebenzi ongakhathali, wocwaningo lwangempela. Elungiselela indima, wafunda inani elikhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo - inkathi, umlando wayo, ezombusazwe, indlela yayo yokuphila. Wayehlala elwela ukudala umlingiswa wemvelo neqiniso, ukuveza i-psychology eyinkimbinkimbi yeqhawe. “Izwe elingokomoya liyakhanya kancane,” ebhala ngomsebenzi wakhe endimeni, “uphimisa ngokuhlukile le nkulumo. Uma ama-bass, lapho kufika u-Chaliapin esiteji, eqaphela ukuthi akakwazi ukucula ngendlela ababecula ngayo ngaphambili, khona-ke ama-lyrical tenors aqonda okufanayo ngokufika kukaSobinov.

ULeonid Vitalyevich Sobinov wazalelwa eYaroslavl ngo-June 7, 1872. Umkhulu noyise kaLeonid bakhonza nomthengisi uPoletaev, babethutha ufulawa kuso sonke isifundazwe, futhi abanumzane babekhokhelwa izikweletu. Imvelo lapho Sobinov ahlala futhi wakhulela akazange avune ukuthuthukiswa izwi lakhe. Ubaba wayeqinile futhi ekude nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuciko, kodwa umama wayecula kahle izingoma zesintu futhi wafundisa indodana yakhe ukucula.

ULenya wachitha ebuntwaneni nasebusheni bakhe e-Yaroslavl, lapho ephothula khona esikoleni esiphakeme. USobinov ngokwakhe kamuva wathi kwenye yezincwadi zakhe:

“Ngonyaka odlule, ngiphothula ejimini, ngo-1889/90, ngathola i-tenor, ngaqala ngayo ukucula ekwayeni ye-theological gymnasium.

Uqede isikole samabanga aphezulu. Ngisenyuvesi. Nalapha futhi ngakhangwa ngokuzenzakalelayo emibuthanweni lapho babecula khona … Ngahlangana nenkampani enjalo, ngangisemsebenzini ebusuku ngiyothenga amathikithi etiyetha.

… Abangane bami base-Ukraine baya ekwayeni bangidonsa. I-backstage yayihlale iyindawo engcwele kimi, ngakho-ke ngazinikela ngokuphelele emsebenzini omusha. Inyuvesi isifiphele ngemuva. Yebo ukuhlala kwami ​​ekwayeni akuzange kube nokubaluleka okukhulu emculweni, kodwa uthando lwami lwasesiteji lwaluveza ngokusobala. Endleleni ngangicula nasekhwayeni yabafundi bakamoya, eyasungulwa kulo nyaka enyuvesi, nakwelenkolo. Ngabe sengibamba iqhaza kuwo womabili amakhwaya iminyaka emine ngisenyuvesi ... umqondo wokuthi kufanele ngifunde ukucula wafika engqondweni yami ngokukhulu ukuzwela, kodwa kwakungekho mali, futhi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngadlula ku-Nikitskaya, indlela eya enyuvesi , edlula iSikole sePhilharmonic ngomcabango oyimfihlo, kodwa uma kungenjalo ukungena futhi ucele ukufundiswa. UFate wangimoyizela. Kwelinye lamakhonsathi abafundi u-PA uShostakovsky wahlangana nabafundi abaningana, kuhlanganise nami, wasicela ukuba sibambe iqhaza ekwayeni yesikole, lapho i-Mascagni's Rural Honor yabe ihlelwe khona ukuhlolwa ... futhi ngempela, ngonyaka we-1892/93 ngamukelwa njengomfundi wamahhala ekilasini likaDodonov. Ngaqala ukusebenza ngentshiseko enkulu futhi ngaya kuzo zonke izifundo ezidingekayo. Entwasahlobo kwaba nokuhlolwa kokuqala, futhi ngokushesha ngashintshelwa onyakeni wesi-3, ngibeka u-4 1/2 we-aria ethile yakudala. Ngo-1893/94, i-Philharmonic Society, phakathi kwabaqondisi bayo, yasungula i-opera yase-Italy … Umphakathi wawucabanga ukudalela abafundi besikole into efana nezigaba zesikole, futhi abafundi benza izingxenye ezingasho lutho lapho. Nami ngangiphakathi kwabadlali ... ngacula zonke izingxenye ezincane, kodwa maphakathi nesizini ngase ngivele ngiphathiswe uHarlequin ePagliacci. Ngakho kwadlula omunye unyaka. Ngangivele ngisonyakeni wami wesi-4 enyuvesi.

