I-Homophony |

I-Greek omoponia - i-monophony, i-unison, esuka ku-oms - eyodwa, efanayo, efanayo kanye ne-ponn - umsindo, izwi

Uhlobo lwe-polyphony olubonakala ngokuhlukaniswa kwamazwi abe ayinhloko nahambisanayo. Le G. ihluke kakhulu ku-polyphony, ngokusekelwe ekulinganeni kwamazwi. I-G. kanye ne-polyphony kuqhathaniswa kanye ne-monody - monophony ngaphandle kokuhambisana (leyo ndlela isiko lamagama elimisiwe; nokho, okunye ukusetshenziswa kwamagama kusemthethweni: G. - njenge-monophony, "ithoni eyodwa", i-monody - njengomculo ukuphelezela, “ukucula kwelinye lamazwi”).

Umqondo we "G". isuka kuDkt. Greece, lapho yayisho ukusebenza okuvumelanayo (“ithoni eyodwa”) komculo wezwi nensimbi ehambisana nawo (kanye nokusebenza kwayo kwekhwaya exubile noma ukuhlanganisana ngokuphindwa kabili kwe-octave). U-G. ofanayo utholakala ku-Nar. umculo pl. amazwe kuze kube manje. isikhathi. Uma ukuhlangana kuphulwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kubuyiselwe futhi, i-heterophony ivela, okuyisici samasiko asendulo, umkhuba we-nar. ukusebenza.

Izakhi zombhalo we-homophonic zazikhona e-European. isiko lomculo selivele lisezingeni eliphezulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-polyphony. Ezinkathini ezihlukene zizibonakalisa ngokuhluka okukhulu noma okuncane (ngokwesibonelo, ekusebenzeni kwe-faubourdon ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14). I-Geography yathuthukiswa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi soguquko olusuka ku-Renaissance kuya enkathini yesimanje (ikhulu le-16 nele-17). Ikusasa lokubhalwa kwe-homophonic ekhulwini le-17. yalungiswa ukuthuthukiswa kweYurophu. umculo we-14-15 futhi ikakhulukazi wekhulu le-16. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu eziholele ekubuseni kuka-G. bekuyilokhu: ukuqwashisa kancane kancane kwephimbo njengezimele. umsindo oyinkimbinkimbi (hhayi nje isamba sezikhathi), ukugqamisa izwi eliphezulu njengelona eliyinhloko (emuva phakathi nekhulu le-16 kwakukhona umthetho: "imodi inqunywa i-tenor"; ekuqaleni kwe-16. -Ekhulwini le-17 kwathathelwa indawo isimiso esisha: imodi inqunywa ngezwi eliphezulu), ukusatshalaliswa kwe-harmonic ye-homophonic. ngokusho kwe-warehouse ital. frottall i villanelle, isiFulentshi. ikhwaya. izingoma.

Umculo welute, insimbi evamile yasekhaya yangekhulu le-15 nele-16, wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqiniseni isiginci. Isitatimende G. siphinde saba negalelo kokuningi. amalungiselelo e-lute enamakhanda amaningi. imisebenzi ye-polyphonic. Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-polyphonic Amathuba elute lapho kubhalwa bekufanele enze ukuthungwa kube lula ngokweqa okulingiswayo, ingasaphathwa eye-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi. inhlanganisela. Ukuze kulondolozwe umsindo wokuqala womsebenzi ngangokunokwenzeka, umhleli waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye ubuningi baleyo misindo eyayiku-polyphonic ehambisana nezwi eliphezulu. imigqa, kodwa ishintshe umsebenzi wayo: kusukela emisindweni yamazwi, ngokuvamile elingana ngamalungelo nezwi eliphezulu, yaphenduka imisindo ehambisana naye.

Kwavela umkhuba ofanayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. kanye nabadlali - abadlali be-ogani kanye namahabhu ababehambisana nokucula. Ngaphandle kwamaphuzu phambi kwamehlo abo (kuze kube ikhulu le-17, izingoma zomculo zazisatshalaliswa ezingxenyeni ezidlalwayo kuphela), abaphelezeli bezinsimbi baphoqeleka ukuthi babhale imibhalo yoqobo yemisebenzi eyenziwe. ngendlela yokulandelana kwemisindo ephansi yomculo. indwangu nokurekhodwa okulula kweminye imisindo kusetshenziswa izinombolo. Irekhodi elinjalo ngendlela yamazwi e-melodic kanye nezwi le-bass nge-digitization of consonances, elithole ukusatshalaliswa okukhethekile kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17, naz. i-bass ejwayelekile futhi imele uhlobo lwangempela lokubhalwa kwe-homophonic emculweni wesimanje.

