UVladimir Horowitz (Vladimir Horowitz) |

UVladimir Horowitz

Ikhonsathi ka-Vladimir Horowitz ihlale ingumcimbi, ihlale ihlaba umxhwele. Futhi hhayi manje kuphela, lapho amakhonsathi akhe engavamile kangangokuthi noma ubani angaba owokugcina, kodwa futhi ngesikhathi sokuqala. Bekulokhu kunjalo. Kusukela ngaleyo ntwasahlobo yokuqala ka-1922, lapho umdlali wopiyano osemncane kakhulu eqala ukubonakala ePetrograd naseMoscow. Yiqiniso, amakhonsathi akhe okuqala kuzo zombili lezi zihloko ayebanjelwe emahholo angenalutho - igama lomuntu oqalayo alisho okuncane emphakathini. Bambalwa kuphela ongoti nochwepheshe abaye bezwa ngale nsizwa enekhono elimangalisayo eyaphothula e-Kyiv Conservatory ngo-1921, lapho othisha bayo kwakunguV. Pukhalsky, S. Tarnovsky noF. Blumenfeld. Futhi ngakusasa ngemva kokudlala kwakhe, amaphephandaba amemezela ngazwi linye uVladimir Horowitz njengenkanyezi ephumayo emkhathizwe wepiyano.

Ngemva kokuhambela amakhonsathi ambalwa ezweni lonke, uHorowitz waqala ngo-1925 ukuze "anqobe" iYurophu. Lapha umlando uziphindaphinda: ezenzweni zakhe zokuqala emadolobheni amaningi - eBerlin, eParis, eHamburg - kwakukhona abalaleli abambalwa, ngokulandelayo - amathikithi athathwe empini. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwaba nomthelela omncane ezinkokhelweni: bezincane. Ukuqala kwenkazimulo enomsindo kwabekwa - njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka - ngengozi ejabulisayo. Kuyo le ndawo yaseHamburg, usomabhizinisi owayephefumula kanzima wagijima waya ekamelweni lakhe lasehhotela futhi wathembisa ukuvala isikhala sika-Tchaikovsky's First Concerto. Kwadingeka ngikhulume ngemva kwesigamu sehora. Ngokuxhamazela ephuza ingilazi yobisi, uHorowitz waphuthuma ehholo, lapho umqhubi osekhulile u-E. Pabst athola khona isikhathi sokumtshela: “Bheka induku yami, futhi uNkulunkulu ethanda, akukho okubi okuzokwenzeka.” Ngemva kwama-bar ambalwa, umqhubi omangele ngokwakhe wabukela umdlali ocula yedwa, futhi lapho ikhonsathi iphela, izethameli zathengisa amathikithi okusebenza kwakhe eyedwa ngehora nesigamu. Yile ndlela uVladimir Horowitz angena ngayo ngokunqobayo empilweni yomculo yaseYurophu. E-Paris, ngemuva kokuvela kwakhe okokuqala, umagazini i-Revue Musical wabhala: “Ngezinye izikhathi, nokho, kunomculi onobuhlakani bokuhumusha - uLiszt, uRubinstein, uPaderevsky, uKreisler, uCasals, uCortot ... UVladimir Horowitz ungowalesi sigaba samaciko- amakhosi.”