Isizini isiphelile, kwadingeka ngiqale ukulungiselela izivivinyo zombuso ngamandla aphindwe kathathu. Ukucula kwalibaleka… Ngo-1894 ngaphothula enyuvesi. Inkonzo yezempi yayiza... Inkonzo yezempi yaphela ngo-1895. Sengivele ngingu-lieutenant wesibili esiqiwini, ngamukelwa endaweni yokucima ukoma yaseMoscow, ngizinikele ngokuphelele ecaleni elisha, elithakazelisayo, okwakubonakala sengathi umphefumulo wawulele kulo, ulwela njalo. umphakathi, ukuze kube nobulungiswa nokuvikela lowo owoniwe.

Ukucula kufiphele ngemuva. Sekuyinto yokuzijabulisa ... ePhilharmonic, ngangihambela izifundo zokucula kuphela namakilasi e-opera ...

Unyaka ka-1896 waphetha ngokuhlolwa komphakathi lapho ngacula khona umdlalo weThe Mermaid kanye nesenzo sikaMartha esiteji seMaly Theatre. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, bekunamakhonsathi eminikelo engapheli, uhambo oluya emadolobheni, ukubamba iqhaza okubili kumakhonsathi abafundi, lapho ngahlangana khona nabaculi abavela ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi, bangibuza ngokungathí sina ukuthi ngangicabanga yini ukuya esiteji. Zonke lezi zingxoxo zawuhlazisa kakhulu umphefumulo wami, kodwa umkhohlisi oyinhloko kwakunguSantagano-Gorchakova. Ngonyaka olandelayo, engawuchitha ngendlela efanayo neyangaphambili, ngase ngicula kakade esifundweni sokugcina, sesi-5. Esivivinyweni, ngicule iculo lokugcina elithi The Favorite kanye nesenzo sika-Romeo. Umbhidisi u-BT Altani, owasikisela ukuba uGorchakova angilethe eBolshoi Theatre ukuze ngiyohlolwa. UGorchakova wakwazi ukuthola izwi lami lokuhlonipha ukuthi ngizohamba. Noma kunjalo, ngosuku lokuqala lwecala, angizifakanga engozini, futhi kwaze kwaba yilapho uGorchakova engihlazisa lapho ngavela khona ngosuku lwesibili. Ukuhlolwa kube yimpumelelo. Nikeza okwesibili - futhi kuphumelele. Ngokushesha banikeza umdlalo wokuqala, futhi ngo-April 1897 ngaqala ukucula eSinodal emdlalweni we-opera othi Idemoni ... "

Impumelelo yomculi osemusha idlule konke obekulindelwe. Ngemva kokuphela kwe-opera, izethameli zashaya ihlombe ngentshiseko isikhathi eside, futhi i-aria ethi "Ukuphenduka I-Falcon" kwadingeka iphindwe. Umgxeki odumile womculo waseMoscow u-SN Kruglikov uphendule lo mculo ngokubukeza okuhle: “Izwi lomculi, elidume kakhulu emahholo ekhonsathi ... Lapho. Yilokhu okushiwo ukuba nensimbi ku-timbre: le mpahla yomsindo ngokuvamile ithatha indawo yamandla ayo eqiniso ngempumelelo.