ISonto LamaProthestani, elalifuna ukuzihlanganisa nesonto. ukucula kwawo wonke amakholwa, hhayi nje okukhethekile. amakwaya aqeqeshiwe, nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi isimiso sika-G. emculweni wehlelo - iphimbo eliphezulu, elizwakala kakhulu laba yilo eliyinhloko, amanye amazwi enziwa ahambisana eduze ne-chordal. Lo mkhuba nawo waba nomthelela emculweni. Umkhuba wamaKatolika. amabandla. Ekugcineni, inguquko esuka ku-polyphonic. izincwadi eziya ku-homophonic, ezenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17, zaba nesandla kupholigoni yasekhaya etholakala yonke indawo. umculo womdanso odlalwa emabholeni nasemikhosini yekhulu le-16. Kusuka kuNar. Izingoma zakhe zengoma nomdanso nazo zangena ezinhlotsheni “eziphakeme” zaseYurophu. umculo.

Ukushintshela ekubhaleni okufana ne-homophonic kuphendule kubuhle obusha. izidingo ezivela ngaphansi kwethonya lobuntu. Imibono yaseYurophu. Umculo Renaissance. I-aesthetics entsha yamemezela ukuzalwa komuntu njengesiqubulo sayo. imizwa nezinkanuko. Yonke iminyuziyamu. kusho, kanye nezinye izindlela zobuciko (izinkondlo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, umdanso) zacelwa ukuba zisebenze njengokudluliselwa kweqiniso kwezwe elingokomoya lomuntu. UMelody waqala ukubhekwa njengengxenye yomculo ekwazi ukuveza ngokwemvelo futhi ngokuguquguqukayo konke ukunotha komqondo. izifunda zabantu. Lokhu okomuntu siqu kakhulu. umculo uzwakala ngokuphumelelayo ikakhulukazi uma wonke amazwi elinganiselwe izibalo ezihambisanayo. Okuhlobene nalokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Italian bel canto. Ku-opera - umculo omusha. Ohlotsheni olwavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17, ukubhala okufana ne-homophonic kwakusetshenziswa kabanzi. Lokhu kwabuye kwagqugquzelwa isimo sengqondo esisha mayelana nokugqama kwegama, esabonakala nakwezinye izinhlobo zomculo. Izikolo ze-Opera zekhulu le-17. ngokuvamile bamele irekhodi main. amazwi omculo wedijithali. i-bass echaza izingoma ezihambisanayo. Umgomo ka-G. ubonakaliswe ngokucacile ekuphindaphindweni kokusebenza:

C. Monteverdi. "Orpheus".

Indima ebaluleke kakhulu esitatimendeni esithi G. iphinde ibe ngeyomculo wezintambo. izinsimbi ezikhotheme, ngokuyinhloko ezeviyolini.

Ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwe-G. eYurophu. umculo waphawula ukuqala kwentuthuko esheshayo yokuvumelana esikhathini samanje. incazelo yaleli gama, ukwakheka kweminyuziyamu emisha. amafomu. I-dominance ye-G. ayikwazi ukuqondwa njengoba injalo - njengokugudluzwa okuphelele kwe-polyphonic. izincwadi kanye namafomu polyphonic. Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 lilandisa ngomsebenzi we-polyphonist omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni womhlaba wonke - u-JS Bach. Kodwa u-G. useyisici esichazayo sesitayela sawo wonke umlando. inkathi eYurophu. uphrof. umculo (18-1600).