Ukushaya ihlombe okusha kwaletha uHorowitz okokuqala ngqa ezwekazini laseMelika, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-1928. Ngemva kokucula okokuqala i-Tchaikovsky Concerto kwase kuba uhlelo oluhamba yedwa, ngokwephephandaba i-Times, wanikezwa “umhlangano onesivunguvungu kunawo wonke umshayi wopiyano angathembela kuwo. .” Eminyakeni eyalandela, ngenkathi ehlala e-US, eParis naseSwitzerland, uHorowitz wavakashela futhi waqopha ngokujulile. Inani lamakhonsathi akhe ngonyaka lifinyelela ekhulwini, futhi ngokwenani lamarekhodi akhululiwe, ngokushesha udlula abadlali bopiyano abaningi besimanje. I-repertoire yakhe ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene; isisekelo siwumculo wama-romantics, ikakhulukazi abaqambi be-Liszt nabaRashiya - uTchaikovsky, uRachmaninov, uScriabin. Izici ezinhle kakhulu zesithombe sikaHorowitz asenzayo saleyo nkathi yangaphambi kwempi zibonakala ekurekhodeni kwakhe i-Sonata ka-Liszt ku-B minor, eyenziwe ngo-1932. Ayihlaba umxhwele kuphela ngesivunguvungu sayo sobuchwepheshe, ukuqina komdlalo, kodwa futhi nokujula komdlalo. umuzwa, isikali se-Liszt ngempela, kanye nokukhululeka kwemininingwane. I-rhapsody kaLiszt, i-impromptu kaSchubert, amakhonsathi kaTchaikovsky (No. 1), Brahms (No. 2), Rachmaninov (No. 3) nokunye okuningi kumakwa ngezici ezifanayo. Kodwa kanye nokufaneleka, abagxeki bathola ngokufanelekile ekuziphatheni kukaHorowitz, isifiso semiphumela yangaphandle, yokuhlanganisa abalaleli ngama-escapades obuchwepheshe. Nanku umbono womqambi oqavile waseMelika uW. Thomson: “Angisho ukuthi incazelo kaHorowitz ngokuyisisekelo ingamanga futhi ayinasizathu: ngezinye izikhathi ingamanga, ngezinye izikhathi ayinjalo. Kodwa umuntu ongakaze alalele imisebenzi ayenzile angaphetha kalula ngokuthi u-Bach wayengumculi ofana no-L. Stokowski, u-Brahms wayewuhlobo olungenangqondo, olusebenza kuma-nightclub uGershwin, kanti u-Chopin wayengumculi we-violinist we-gypsy. La mazwi, yiqiniso, anokhahlo kakhulu, kodwa umbono onjalo awuzange uhlukaniswe. Ngezinye izikhathi uHorowitz wayebeka izaba, azivikele. Uthe: “Ukudlala upiyano kuhlanganisa ingqondo, inhliziyo kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe. Konke kufanele kuthuthukiswe ngokulinganayo: ngaphandle komqondo ojwayelekile uzohluleka, ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe ungumuntu oyimfundamakhwela, ngaphandle kwenhliziyo ungumshini. Ngakho lo mkhakha ugcwele izingozi. Kodwa lapho, ngo-1936, ngenxa yokuhlinzwa kwe-appendicitis kanye nezinkinga ezalandela, lapho ephoqeleka ukuba aphazamise umsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi, ngokungazelelwe waba nomuzwa wokuthi eziningi zezihlamba zazingenasisekelo.

Ukuphumula kwamphoqa ukuthi azibuke kabusha, sengathi uqhamuka ngaphandle, ukuze acabange kabusha ubudlelwano bakhe nomculo. “Ngicabanga ukuthi njengeciko ngikhulile ngala maholidi aphoqelelwe. Kunoma yikuphi, kuningi okusha engikutholile emculweni wami,” kugcizelela umshayi wopiyano. Ubuqiniso bala mazwi buqinisekiswa kalula ngokuqhathanisa amarekhodi alotshwe ngaphambi kuka-1936 nangemva kuka-1939, lapho uHorowitz, ngokugcizelela komngane wakhe uRachmaninov noToscanini (indodakazi yakhe ashade nayo), ebuyela ensimbi.

Kulesi sesibili, isikhathi esivuthiwe seminyaka eyi-14, uHorowitz wandisa uhla lwakhe kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uvela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-40; njalo futhi kaningi idlala i-sonatas kaBeethoven kanye nemijikelezo kaSchumann, ama-miniatures kanye nemisebenzi emikhulu ka-Chopin, ezama ukuthola incazelo ehlukile yomculo wabaqambi abakhulu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, inothisa izinhlelo ezintsha ngomculo wesimanje. Ikakhulukazi, ngemva kwempi, wayengowokuqala ukudlala i-Prokofiev yesi-6, i-7th kanye ne-8th sonatas, i-sonatas yesi-2 neyesi-3 kaKabalevsky eMelika, ngaphezu kwalokho, wadlala ngobuhlakani obumangalisayo. U-Horowitz unikeza ukuphila eminye yemisebenzi yababhali baseMelika, kuhlanganise ne-Barber Sonata, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwekhonsathi imisebenzi kaClementi noCzerny, eyayibhekwa njengengxenye kuphela ye-pedagogical repertoire. Umsebenzi womdwebi ngaleso sikhathi uba mkhulu kakhulu. Kwabaningi kwakubonakala sengathi useqophelweni eliphezulu lamakhono akhe okudala. Kodwa njengoba "umshini wekhonsathi" waseMelika uphinde wamnqoba, amazwi okungabaza, futhi ngokuvamile ahlekisayo, aqala ukuzwakala. Abanye babiza umshayi wopiyano “ngomlingo”, “umcuphi wamagundane”; baphinde bakhulume ngokungahambi kahle kwakhe kokudala, ngokunganaki umculo. Abalingisi bokuqala bavela esiteji, noma ngisho nabalingisi bakaHorowitz - abahlonyiswe kahle kakhulu, kodwa ngaphakathi bengenalutho, "ochwepheshe" abasha. UHorowitz wayengenabo abafundi, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa: Graffman, Jainis. Futhi, enikeza izifundo, wayehlale ekhuthaza ukuthi “kungcono ukwenza amaphutha akho kunokulingisa amaphutha abanye.” Kodwa labo abakopisha i-Horowitz abazange bafune ukulandela lesi simiso: babebheja ekhadini elifanele.