USobinov ngokushesha wanqoba wonke umhlaba wobuciko. Izwi lakhe elihehayo lalihlanganiswe nokuba khona kwesiteji esithandekayo. Okuphinde kwanqoba ngokulinganayo ukudlala kwakhe ekhaya naphesheya.

Ngemva kwamasizini ambalwa e-Bolshoi Theatre, uSobinov uya e-Italy e-La Scala yaseshashalazini edumile emhlabeni wonke eMilan. Ucule kuma-opera amabili – “Don Pasquale” kaDonizetti kanye nethi “Fra Diavolo” ka-Auber. Naphezu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqembu, uSobinov wenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu nabo.

“UTenor Sobinov,” kubhala omunye umbuyekezi, “uyisambulo. Izwi lakhe liyigolide nje, ligcwele insimbi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lithambile, liphulula, licebile ngemibala, lithakazelisa ngesisa. Lona umculi ofanele uhlobo lomculo awuculayo...ngokusho kwamasiko amsulwa obuciko bokudlala, amasiko ayingxenye encane yamaciko anamuhla.”

Elinye iphephandaba lase-Italy labhala: “Wacula ngomusa, ngesisa, ngokukhululeka, okwamenza wathandwa umphakathi kusukela esigcawini sokuqala. Unezwi le-timbre ehlanzekile, ngisho, eshona ngokujulile emphefumulweni, izwi elingavamile neliyigugu, aliphethe ngobuciko obungavamile, ukuhlakanipha nokunambitha.

Ngemva kokudlala e-Monte Carlo naseBerlin, uSobinov ubuyela eMoscow, lapho edlala khona indawo ka-de Grieux okokuqala. Futhi ukugxekwa kwamaRussia kwamukela ngentshiseko lesi sithombe esisha esidalwe nguye.

Umculi odumile u-Munt, ofunda naye lo mculi, wabhala:

“Lenya othandekayo, uyazi ukuthi angikaze ngikuncome ngeze; ngokuphambene nalokho, ubelokhu ezibambele ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo; kodwa manje ayikawuvezi ngisho nangxenye umbono owenze kimi izolo… Yebo, udlulisa ukuhlupheka kothando ngendlela emangalisayo, mculi othandekayo wothando, umfowabo weqiniso weLensky kaPushkin!…

Angikusho konke lokhu ngisho njengomngane wakho, kodwa njengeciko, futhi ngikwehlulela ngokombono oqinile, hhayi we-opera, hhayi wedrama, kodwa wobuciko obubanzi. Ngijabule kakhulu ngokuthi ngibone ukuthi awuyena nje umculo ohlukile, umculi ophambili, kodwa futhi ungumlingisi onekhono kakhulu ... "

Futhi kakade ngo-1907, umgxeki u-ND Kashkin uthi: "Iminyaka eyishumi yokusebenza kwesiteji ayizange idlulele ize ku-Sobinov, futhi manje useyingcweti evuthiwe kwezobuciko bakhe, kubonakala sengathi usephule ngokuphelele zonke izinhlobo zezinqubo ezijwayelekile. futhi uphatha izingxenye nezindima zakhe njengengcweti ecabangayo nenekhono.”

Ukuqinisekisa amazwi umgxeki, ekuqaleni kuka-1908 Sobinov wazuza impumelelo enkulu tour eSpain. Ngemva kokudlala i-Arias ku-opera ethi "Manon", "Pearl Seekers" nethi "Mephistopheles", hhayi nje kuphela izethameli, kodwa nabasebenzi basesiteji baphakamisa ihlombe lakhe ngemuva kwemidlalo.

Umculi odumile u-EK Katulskaya uyakhumbula:

"ULeonid Vitalyevich Sobinov, engumlingani wami esiteji se-opera iminyaka eminingi, waba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wami ... umhlangano wethu wokuqala wawusesiteji seMariinsky Theatre ngo-1911 - ngesizini yesibili yomsebenzi wami yaseshashalazini.