Ukuthuthukiswa kuka-G. ekhulwini le-17-19 ngokwemibandela kuhlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili. Eyokuqala yalezi (1600-1750) ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “inkathi ye-bass general”. Lesi yisikhathi sokubunjwa kwe-G., kancane kancane iphusha i-polyphony cishe kuzo zonke izinto eziyisisekelo. izinhlobo zezwi nezinsimbi. umculo. Ukuthuthukisa kuqala ngokuhambisana ne-polyphonic. izinhlobo namafomu, u-G. kancane kancane uthola ukubusa. isikhundla. Amasampula okuqala ka-G. ngasekupheleni kwe-16 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 (izingoma ezihambisana ne-lute, ama-opera ase-Italy okuqala - G. Peri, G. Caccini, njll.), nazo zonke inani lesitayela esisha. usathane usesezingeni eliphansi kwezobuciko babo. amanani ezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-counterpointists zekhulu le-15-16. Kodwa njengoba izindlela zokubhala okufana nobulili obufanayo zithuthukiswa futhi zithuthukiswa, njengoba amafomu amasha e-homophonic ekhula, i-gypsy kancane kancane yasebenza kabusha futhi yathatha lobo buciko. ingcebo, i-to-rye yaqoqwa yi-polyphonic endala. izikole. Konke lokhu kwalungiselela umvuthwandaba owodwa. ukwanda komculo womhlaba. ubuciko - ukwakheka kwe-Viennese yakudala. isitayela, usuku oluhle kakhulu oluwela ekupheleni kwe-18 - ekuqaleni. Iminyaka ye-19th Century Njengoba igcine konke okuhle kakhulu ekubhaleni okufana nsé, okwakudala kwe-Viennese kwathuthukisa izinhlobo zayo.

Amazwi "ahambisanayo" athuthukisiwe futhi anepholifonisi kuma-symphonies namaquartet e-Mozart ne-Beethoven ekuhambeni kwawo nangetimu. ukubaluleka ngokuvamile akubi ngaphansi kunokugcina isikhathi. imigqa yama-polyphonists amadala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi yama-Viennese yakudala iphakeme kunaleyo ye-polyphonic. inkathi enothile kokuzwana, ukuguquguquka, isikali kanye nobuqotho beminyuziyamu. amafomu, amandla entuthuko. E-Mozart nase-Beethoven kukhona nezibonelo eziphakeme zokuhlanganiswa kwe-homophonic ne-polyphonic. izinhlamvu, i-homophonic kanye ne-polyphonic. amafomu.

Ekuqaleni. Ukubusa kwekhulu lama-20 G. kwabukelwa phansi. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuvumelana, okwakuyisisekelo esiqinile samafomu e-homophonic, kwafinyelela umkhawulo, ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba u-SI Taneev abonisa, amandla okubopha ama-harmonics. ubudlelwano balahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwabo okwakhayo. Ngakho-ke, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-polyphony (SS Prokofiev, M. Ravel), isithakazelo emathubeni e-polyphony sanda kakhulu (P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, IF Stravinsky).

Umculo wabaqambi besikole sakudala saseViennese wagxila ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu izici ezibalulekile zegypsum. kwenzeka kanyekanye nokukhula komcabango womphakathi (Inkathi Yokukhanyiselwa) futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu ukuvezwa kwayo. Ubuhle bokuqala. Umqondo we-classicism, owanquma isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwe-geology, umqondo omusha womuntu njengomuntu okhululekile, osebenzayo, oqondiswa ingqondo (umqondo oqondiswe ngokumelene nokucindezelwa komuntu ngamunye, isici senkathi ye-feudal) , kanye nomhlaba wonke njengowonke oqondakalayo, ohlelwe ngokunengqondo ngesisekelo somgomo owodwa.

I-Paphos yakudala. i-aesthetics - ukunqoba kwesizathu phezu kwamandla okuqala, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhle komuntu okhululekile, othuthukiswe ngokuvumelana. Ngakho-ke injabulo yokuqinisekisa ukuhlobana okulungile, okunengqondo nesikhundla esicacile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamazinga amaningi okuyinhloko nesesibili, okuphezulu nangaphansi, okumaphakathi nokuphansi; egcizelela okujwayelekile njengokuvezwa kokufaneleka okuvamile kokuqukethwe.

