Alexander Afanasyevich Spendiarov |

Alexander Spendiarov

U-AA Spendiarov wayehlale eseduze futhi ethandeka kimi njengomqambi wangempela onethalente elikhulu futhi njengomculi onesu elihle, eliguquguqukayo. … Emculweni we-AA umuntu angezwa ukusha kogqozi, iphunga lombala, ubuqotho nobuhle bomcabango kanye nokuphelela komhlobiso. A. Glazunov

U-A. Spendiarov wehla emlandweni njengengcweti yomculo wase-Armenia, owabeka izisekelo ze-symphony kazwelonke futhi wadala enye yama-opera kazwelonke angcono kakhulu. Wabuye wadlala indima evelele ekwakhiweni kwesikole sabaqambi base-Armenia. Ngemva kokusebenzisa amasiko e-Russian epic symphonism (A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov) kuzwelonke, wandisa umbono, umfanekiso, ingqikithi, uhlobo lomculo wase-Armenia, wacebisa izindlela zawo ezizwakalayo.

“Emathonyeni omculo ngesikhathi ngisewusana nasebusheni bami,” kukhumbula uSpendiarov, “elamandla kunawo wonke kwakuwukudlala upiyano kamama, engangikuthanda ukukulalela futhi ngokungangabazeki okwavusa kimi uthando lomculo lwasekuqaleni. Naphezu kwamakhono okudala abonakalisiwe ekuqaleni, waqala ukufunda umculo sekwephuzile kakhulu - eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Ukufunda ukudlala upiyano ngokushesha kwashintsha izifundo zevayolini. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kukaSpendiarov kungokweminyaka yokufunda ejimini lokuzivocavoca laseSimferopol: uzama ukuqamba imidanso, imashi, ezothando.

Ngo-1880, Spendiarov wangena eMoscow University, wafunda e-Faculty of Law futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo waqhubeka nokufunda i-violin, edlala ku-orchestra yabafundi. Kusukela kumqhubi wale orchestra, uN. Klenovsky, u-Spendiarov uthatha izifundo ze-theory, ukwakheka, futhi ngemva kokuphothula eyunivesithi (1896) uya eSt.

Kakade phakathi nezifundo zakhe, u-Spendiarov wabhala izingcezu eziningi zezwi nezinsimbi, ezathola ukuthandwa kakhulu ngokushesha. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ezothando "Oriental Melody" ("To the Rose") kanye "Oriental Lullaby Song", "Concert Overture" (1900). Phakathi nale minyaka, uSpendiarov wahlangana no-A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, N. Tigranyan. Ukujwayelana kukhula kube ubungane obukhulu, obulondolozwe kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila. Kusukela ngo-1900, Spendiarov uye ikakhulukazi wahlala eCrimea (Yalta, Feodosia, Sudak). Lapha uxhumana nabameleli abavelele besiko lobuciko baseRussia: M. Gorky, A. Chekhov, L. Tolstoy, I. Bunin, F. Chaliapin, S. Rakhmaninov. Izivakashi zikaSpendiarov kwakungu-A. Glazunov, F. Blumenfeld, abaculi be-opera u-E. Zbrueva no-E. Mravina.

Ngo-1902, ngenkathi ese-Yalta, uGorky wethula uSpendiarov enkondlweni yakhe ethi "The Fisherman and the Fairy" futhi wayinikeza njengetulo. Ngokushesha, ngesisekelo sawo, kwaqanjwa omunye wemisebenzi yezwi ehamba phambili yomqambi - i-ballad ye-bass ne-orchestra, eyenziwa ngu-Chaliapin ehlobo lalowo nyaka ngobusuku obunye bomculo. U-Spendiarov waphendukela emsebenzini kaGorky futhi ngo-1910, waqamba ingoma ethi "Edelweiss" esekelwe embhalweni othi "Izakhamuzi Zasehlobo", ngaleyo ndlela eveza imibono yakhe ethuthukisiwe yezombangazwe. Kulokhu, futhi kuyisici ukuthi ngo-1905 uSpendiarov washicilela incwadi evulekile ephikisana nokuxoshwa kukaN. Rimsky-Korsakov kuprofesa we-Conservatory yaseSt. Inkumbulo kathisha othandekayo inikezelwe "Isandulelo Somngcwabo" (1908).

Ngohlelo lukaC. Cui, ehlobo lika-1903, u-Spendiarov wenza i-debut yakhe yokuqala e-Yalta, wenza ngempumelelo uchungechunge lokuqala lwe-Crimea Sketches. Njengoba ayengumhumushi omuhle kakhulu wezingoma zakhe, kamuva wacula ngokuphindaphindiwe njengomqhubi emadolobheni aseRussia naseTranscaucasus, eMoscow naseSt.