Kwakulungiselelwa ukukhiqizwa okusha kwe-opera ethi Orpheus, ubuciko obuhle bomculo kaGluck nobuhlakani obumangalisayo, no-LV Sobinov eyingxenye yesihloko. Ngokokuqala ngqá esiteji se-opera yaseRussia, ingxenye ka-Orpheus yaphathiswa umculi we-tenor. Ngaphambilini, le ngxenye yayisenziwa yi-contralto noma i-mezzo-soprano. Ngenze ingxenye ye-Cupid kule opera...

Ngo-December 21, 1911, i-premiere ye-opera Orpheus yenzeka e-Mariinsky Theatre ekukhiqizeni okuthakazelisayo kaMeyerhold noFokine. USobinov udale isithombe esiyingqayizivele - esiphefumulelwe nesinkondlo - sika-Orpheus. Izwi lakhe lisankeneneza enkumbulweni yami. U-Sobinov wayazi ukuthi anganikeza kanjani ukuphindaphinda ubumnandi obukhethekile kanye ne-charm yobuhle. Okungalibaleki umuzwa wosizi olujulile ovezwa nguSobinov ku-aria edumile ethi "Ngilahlekelwe u-Eurydice" ...

Kunzima kimi ukukhumbula umdlalo lapho, njengase-Orpheus e-Mariinsky Stage, izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuciko zizohlanganiswa: umculo, idrama, imidwebo, izithombe kanye nokucula okumangalisayo kukaSobinov. Ngingathanda ukucaphuna ingcaphuno eyodwa nje ezibuyekezweni eziningi zephephandaba lenhloko-dolobha emdlalweni othi “Orpheus”: “UMnu. USobinov wenza indima yesihloko, edala isithombe esithandekayo mayelana nokubaza nobuhle endimeni ka-Orpheus. Ngokucula kwakhe okusuka enhliziyweni, okuvezayo kanye nezici zobuciko, uMnu. Sobinov wethule injabulo ephelele yobuhle. I-tenor yakhe ye-velvety izwakale iyinhle kakhulu kulokhu. USobinov angasho ngokuphepha: "I-Orpheus yimi!"

Ngemuva kuka-1915, umculi akazange aqedele inkontileka entsha nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kodwa wenza eSt. Petersburg People's House naseMoscow e-SI Zimin. Ngemva Revolution February Leonid Vitalievich ubuyela Bolshoi Theatre futhi uba umqondisi wobuciko. NgoMashi XNUMX, ekuvulweni okuhle kwemidlalo, uSobinov, ekhuluma nezithameli esesiteji, wathi: “Namuhla usuku olumnandi kunazo zonke empilweni yami. Ngikhuluma egameni lami nasegameni lawo wonke amaqabane ami etiyetha, njengommeleli wobuciko obukhululekile ngempela. Phansi ngamaketango, phansi nabacindezeli! Uma ubuciko bangaphambili, naphezu kwamaketanga, bukhonza inkululeko, ama-fighters akhuthazayo, kusukela manje kuya phambili, ngikholelwa ukuthi, ubuciko nenkululeko kuzohlangana kube munye.

Ngemva Revolution ka-Okthoba, umculi wanikeza impendulo engemihle kuzo zonke iziphakamiso ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Waqokwa njengomphathi, futhi kamuva waba ukhomishana weBolshoi Theatre eMoscow. Kodwa uSobinova ukhangwa ukucula. Udlala ezweni lonke: Sverdlovsk, Perm, Kyiv, Kharkov, Tbilisi, Baku, Tashkent, Yaroslavl. Uphinde ahambele phesheya - eParis, eBerlin, emadolobheni asePoland, emazweni aseBaltic. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umculi wayesondela usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa engamashumi ayisithupha, futhi uzuza impumelelo enkulu.