Umdwebi ubezazi kabuhlungu izimpawu zenkinga. Futhi manje, ngemva kokudlala ngo-February 1953 ikhonsathi ye-gala ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engu-25 ye-debut yakhe e-Carnegie Hall, uphinde ashiye isiteji. Lesi sikhathi eside, iminyaka engu-12.

Yiqiniso, ukuthula okuphelele komculi kwathatha isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka. Khona-ke, kancane kancane, uqala ukuqopha ikakhulukazi ekhaya, lapho i-RCA ihlomele sonke isitudiyo. Amarekhodi aphuma futhi ngokulandelana - ama-sonata kaBeethoven, uScriabin, uScarlatti, uClementi, ama-rhapsodies ka-Liszt, asebenza ngo-Schubert, uSchumann, uMendelssohn, u-Rachmaninoff, Izithombe zika-Mussorgsky embukisweni, imibhalo yakhe ye-F. Sousa kanye nemashi ethi "Stars" , "I-Wedding March "Mendelssohn-Liszt, fantasy evela" Carmen "... Ngo-1962, umculi uhlukana ne-RCA yenkampani, enganelisekile ngokuthi uhlinzeka ngokudla okuncane kokukhangisa, futhi uqala ukubambisana nenkampani yase-Columbia. Irekhodi lakhe elisha ngalinye liqinisekisa ukuthi umdlali wopiyano akalahlekelwa ubuhle bakhe obumangalisayo, kodwa uba umhumushi ocashile kakhulu futhi ojulile.

“Iciko eliphoqeleka ukuthi lihlale libhekene nomphakathi livele likhungatheke lingazi. Upha njalo ngaphandle kokwamukela. Iminyaka yokugwema ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni yangisiza ekugcineni ngizithole mina kanye nemibono yami yangempela. Phakathi neminyaka yokuhlanya yamakhonsathi - laphaya, lapha nakuyo yonke indawo - ngazizwa ngindikindiki - ngokomoya nangokobuciko, "uzokusho kamuva.

Abathandi bomculi bakholelwa ukuthi bazohlangana naye “ubuso nobuso”. Ngempela, ngoMeyi 9, 1965, uHorowitz waqala kabusha umsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi ngomdlalo eCarnegie Hall. Intshisekelo ekhonsathini yakhe yayingakaze ibonwe, amathikithi athengiswa ngamahora ambalwa. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezethameli kwakungabantu abasha ababengakaze bambone ngaphambili, abantu ayeyinganekwane yabo. “Wayebukeka ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi egcina ukubonakala lapha eminyakeni engu-12 edlule,” kuphawula uG. Schonberg. - Amahlombe aphezulu, umzimba ucishe unganyakazi, uthambekele kancane okhiye; kwasebenza izandla neminwe kuphela. Entsha eningi ezilalelini, kwakufana nokuthi idlala uLiszt noma uRachmaninov, umculi wopiyano wodumo wonke umuntu okhuluma ngaye kodwa akekho oke wezwa ngaye.” Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunokungaguquki kwangaphandle kukaHorowitz kwaba ukuguqulwa okujulile kwangaphakathi komdlalo wakhe. “Isikhathi asikayeki kuHorowitz kule minyaka eyishumi nambili selokhu agcina ukubonakala esidlangalaleni,” kubhala umhlaziyi weNew York Herald Tribune u-Alan Rich. - Ubuhle obumangalisayo besu lakhe, amandla amangalisayo nokuqina kokusebenza, i-fantasy ne-palette enemibala - konke lokhu kugcinwe kuphelele. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela isici esisha emdlalweni wakhe, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Yiqiniso, lapho eshiya isiteji sekhonsathi eneminyaka engu-48 ubudala, wayeseyiciko eliphelele. Kodwa manje sekufike umhumushi ojulile eCarnegie Hall, futhi “ubukhulu” obusha ekudlaleni kwakhe bungabizwa ngokuthi ukuvuthwa komculo. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, sibone inqwaba yabadlali bopiyano abasebasha abasiqinisekisa ukuthi bangadlala ngokushesha nangokuzethemba ngokobuchwepheshe. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isinqumo sikaHorowitz sokubuyela esiteji sekhonsathi kudalwa wukubona ukuthi kunento okumele ikhunjuzwe ngisho nohlakaniphe kakhulu kulaba bantu abasha. Phakathi nekhonsathi, wafundisa lonke uchungechunge lwezifundo ezibalulekile. Kwakuyisifundo ekukhipheni imibala evevezelayo, ecwebezelayo; kwakuyisifundo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-rubato ngokunambitheka okungenakuqhathaniswa, ikakhulukazi kuboniswe ngokucacile emisebenzini ye-Chopin, kwakuyisifundo esihlakaniphile ekuhlanganiseni imininingwane kanye nayo yonke esiqeshini ngasinye futhi sifinyelele umvuthwandaba ophakeme kakhulu (ikakhulukazi noSchumann). UHorowitz wavumela “ukungabaza okwakumhlupha kuyo yonke le minyaka njengoba ecabanga ngokubuyela kwakhe ehholo lekhonsathi. Wabonisa ukuthi yisipho esiyigugu kangakanani ayenaso manje.