Umqondo ojwayelekile wesakhiwo we-rationalist aesthetics ye-classicism i-centralization, ebeka isidingo sokugqamisa ukuqondiswa okuyinhloko, okulungile, okulungile nokuqinile kwazo zonke ezinye izakhi zesakhiwo kuso. Lokhu kobuhle, njengokubonakaliswa kokuthambekela kokuhleleka okuqinile kwesakhiwo, kuguqula kakhulu izinhlobo zomculo, kuqondise ngokunethezeka ukukhula kwazo ezinhlotsheni ze-Mozart-Beethoven njengohlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lomculo wakudala. izakhiwo. Izimiso ze-aesthetics ye-classicism zinquma izindlela ezithile zokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwe-gypsy esikhathini sekhulu le-17 nele-18. Lokhu, okokuqala, ukulungiswa okuqinile kombhalo womculo olungile, ukukhethwa kwe-ch. amazwi njengoba ophethe main. okuqukethwe kuqhathaniswa nokulingana kwepholyfoni. amavoti, ukusungula classic elilungile. orc. ukwakheka ngokuphambene nezinhlobonhlobo zasendulo kanye nokwakheka okungahlelekile; ukuhlanganisa kanye nokunciphisa izinhlobo zeminyuziyamu. amafomu aphikisana nenkululeko yezinhlobo zesakhiwo emculweni wenkathi yangaphambilini; isimiso sobunye be-tonic, hhayi isibopho somculo wakudala. Le migomo ihlanganisa nokusungulwa kwesigaba sesihloko (Ch. Itimu) njengesigxivizo. ukuveza umcabango ngendlela ye-thesis yokuqala, ephikisana nokuthuthukiswa kwayo okwalandela (umculo omdala wayengalwazi lolu hlobo lwetimu); ukugqamisa unxantathu njengohlobo oluyinhloko ngesikhathi esifanayo. inhlanganisela yemisindo ku-polyphony, ephikisana nokuguqulwa nezinhlanganisela ezingahleliwe (umculo omdala ubhekene kakhulu nezinhlanganisela zezikhawu); ukuqinisa indima ye-cadence njengendawo yokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwezakhiwo zemodi; ukugqamisa ingoma eyinhloko; ukugqamisa umsindo oyinhloko we-chord (ithoni eyinhloko); ukukhulisa isikwele nge-symmetry yayo elula yokwakha ezingeni lesakhiwo esiyisisekelo; ukukhethwa kwesilinganiso esindayo njengenhla kwemethrikhi. izigaba; emkhakheni wokusebenza - i-bel canto kanye nokudalwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo eziphelele njengokubonakaliswa kokuyinhloko. Isimiso sika-G. (umculo osekelwe ohlelweni lwama-resonators alungile).

I-G. ethuthukisiwe inokuthile okuqondile. izici esakhiweni sezakhi zayo kanye nakho konke. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamazwi abe ayinhloko nahambisanayo kuxhumene nomehluko phakathi kwawo, ngokuyinhloko anesigqi nomugqa. Kuqhathaniswe i-Ch. ezwini, i-bass, njengokungathi, "ihubo lesibili" (inkulumo kaSchoenberg), nakuba iyisisekelo futhi ingathuthuki. Inhlanganisela yomculo nebhesi ihlale iqukethe i-polyphony. amathuba (“isisekelo samazwi amabili”, ngokusho kwe-Hindemith). Ukukhangwa kwe-polyphony kubonakala kunoma yisiphi isigqi. kanye nokugqwayiza okuqondile kwamazwi afanayo, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma kuvela amaphuzu aphikisayo, ukugcwalisa ama-caesuras okulingisa, njll. Ukwenza i-polyphonization ye-accompaniment kungaholela ku-quasi-polyphonic. ukugcwaliswa kwamafomu e-homophonic. Ukuxhumana kwe-polyphony nohlelo lolimi kungacebisa zombili izinhlobo zokubhala; ngakho imvelo. isifiso sokuhlanganisa amandla okuthuthukisa ngokukhululekile i-melodic yomuntu ngamunye. imigqa enokunotha kwamaculo e-homophonic kanye nesiqiniseko se-fuc. shintsha

SV Rakhmaninov. I-symphony yesi-2, ukunyakaza III.

Umngcele ohlukanisa i-G. kanye ne-polyphony kufanele kubhekwe isimo sengqondo kwifomu: uma umculo. umcabango ugxile ezwini elilodwa - lena ngu-G. (ngisho nokuhambisana ne-polyphonic, njengaku-Adagio ka-Rachmaninov's 2nd symphony).