Omunye wemibiko yaseParis wabhala: – I-opera arias ka-Sobinov, izingoma zothando zika-Sobinov ka-Tchaikovsky, izingoma zesiNtaliyane zika-Sobinov – yonke into yayimbozwe ihlombe elinomsindo ... Akufanele kusabalale ngobuciko bakhe: wonke umuntu uyakwazi. Wonke umuntu owake wamuzwa uyalikhumbula izwi lakhe… Inkulumo yakhe icace njengekristalu, “kunjengamaparele ethela esitsheni sesiliva.” Bamlalela ngomzwelo ... umculi wayephana, kodwa izethameli zazinganeliseki: wathula kuphela lapho izibani zicisha.

Ngemva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, ngesicelo KS Stanislavsky uba umsizi wakhe ekuphathweni yaseshashalazini entsha zomculo.

Ngo-1934, umculi uya phesheya ukuze athuthukise impilo yakhe. Ngemva kokuqeda uhambo lwakhe lokuya eYurophu, uSobinov wama eRiga, lapho afela khona ngobusuku buka-Okthoba 13-14.

"Enezimfanelo ezinhle zomculi, umculi nomlingisi omangalisayo kanye ne-charm yasesiteji engavamile, kanye nomusa okhethekile, ongaqondakali, "u-Sobinov", u-Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov udale igalari yezithombe eziwubuciko bokusebenza kwe-opera, kubhala u-EK Katulskaya. - Inkondlo yakhe ethi Lensky ("Eugene Onegin") yaba isithombe sakudala sabadlali abalandelayo bale ngxenye; inganekwane yakhe umbusi uBerendey (“Intombi Yeqhwa”), u-Bayan (“uRuslan noLyudmila”), uVladimir Igorevich (“Prince Igor”), u-cavalier oshisekayo ka-Grieux (“Manon”), uLevko ovuthayo (“May Night” ), izithombe ezicacile - uVladimir (“Dubrovsky”), uFaust (“Faust”), uSinodal (“Idemoni”), uDuke (“Rigoletto”), uYontek (“itshana”), iNkosana (“Mermaid”), uGerald (“ ULakme”), u-Alfreda (La Traviata), uRomeo (uRomeo noJuliet), uRudolph (La Boheme), uNadir (Abafuna IPearl) bayizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu kwezobuciko be-opera.”

USobinov ngokuvamile wayengumuntu onesiphiwo ngokwedlulele, umkhulumeli omuhle kakhulu futhi ophanayo kakhulu nozwela. Umlobi uKorney Chukovsky uyakhumbula:

“Ukupha kwakhe bekuyinganekwane. Wake wathumela upiyano njengesipho eKyiv School for the Blind, njengoba nje abanye bethumela izimbali noma ibhokisi likashokoledi. Ngamakhonsathi akhe, wanikeza ama-ruble egolide angu-45 eMutual Aid Fund of Moscow Students. Wanikeza ngenjabulo, ngobubele, ngothando, futhi lokhu kwakuhambisana nabo bonke ubuntu bakhe bokudala: wayengeke abe ingcweti enkulu eletha injabulo enkulu kunoma ubani wethu ukube wayengenalo umusa onjalo kubantu. Lapha umuntu wayekwazi ukuzwa lolo thando oluchichimayo lwempilo wonke umsebenzi wakhe owawusuthiswe ngalo.

Isitayela sobuciko bakhe sasihloniphekile ngoba naye wayehloniphekile. Ngaphandle kwamaqhinga ekhono lobuciko wayengakwazi ukuzenzela kuye izwi eliqotho elithandeka kangaka ukube yena wayengenabo lobu buqotho. Babekholelwa kuLensky owadalwa nguye, ngoba yena ngokwakhe wayenjalo: ukunganaki, onothando, inhliziyo elula, ethembekile. Yingakho nje lapho evele esiteji futhi ekhuluma inkulumo yokuqala yomculo, izethameli zavele zamthanda - hhayi kuphela emdlalweni wakhe, ngezwi lakhe, kodwa kuye ngokwakhe.