Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kálmán

Ngiyazi ukuthi uhhafu wekhasi lamaphuzu ka-Liszt uzodlula wonke ama-operetta ami, omabili asebhaliwe nakusasa… Kodwa kanye nabo, kufanele kube nabaqambi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini abangakunaki ukukhanya, ukujabula, ukuhlakanipha, amahlaya omculo agqoke kahle, okwakungu-Johann Strauss wakudala. I. Kalman

Wazalelwa edolobhaneni lokungcebeleka elisogwini lweLake Balaton. Izingoma zomculo zokuqala nezingasuki zika-Imre omncane kwakuyizifundo zepiyano zikadadewabo uWilma, ivayolini edlalwa uSolwazi Lilde, owayevakashele eSiofok, kanye ne-operetta ethi “Die Fledermaus” ka-I. Strauss. Isikhungo sokuzivocavoca kanye nesikole somculo e-Budapest, ikilasi lokuqamba lika-X. Kesler e-F. Liszt Academy, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo efunda ezomthetho esikhungweni sezomthetho sasenyuvesi - lezi yizigaba eziyinhloko emfundweni yomqambi wesikhathi esizayo. Waqala ukuqamba umculo eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda. Lezi kwakuyimisebenzi ye-symphonic, izingoma, izingcezu zepiyano, ama-couplets e-cabaret. U-Kalman naye wazihlola emkhakheni wokugxeka umculo, esebenza iminyaka engu-4 (1904-08) ephephandabeni i-Peshti Naplo. Umsebenzi wokuqala waseshashalazini womqambi kwaba ifa lika-operetta Peresleni (1906). Kwaba nesiphetho esibi: ngemva kokubona ukuvukela umbuso kwezombusazwe eziqeshini eziningi, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umdlalo ususwa ngokushesha esiteji. Ukuqashelwa kufike ku-Kalman ngemuva kokuqala kwe-operetta Autumn Maneuvers. Yaqala ukwenziwa eBudapest (1908), kwase kuba seVienna, yabe isihamba izigaba eziningi eYurophu, eNingizimu Afrika naseMelika.

Amahlaya omculo alandelayo alethela umqambi udumo emhlabeni wonke: "Isosha Eholidini" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "Silva"). UKalman waba omunye wababhali abadume kakhulu balolu hlobo. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi umculo wakhe umi esisekelweni esiqinile sezingoma zomdabu futhi uveza ngokucacile imizwa yomuntu ejulile, izingoma zakhe zilula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zangempela nezinkondlo, kanti amanqamu e-operettas ayizithombe zangempela ze-symphonic mayelana nentuthuko, okokuqala- amasu ekilasi kanye nezinsimbi ezihlakaniphile.

Ubuciko bukaKalman bufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngeminyaka yawo-20s. Ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala eVienna, lapho kwaqhutshwa khona imidlalo yakhe yokuqala ethi "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess of the Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930). Ukuphana okumnandi komculo wale misebenzi kwadala umbono odukisayo phakathi kwabalaleli bokunganaki nokulula kwepeni lomqambi kaKalman. Futhi nakuba kwakuwukukhohlisa nje, uKalman, owayenamahlaya amangalisayo, encwadini ayibhalela udadewabo wameluleka ukuba angabadumazi labo abathanda umsebenzi wakhe futhi akhulume ngomsebenzi wakhe kanje: “Umfowethu nabaphathi bakhe bahlangana nsuku zonke. . Baphuza amalitha ambalwa ekhofi elimnyama, babhema inqwaba kagwayi nogwayi, baxoxe amahlaya… bayaxabana, bahleke, baxabane, bamemeze… Lokhu kuqhubeka izinyanga eziningi. Futhi kungazelelwe, ngolunye usuku oluhle, i-operetta isilungile. "

Ngama-30s. umqambi usebenza kakhulu ohlotsheni lomculo wefilimu, kubhala i-operetta yomlando ethi The Devil's Rider (1932), i-premiere yayo yaba ngeyokugcina kaKalman eVienna. Usongo lwe-fascism ilenga phezu kweYurophu. Ngo-1938, ngemva kokuthunjwa kwe-Austria yiJalimane lobuNazi, uKalman nomkhaya wakhe baphoqeleka ukuba bafuduke. Wachitha iminyaka engu-2 eSwitzerland, ngo-1940 wathuthela e-USA, futhi ngemva kwempi, ngo-1948, waphinde wabuyela eYurophu futhi wahlala eParis.