Uma umcabango womculo usatshalaliswa phakathi kwamazwi amaningana - lena i-polyphony (ngisho nokuhambisana ne-homophonic, njengoba kwenzeka, isibonelo, ku-Bach; bheka isibonelo somculo).

Ivamise ukuba nesigqi. ukuthuthukiswa kancane kwamazwi e-homophonic accompaniment (kuhlanganise ne-chord figuration), ngokumelene nesigqi. ukunotha kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamaphimbo omculo, kunomthelela ekuhlanganisweni kwemisindo ehambisanayo ibe yizingxube zokucula.

JS Bach. I-Mass h-moll, Kyrie (Fugue)

Ukuhamba okuphansi kwamazwi ahambisanayo kugxilisa ukunaka ekusebenzelaneni kwawo njengezakhi zomsindo owodwa - i-chord. Ngakho-ke into entsha (ngokuphathelene ne-polyphony) yokunyakaza nokuthuthukiswa ekubunjweni - ukuguqulwa kwama-chord complexes. Okulula, ngakho-ke okungokwemvelo kakhulu. indlela yokusebenzisa izinguquko ezinjalo zomsindo ukushintshaniswa okufanayo, okuvumela ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusheshisa okujwayelekile (ukusheshisa) nokunciphisa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zama-muses. ukuthuthukiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, izimfuneko zenziwa uhlobo olukhethekile lwesigqi. umehluko - phakathi kwesigqi se-whimsical emculweni nokuvumelana okulinganiselwe. amashifu ahambisanayo (okugcina kungase kuhambisane nesigqi nokunyakaza kwe-homophonic bass noma kuhlanganiswe nawo). Ubuhle be-aesthetic ukubaluleka kokuvumelana kwethoni “resonant” kuvezwa ngokugcwele ezimeni zesigqi. njalo kuhambisane. Ivumela imisindo yokuphelezela ukuthi ihlangane ngokwemvelo ibe amaculo ashintshashintsha njalo, i-G. ngaleyo ndlela ivumela kalula ukukhula okusheshayo kokucacisiwe. (empeleni i-harmonic) ejwayelekile. Isifiso sokuvuselela lapho ushintsha imisindo njengendlela yokubonisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-harmonics. ukuthuthukiswa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ekulondolozweni kwemisindo evamile ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana kwayo kudala izimfuneko zenhloso zokusetshenziswa kobudlelwano besine nesihlanu phakathi kwamaculo okwanelisa kangcono zombili izimfuneko. I-esthetic ebaluleke kakhulu. isenzo silawulwa ukunyakaza okuphansi kwesikulufu (i-binomial eyiqiniso D - T). Isuka ekuqaleni (kusekujuleni kwezinhlobo ze-polyphonic zenkathi yangaphambilini yekhulu le-15-16) njengefomula ye-cadence eyisici, inzuzo engu-D - T idlulela kukho konke ukwakhiwa, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule uhlelo lwezindlela zakudala zibe i-cadence formula. eyodwa yakudala. uhlelo lwezikali ezimbili ezinkulu nezincane.

Izinguquko ezibalulekile nazo zenzeka emculweni. Ku-G., ingoma iphakama ngaphezu kwamazwi ahambisana nalesi sihloko futhi igxilise yona ngokwayo ebaluleke kakhulu, eqondene nomuntu ngamunye, isahluko. ingxenye yesihloko. Ushintsho endimeni yomculo we-monophonic maqondana nayo yonke ihlotshaniswa nengaphakathi. ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezakhi zayo. Itimu ye-polyphonic yezwi elilodwa, nakuba iyithisisi, kodwa iwukuvezwa komcabango oqedwe ngokuphelele. Ukwembula lo mcabango, ukuhlanganyela kwamanye amazwi akudingekile, akukho kuphelezelwa okudingekayo. Konke okudingayo ukuze uzimele. ukuba khona kwezindikimba ze-polyphonic, ezitholakala ngokwayo - i-metrorhythm., i-tonal harmonic. kanye ne-syntax. izakhiwo, umdwebo womugqa, umculo. I-cadence Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-polyphonic. iculo kuhloswe ngalo futhi ukuthi lisetshenziswe njengelinye lamaphimbo ephimbo. amazwi amabili, amathathu namane. I-counterpoints yamahhala eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ingaxhunywa kuyo. imigqa, enye i-polyphonic. itimu noma umculo ofanayo ongena ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma kamuva kunalowo onikiwe noma ngoshintsho oluthile. Ngasikhathi sinye, imiculo ye-polyphonic ixhumeka komunye nomunye njengezakhi ezibalulekile, ezithuthukiswe ngokuphelele nezivaliwe.

