Umculo we-Atonal |

UMCULO WE-ATONAL (kusuka ku-Greek a – izinhlayiyana ezingezinhle nethoni – ithoni) – umculo. imisebenzi ebhalwe ngaphandle komqondo wamamodali nokuvumelana. izixhumanisi ezihlela ulimi lomculo wethonal (bheka i-Mode, Tonality). Okuyinhloko umgomo ka-A. m. ukulingana okuphelele kwawo wonke amathoni, ukungabi khona kwanoma yisiphi isikhungo se-modal esiwahlanganisayo kanye namandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamathoni. A.m. ayiboni umehluko wongwaqa kanye ne-dissonance kanye nesidingo sokuxazulula ama-dissonance. Kusikisela ukwenqatshwa kokuvumelana kokusebenza, kungafaki ithuba lokuguquguquka.

UMnyango. iziqephu ze-athonal zitholakala kakade ekupheleni kwe-Romantic. nomculo we-impressionistic. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 emsebenzini ka-A. Schoenberg nabafundi bakhe, ukwenqatshwa kwezisekelo zethoni zomculo kuthola ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo futhi kubangela umqondo we-atonalism noma "atonalism". Abanye babameleli abavelele kakhulu baka-A. m., kuhlanganise no-A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webrn, baphikise igama elithi “atonalism”, bekholelwa ukuthi liveza ngokungalungile ingqikithi yale ndlela yokuqamba. Ngu-JM Hauer kuphela, owathuthukisa ngokuzimela indlela yokubhala yamathoni ayi-12, ngaphandle kuka-Schoenberg, esetshenziswa kabanzi kuthiyori yakhe. isebenza negama elithi “A. m.

Ukuvela kwe-A.m. yalungiswa ngokwengxenye yizwe laseYurophu. umculo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwe-chromatics, ukubukeka kwama-chords wesakhiwo sesine, njll., kuholele ekwehleni kokuthambekela kokusebenza kwe-modal. Ukulwela ukungena endaweni "ye-tonal weightlessness" kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nemizamo yabanye abaqambi ukusondela ekukhulumeni kwamahhala kwemizwa ejulile, imizwa yangaphakathi engacacile. imiphefumulo.

Ababhali be-A.m. ibhekane nomsebenzi onzima wokuthola izimiso ezikwazi ukuthatha isikhundla somgomo wesakhiwo ohlela umculo we-tonal. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa "kwe-atonalism yamahhala" sibonakala ngokukhanga okuvamile kwabaqambi ku-wok. izinhlobo, lapho umbhalo ngokwawo usebenza njengesici esiyinhloko sokubumba. Phakathi kwezingoma zokuqala zohlelo olungaguquki kukhona izingoma ezingu-15 zamavesi asuka ku-Book of Hanging Gardens ka-S. Gheorghe (1907-09) kanye ne-Three fp. idlala i-op. 11 (1909) A. Schoenberg. Kwabe sekufika eyakhe i-monodrama ethi “Waiting”, i-opera ethi “Hand Hand”, “Iziqephu Ezinhlanu Ze-Orchestra” op. 16, i-melodrama Lunar Pierrot, kanye nemisebenzi ka-A. Berg no-A. Webern, lapho isimiso se-atonalism sathuthukiswa khona. Ethuthukisa imfundiso yomculo womculo, i-Schoenberg yabeka phambili isidingo sokungafakwa kongwaqa kanye nokusungulwa kwe-dissonance njengento ebaluleke kakhulu emculweni. ulimi (“ukukhululwa kwe-dissonance”). Ngesikhathi esifanayo nabameleli besikole esisha saseViennese futhi ngaphandle kwabo, abaqambi abathile baseYurophu naseMelika (B. Bartok, CE Ives, nabanye) basebenzisa izindlela zokubhala nge-athonal ngezinga elithile.

Izimiso zobuhle be-A.m., ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuqala, zazixhumene kakhulu nesimangalo se-expressionism, esihlukaniswa nobukhali bayo. izindlela nokuvumela okungenangqondo. ukuphazamiseka kobuciko. ukucabanga. A. m., indiva i-harmonic esebenzayo. ukuxhumana nezimiso zokuxazulula i-dissonance ibe ungwaqa, yahlangabezana nezidingo zobuciko be-expressionist.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-A.m. ixhunywe nemizamo yabalandeli bayo yokuqeda ukuzenzela umathanda ekudaleni, okuyisici “se-atonalism yamahhala”. Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 kanye noSchoenberg, abaqambi uJ. ezinye izimiso ezakhayo futhi iqede ukuphithizela kwe-sonic ye-atonalism. Kodwa-ke, kule mizamo, kuphela "indlela yokubunjwa ngamathoni angu-12 ahlotshaniswa kuphela nomunye nomunye", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1922 nguSchoenberg, ngaphansi kwegama elithi dodecaphony, iye yanda emazweni amaningi. amazwe. Izimiso ze-A.m. isekela izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene. izindlela zalokhu okuthiwa. umculo avant-garde. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zimiso zenqatshwa ngokuqinile ngabaqambi abaningi abavelele bekhulu lama-20 abanamathela emculweni we-tonal. ukucabanga (A. Honegger, P. Hindemith, SS Prokofiev nabanye). Ukuqashelwa noma ukungabonwa kokuba semthethweni kwe-atonalism kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile. ukungezwani ekusunguleni umculo wesimanje.

References: Druskin M., Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa komculo wesimanje wangaphandle, eqoqweni: Imibuzo yomculo wesimanje, L., 1963, p. 174-78; Shneerson G., Mayelana nomculo uphila futhi ufile, M., 1960, M., 1964, ch. "Schoenberg nesikole sakhe"; Mazel L., Ezindleleni zokuthuthukiswa kolimi lomculo wesimanje, III. I-Dodecaphony, "SM", 1965, No 8; Berg A., Yini i-atonalitye Inkulumo yomsakazo eyanikezwa u-A. Berg eVienna Rundfunk, 23 April 1930, eSlonimsky N., Umculo kusukela ngo-1900, NY, 1938 (bheka isithasiselo); Schoenberg, A., Isitayela nombono, NY, 1950; I-Reti R., i-Tonality, i-atonality, i-pantonality, i-L., i-1958, i-1960 (ukuhumusha kwesiRashiya - i-Tonality emculweni wesimanje, L., 1968); Perle G., Ukwakheka kwe-serial kanye ne-atonality, Berk.-Los Ang., 1962, 1963; Austin W., Umculo wekhulu lama-20…, NY, 1966.

GM Schneerson