Intshisekelo emculweni wabantu abahlala eCrimea, ikakhulukazi ama-Armenian namaTatar aseCrimea, yahlanganiswa nguSpendiarov emisebenzini eminingi yezwi kanye ne-symphonic. Izingoma zangempela zamaTatar aseCrimea zasetshenziswa kwenye yemisebenzi engcono kakhulu ne-repertoire yomqambi ochungechungeni olubili lwe-orchestra ethi "Crimean Sketches" (1903, 1912). Ngokusekelwe encwadini ka-X. Abovyan "Amanxeba ase-Armenia", ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ingoma yobuqhawe "Lapho, lapho, emkhakheni wokuhlonipha" yaqanjwa. Isembozo sencwadi eshicilelwe saklanywa uM. Saryan, owaba isenzakalo sokwazana abameleli ababili abakhazimulayo besiko lase-Armenia. Banikela ngemali ephuma kule ncwadi ekomitini ukuze kusizwe izisulu zempi yaseTurkey. U-Spendiarov uhlanganisa isisusa senhlekelele yabantu base-Armenia (ukubulawa kohlanga) endaweni ye-heroic-patriotic ye-baritone ne-orchestra "To Armenia" emavesini ka-I. Ionisyan. Lezi zincwadi zaba nengqopha-mlando emsebenzini kaSpendiarov futhi zavula indlela yokusungulwa kwe-opera yamaqhawe-izwe elithi “Almast” esekelwe esihlokweni senkondlo ethi “The Capture of Tmkabert” ka-O. Tumanyan, ekhuluma ngomzabalazo wenkululeko. yabantu base-Armenia ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. ngokumelene nabanqobi basePheresiya. M. Saryan wasiza u-Spendiarov ekufuneni i-libretto, ethula umqambi e-Tbilisi imbongi u-O. Tumanyan. Umbhalo wawubhalwe ndawonye, ​​futhi i-libretto yabhalwa imbongi uS. Parnok.

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuqamba i-opera, u-Spendiarov waqala ukuqongelela izinto ezibonakalayo: waqoqa izingoma ze-Ashug zase-Armenia nasePheresiya, wajwayelana nokuhlelwa kwamasampula ahlukahlukene omculo wasempumalanga. Umsebenzi oqondile ku-opera waqala kamuva futhi waqedwa ngemva kokuba u-Spendiarov ethuthela e-Yerevan ngo-1924 ngesimemo sikahulumeni waseSoviet Armenia.

Isikhathi sokugcina somsebenzi wokudala we-Spendiarov sihlotshaniswa nokubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwesiko lomculo elincane laseSoviet. ECrimea (eSudak) usebenza emnyangweni wezemfundo yomphakathi futhi ufundisa esitudiyo somculo, uqondisa amakhwaya amateur nama-orchestra, acule izingoma zomdabu zaseRussia nase-Ukraine. Imisebenzi yakhe iphinde iqalise njengomqhubi wamakhonsathi ombhali ahlelwe emadolobheni aseCrimea, eMoscow naseLeningrad. Ekhonsathini eyabanjelwa e-Great Hall of the Leningrad Philharmonic ngoDisemba 5, 1923, kanye nesithombe se-symphonic "Izihlahla Zesundu Ezintathu", uchungechunge lwesibili lwe "Crimean Sketches" kanye ne "Lullaby", i-suite yokuqala evela ku-opera "Almast". ” wenziwa okokuqala, okwabangela ukusabela okuhle kwabagxeki .

Ukuthuthela e-Armenia (Yerevan) kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuqhubekeleni phambili komsebenzi wokudala we-Spendiarov. Ufundisa e-Conservatory, uhlanganyela enhlanganweni ye-orchestra yokuqala ye-symphony e-Armenia, futhi uyaqhubeka esebenza njengomqhubi. Ngentshiseko efanayo, umqambi urekhoda futhi afunde umculo wesintu wase-Armenia, futhi uvela ngokuphrinta.

U-Spendiarov wakhulisa abafundi abaningi kamuva ababa abaqambi abadumile baseSoviet. Laba ngoN. Chemberdzhi, L. Khodja-Einatov, S. Balasanyan nabanye. Wayengomunye wabokuqala ukwazisa nokusekela ithalenta lika-A. Khachaturian. Imisebenzi ethelayo kaSpendiarov yokufundisa nomculo neyomphakathi ayizange ivimbele ukuqhubeka nokuchuma komsebenzi womqambi wakhe. Kwakuyiminyaka yamuva nje lapho edale khona imisebenzi yakhe eminingi engcono kakhulu, kuhlanganise nesibonelo esimangalisayo se-symphony kazwelonke "Erivan Etudes" (1925) kanye ne-opera "Almast" (1928). I-Spendiarov yayigcwele izinhlelo zokudala: umqondo we-symphony "Sevan", i-symphony-cantata "Armenia", lapho umqambi wayefuna ukukhombisa isiphetho somlando wabantu bakubo, bavuthwa. Kodwa lezi zinhlelo zazingahloselwe ukuba zifezeke. Ngo-April 1928, Spendiarov wabanjwa umkhuhlane omubi, wagula inyumoniya, futhi ngo-May 7 wafa. Umlotha womqambi ungcwatshwa engadini phambi kwe-Yerevan Opera House eqanjwe ngaye.

I-Creativity Spendiarov isifiso esingokwemvelo sokubonakaliswa kwemidwebo yezinhlobo zezwe zemvelo, impilo yabantu. Umculo wakhe uheha umoya we-soft light lyricism. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izisusa zokubhikisha komphakathi, ukholo oluqinile ekukhululweni okuzayo kanye nenjabulo yabantu bakhe ababekezelayo kungena emisebenzini eminingi ephawulekayo yomqambi. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, u-Spendiarov wakhuphula umculo wase-Armenia waba sezingeni eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe, wajulisa izibopho zomculo wase-Armenian-Russian, wacebisa isiko lomculo kazwelonke ngesipiliyoni sobuciko sasendulo saseRussia.

D. Arutyunov