Ngokuphambene, iculo le-homophonic lakha ubunye obuphilayo obuhambisana nokuhambisana. I-juiciness kanye nohlobo olukhethekile lokugcwala komsindo we-homophonic melody inikezwa ukusakazwa kwama-homophonic bass overtones akhuphukela kuwo kusuka ngezansi; iculo libonakala lichuma ngaphansi kwethonya le-overtone "radiation". Imisebenzi yechord ehambisana ne-harmonic ithinta incazelo ye-semantic yamathoni omculo, kanye nokuveza. umthelela obalulwe kumculo we-homophonic, nge-def. i-degree incike ekuhambisaneni. Lokhu kokugcina akulona nje uhlobo olukhethekile lokuphikisa kumculo, kodwa futhi ne-organic. ingxenye ebalulekile yetimu ye-homophonic. Nokho, ithonya lokuvumelana kwe-chordal libonakala nangezinye izindlela. Umuzwa osengqondweni yomqambi we-homophonic-harmonic entsha. imodi enezandiso zayo zokucula zandulela ukudalwa kwesisusa esithile. Ngakho-ke, umculo udalwa kanyekanye nokuvumelana okwethulwa ngokungazi (noma ngokuqaphela). Lokhu akusebenzi kuphela kumamelodi e-homophonic efanele (i-aria yokuqala ka-Papageno evela ku-Mozart's The Magic Flute), kodwa ngisho nakumapholyphonic. izingoma zika-Bach, owasebenza ngenkathi yokukhula kokubhalwa kwe-homophonic; ukucaca kokuvumelana. imisebenzi ihlukanisa ipholyfoni ngokuyisisekelo. I-Bach melody evela ku-polyphonic. imiculo, isibonelo, Palestrina. Ngakho-ke, ukuvumelana komculo we-homophonic, njengokungathi, kufakwe kukodwa, ukuvumelana kokuhambisana kwembula futhi kugcwalise lezo ezihambisanayo ezisebenzayo. izakhi ezitholakala emculweni. Ngalo mqondo, ukuvumelana “kuyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-melos resonators”; "I-Homophony ayilutho ngaphandle kwehubo elihambisanayo nesisekelo, iculo elinebhesi elisekelayo kanye nama-overtones adaluliwe" (Asafiev).