U-Kalman, kanye no-I. Strauss no-F. Lehar, ungummeleli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Viennese operetta. Ubhale imisebenzi engama-20 kulolu hlobo. Ukuduma okukhulu kwama-operetta akhe kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukufaneleka komculo - omnandi ozwakalayo, omangalisayo, ohlelwe ngokumangalisayo. Umqambi ngokwakhe wavuma ukuthi umculo kaP. Tchaikovsky futhi ikakhulukazi ubuciko be-orchestra yenkosi yaseRussia yayinethonya elikhulu emsebenzini wakhe.

Isifiso sikaKalman, ngamazwi akhe, “sokudlala umculo emisebenzini yakhe esuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yakhe” samvumela ukuba andise ngokungavamile uhlangothi lwezingoma zohlobo futhi aphume endingilizini ye-operetta clichés yabaqambi abaningi. Futhi nakuba isisekelo semibhalo ye-operettas yakhe singahlali ngaso sonke isikhathi silingana nomculo, amandla obuciko omsebenzi womqambi adlula lokhu kushiyeka. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ye-Kalman isahlobisa i-repertoire yamathiyetha amaningi omculo emhlabeni.

I. Vetlitsyna

U-Imre Kalman wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 24, 1882 edolobheni elincane laseHungary iSiofok ogwini lweLake Balaton. Ithalente lakhe lomculo laliguquguquka. Ebusheni bakhe, wayephupha ngomsebenzi womdlali wepiyano we-virtuoso, kodwa, njengesithixo seminyaka yakhe yobusha, uRobert Schumann, waphoqeleka ukuba alahle leli phupho "ngokushaya" isandla sakhe. Iminyaka eminingana wacabanga sina ngomsebenzi umgxeki umculo, isisebenzi kwelinye lamaphephandaba ezinkulu Hungarian, Pesti Naplo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokuqala kokuqamba kwaklonyeliswa ukuqashelwa komphakathi: ngo-1904, ekhonsathini yabathweswe iziqu eBudapest Academy of Music, umsebenzi wakhe wediploma, i-symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, wenziwa, futhi waklonyeliswa uMklomelo weDolobha laseBudapest wekamelo nemisebenzi yezwi. Ngo-1908, i-premiere ye-operetta yakhe yokuqala, i-Autumn Maneuvers, yenzeka eBudapest, eyadlula ngokushesha izigaba zazo zonke izinhloko-dolobha zaseYurophu futhi yadlalwa ngaphesheya kolwandle (eNew York). Kusukela ngo-1909, umlando wokudala we-Kalman uhlotshaniswa ne-Vienna isikhathi eside. Ngo-1938 umqambi waphoqeleka ukuba afuduke. Wahlala eZurich, eParis, kusukela ngo-1940 - eNew York. UKalman wabuyela eYurophu kuphela ngo-1951. Washona ngo-Okthoba 30, 1953 eParis.

Izikhathi ezintathu zingahlukaniswa ekuziphendukeleni kokudala kweKalman. Eyokuqala, ehlanganisa iminyaka engu-1908-1915, ibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwesitayela esizimele. Emisebenzini yale minyaka ("Isosha Eholidini", "Inkosi Encane", njll.), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) ivelele. Kokubili uhlaka lwale "operetta yaseHungary" (ingxabano phakathi "kobaba nezingane", idrama yothando ehlanganiswe nedrama yokudala yomculi), nesinqumo sakhe somculo sibonisa ukuthi umqambi osemusha, elandela ezinyathelweni zikaLehar, akakopishi. akutholile, kodwa uyathuthuka ngobuchule, akha inguqulo yasekuqaleni yohlobo. Ngo-1913, ngemva kokubhala incwadi ethi The Gypsy Premier, wathethelela isikhundla sakhe ngalendlela: “Ku-operetta yami entsha, ngazama ukuphambuka ngandlela-thile ohlotsheni lomdanso engangiwukhonzile, ngakhetha ukudlala umculo ngokusuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngihlose ukunikeza indima enkulu ekwayeni, okuthe eminyakeni yamuva nje ibibambe iqhaza njengendawo yokusiza nokugcwalisa inkundla. Njengesibonelo, ngisebenzisa ama-classics ethu e-operetta, lapho ikhwaya ibingadingeki nje kuphela ukucula i-ha-ha-ha ne-ah kowamanqamu, kodwa futhi ibambe iqhaza elikhulu esenzweni. Ku-"Gypsy Premiere" ukuthuthukiswa okuhlakaniphile komgomo wesiHungary-Gypsy nakho kudonse ukunaka. Isazi somculo esidumile sase-Austria uRichard Specht (ngokuvamile ongeyena umlandeli omkhulu we-operetta) uveza uKalman kulokhu njengomqambi “othembisa kakhulu” “omi enhlabathini ewubukhazikhazi yomculo wesintu.”