Lelo khonsathi elikhumbulekayo, elamemezela imvuselelo ngisho nokuzalwa okusha kwe-Horowitz, lalandelwa iminyaka emine yokudlalwa yedwa njalo (uHorowitz akakaze adlale ne-orchestra kusukela ngo-1953). “Sengikhathele ukudlala phambi kombhobho. Ngangifuna ukudlalela abantu. Ukuphelela kobuchwepheshe nakho kuyakhathaza, ”kuvuma umdwebi. Ngo-1968, uphinde wenza ukubonakala kwakhe kokuqala kwethelevishini efilimini ekhethekile yabantu abasha, lapho enza khona amagugu amaningi omculo wakhe. Bese - ikhefu elisha leminyaka emi-5, futhi esikhundleni samakhonsathi - ukuqoshwa okusha okubabazekayo: Rachmaninoff, Scriabin, Chopin. Futhi ngosuku olwandulela usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-70, inkosi ephawulekayo yabuyela emphakathini okwesithathu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akakaze adlale kaningi, futhi emini kuphela, kodwa amakhonsathi akhe asewumuzwa. Wonke la makhonsathi ayarekhodwa, futhi amarekhodi akhululwa ngemva kwalokho enza kube nokwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi hlobo luni lomculo wopiyano olumangalisayo umdwebi alugcine lapho eneminyaka engu-75 ubudala, ukuthi ingakanani ukujula nokuhlakanipha kobuciko akutholile; vumela okungenani ngokwengxenye ukuqonda ukuthi siyini isitayela "se-Horowitz engasekho". Ngokwengxenye “ngoba, njengoba abagxeki baseMelika begcizelela, leli ciko alilokothi libe nezincazelo ezimbili ezifanayo. Vele, isitayela sikaHorowitz asijwayelekile futhi sicacile kangangokuthi noma yimuphi umlaleli onolwazi oluningi uyakwazi ukumbona ngaso leso sikhathi. Isilinganiso esisodwa sanoma yikuphi ukuhumusha kwakhe upiyano singachaza lesi sitayela kangcono kunanoma yimaphi amagama. Kodwa akunakwenzeka, nokho, ukungakhethi izimfanelo ezivelele kakhulu - izinhlobonhlobo ezinemibala egqamile, ibhalansi ye-lapidary yekhono lakhe elihle, amandla amakhulu omsindo, kanye ne-rubato ethuthukisiwe kakhulu nokuphambene, ukuphikiswa okumangalisayo okunamandla esandleni sobunxele.

Injalo iHorowitz namuhla, iHorowitz, ijwayele izigidi zabantu kusukela kumarekhodi nezinkulungwane zamakhonsathi. Akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izimanga azilungiselela abalaleli. Umhlangano ngamunye naye usengumcimbi, kuseyiholidi. Amakhonsathi emadolobheni amakhulu ase-USA, lapho umculi egubha iminyaka engu-50 ye-American debut yakhe, aba ngamaholide anjalo kubalandeli bakhe. Enye yazo, ngo-January 8, 1978, yayibaluleke ngokukhethekile njengoba umculi eqala ukudlala nge-orchestra engxenyeni yesine yekhulu leminyaka: Ikhonsathi Yesithathu kaRachmaninov yenziwa, u-Y. Ormandy wenziwa. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, i-Chopin yokuqala kaHorowitz kusihlwa yenzeke eCarnegie Hall, kamuva eyaphenduka i-albhamu yamarekhodi amane. Bese kuthi-ke – ubusuku obunikelwe osukwini lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-75 ... Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, lapho ephuma esiteji, u-Horowitz ufakazela ukuthi kumdali wangempela, iminyaka ayinandaba. Uthi: “Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ngisathuthuka njengomdlali wopiyano. “Ngiba nokuthula futhi ngivuthiwe njengoba iminyaka ihamba. Uma nginomuzwa wokuthi angikwazi ukudlala, bengingeke ngilokothe ​​ngibonakale esiteji “...