G ukuthuthukiswa. eYurophu umculo waholela ekwakhekeni nasekuchumeni kwezwe elisha lamamuse. amafomu, amelela enye yezinyuziyamu eziphakeme kakhulu. impumelelo yempucuko yethu. Kukhuthazwe ubuhle obuphezulu. imibono ye-classicism, umculo we-homophonic. amafomu ahlangane ngokwawo azomangala. ukuvumelana, isikali nokuphelela kwakho konke okunothile kanye nemininingwane ehlukahlukene, ubunye obuphakeme kakhulu bezilimi zesigodi kanye namandla entuthuko, ubulula obukhulu nokucaca komgomo ojwayelekile kusukela kokungajwayelekile. ukuguquguquka kokuqaliswa kwayo, ukufana okuyisisekelo nobubanzi bokusebenza okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. izinhlobo, ukuhlukahluka kokujwayelekile nobuntu bomuntu ngamunye. I-dialectic yentuthuko, esho inguquko esuka ekwethulweni kwethisisi yokuqala (itimu) ngokusebenzisa ukuphika kwayo noma ukuphikisa (ukuthuthukiswa) kuya ekugunyazweni kwe-Ch. imicabango ngezimfanelo ezintsha. izinga, lingena amafomu amaningi e-homophonic, liziveza ikakhulukazi ngokugcwele kuzo ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu - ifomu le-sonata. Isici esiyisici sendikimba ye-homophonic ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nokuhlanganisa okuningi kwesakhiwo sayo (ingqikithi ye-homophonic ingabhalwa hhayi nje njengenkathi, kodwa futhi nangefomu elilula elinwetshiwe elinezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu). Lokhu kubonakala futhi ngokuthi ngaphakathi kwendikimba ye-homophonic kunengxenye enjalo (i-motive, i-motivic group) edlala indima efanayo maqondana nendikimba njengoba indikimba ngokwayo yenza maqondana nefomu lilonke. Phakathi kwe-polyphonic. nezindikimba ze-homophonic akukho kufaniswa okuqondile, kodwa kukhona okukodwa phakathi kwesisusa noma okuyinhloko. iqembu lezisusa (kungaba umusho wokuqala wenkathi noma ingxenye yomusho) endikimbeni yomumo ofanayo kanye nepholyfoniki. isihloko. Ukufana kulele eqinisweni lokuthi kokubili iqembu le-homophonic le-homophonic kanye ne-polyphonic emfushane ngokuvamile. isihloko simelela isitatimende sokuqala ngqa se-eksisi. impahla yesisusa ngaphambi kokuphindaphinda kwayo (i-polyphonic counterposition; njengokuhambisana ne-homophonic, kuyisinyathelo esincane. izinto zokugqugquzela). Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwe-polyphony kanye ne-G. chaza izindlela ezimbili zokuthuthuka okugqugquzelwe kokuqukethwe: 1) ukuphindaphindwa kwetimu esemqoka. i-nucleus idluliselwa ngokuhlelekile kwamanye amazwi, futhi kulokhu kuvela isinyathelo esincane. isihloko. impahla (isimiso se-polyphonic); 2) ukuphindaphinda okuyinhloko. isihloko. ama-nuclei enziwa ngezwi elifanayo (ngenxa yalokho eliba yilo eliyinhloko), nakwabanye. amazwi kuzwakala yesibili. isihloko. impahla (isimiso se-homophonic). “Ukulingisa” (njengokuthi “ukulingisa”, ukuphindaphinda) nakho kukhona lapha, kodwa kubonakala kwenzeka ngezwi elilodwa futhi kuthatha uhlobo oluhlukile: akuyona into evamile ku-homophony ukuze kugcinwe ukuphulwa komculo. imigqa ye-motif iyonke. Esikhundleni sempendulo ethi "tonal" noma "yangempela" yomugqa, kuvela "i-harmonic". impendulo», ie ukuphindaphinda kwesisusa (noma iqembu lenhloso) kokunye ukuvumelana, kuye nge-harmonic. ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu le-homophonic. Isici esiqinisekisa ukubonwa kwesisusa ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda ngokuvamile akukona ukuphindaphinda kwezingoma zomculo. imigqa (ingakhubazeka), futhi izinkulumo ezijwayelekile zinomculo. umdwebo kanye ne-metrorhythm. ukuphindaphinda. Efomini elithuthukiswe kakhulu le-homophonic, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-motivic kungasebenzisa noma yiziphi izinhlobo (okuhlanganisa neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu) izinhlobo zokuphindaphinda isisusa (ukubuyisela emuva, ukwanda, ukuhluka kwesigqi).

Ngokuceba, ukungezwani nokugxilisa ingqondo ngokwengqondo. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-G enjalo kungadlula kude i-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi. amafomu. Kodwa-ke, ayiguquki ku-polyphony, ngoba igcina izici eziyinhloko ze-G.

L. Beethoven. Ikhonsathi yesi-3 yepiyano ne-orchestra, ukunyakaza I.

Okokuqala nje, ukugxila komcabango ku-ch. izwi, uhlobo lokuthuthukiswa kwe-motivic (izimpinda zilungile ngokombono we-chord, kodwa hhayi ngokombono womdwebo womugqa), ifomu elivamile emculweni we-homophonic (ingqikithi yamabha ayi-16 inkathi yokungeyona i- ukwakhiwa okuphindaphindiwe).

References: I-Asafiev B., Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, izingxenye 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1963; UMazel L., Umgomo oyisisekelo wesakhiwo somculo wetimu ye-homophonic, M., 1940 (i-dissertation, inhloko yomtapo wezincwadi we-Moscow Conservatory); Helmholtz H. von, Die Lehre von der Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Rus. trans., St. Petersburg, 1875; Riemann H., Grosse Kompositionslehre, Bd 1, B.-Stuttg., 1902; Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, Bern, 1917, Rus. ngo., M., 1931.

Yu. N. Kholopov