Inkathi yesibili yomsebenzi kaKalman ivula ngo-1915 nge "Queen of Csardas" ("Silva"), futhi iphothula nge "Empress Josephine" (1936), ayisekho eVienna, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-Austria, eZurich. Phakathi nale minyaka yokuvuthwa kokudala, umqambi wenza ama-operetta akhe angcono kakhulu: La Bayadère (1921), The Countess Maritza (1924), Circus Princess (1926), The Duchess of Chicago (1928), The Violet of Montmartre (1930) .

Phezu kwemisebenzi yakhe yokugcina ethi "Marinka" (1945) kanye ne "Lady of Arizona" (eyaqedwa yindodana yomqambi futhi yahlelwa ngemva kokufa kwayo) - uKalman usebenza ekudingisweni, e-USA. Endleleni yakhe yokudala, zimelela uhlobo lwamagama angemva kwalokho futhi azivezi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ekuchazeni uhlobo oluthuthuke esigabeni esimaphakathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Umqondo wesiteji somculo we-Kalman ungumuntu ngamunye. Ibonakala, okokuqala, ngezinga elinjalo ledrama kanye nokungqubuzana ekuthuthukisweni komugqa oyinhloko wesenzo, i-operetta eyayingazi ngaphambili. Ukukhangwa ezimeni zesiteji esiqondile kuhlanganiswe nokushuba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili: lapho amagama ezinhlamvu zikaLehar anomuzwa wothando othakazelisayo, uthando lwangempela luka-Kalman luyandindizela. Umehluko ophakathi kohlobo ugqame kakhulu kumbhali we-La Bayadère, ama-melodramatic pathos aqalwa ukukhalipha kwezingxoxo zamahlaya ezihunyushwe ngobungcweti. I-Melos, ecebile futhi ehlukahlukene njenge-Legars, igcwele imizwa futhi igcwele i-erotica, isebenzisa isigqi nokuzwakala kwe-jazz kabanzi.

Ama-prototypes ka-Kalman okusebenza ohlobo akhombisa ngokusobala kakhulu - kokubili ekuchazeni izakhiwo kanye nesitayela somculo; akuqondakali ukuthi u-“Silva” abizwe ngokuthi “i-operetta paraphrase ye-“La Traviata”, futhi “The Violet of Montmartre” ifaniswa nekaPuccini “La Boheme” (ngesizathu esikhulu sokuthi inoveli ka-Murger yaba isisekelo setulo. yomibili imisebenzi). Isimo sokusebenza sokucabanga kukaKalman siphinde sivezwe ngokucacile emkhakheni wokuqamba kanye nedramaturgy. Ama-Ensembles, futhi ikakhulukazi amanqamu amakhulu ezenzo, kuba kuye amaphuzu abalulekile efomu kanye nezikhathi ezibalulekile zesenzo; indima yekwaya ne-orchestra inkulu kuzo, ithuthukisa i-leitmotifism, futhi igcwele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic. Amafayineli axhumanisa konke ukwakheka kwedrama yomculo futhi akunikeze ukugxila okunengqondo. Ama-operetta kaLehar awanabo ubuqotho obumangalisayo, kodwa abonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zesakhiwo. EKalman, nokho, ukwakheka, okuvezwe ku-Gypsy Premiere futhi ekugcineni kwakhiwe ku-Queen of Czardas, kwenziwa kabusha ngokuphambuka okuncane kuyo yonke imisebenzi elandelayo. Ukuthambekela kokuhlanganisa isakhiwo, yiqiniso, kudala ingozi yokwakheka kwephethini ethile, noma kunjalo, emisebenzini engcono kakhulu yomqambi, le ngozi inqotshwa ukuqaliswa okukholisayo kohlelo oluvivinyiwe noluvivinyiwe, ukukhanya ulimi lomculo, nokukhululeka kwezithombe.

N. Degtyareva

• I-Neo-Viennese operetta →

Uhlu lwama-operetta amakhulu:

(izinsuku zikubakaki)

“Autumn Maneuvers”, libretto by C. Bakoni (1908) Soldier on Vacation, libretto by C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto by J. Wilhelm and F. Grünbaum (1912) The Queen of Czardas (Silva), libretto by L. Stein noB. Jenbach (1915) Dutch Girl, libretto by L. Stein and B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1921) “Countess Maritza”, libretto by J. Brammer kanye no-A. Grunwald (1924) “Inkosazana Yesekisi” (“Mr. X”), i-libretto ka-J. Brammer no-A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess from Chicago, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1928) The Violet of Montmartre, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1930) “The Devil’s Rider”, libretto by R. Schanzer and E. Welish (1932) “Empress Josephine”, libretto by P. Kneppler and G. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto by K. Farkas and J. Marion (1945) The Arizona Lady, libretto by A. Grunwald and G. Behr (1954, finished by Karl Kalman)