Hugo Wolf |

Hugo Wolf

Emsebenzini womqambi wase-Austrian G. Wolf, indawo eyinhloko ihlala ingoma, umculo wezwi lekamelo. Umqambi ubelwela ukuhlanganisa umculo ophelele nokuqukethwe umbhalo wenkondlo, izingoma zakhe ziyazwela encazelweni nasekuphimiseni kwegama ngalinye, umcabango ngamunye wenkondlo. Ezinkondlweni, uWolf, ngamazwi akhe, wathola “umthombo weqiniso” wolimi lomculo. “Ngicabange njengombhali wezingoma ongashaya ikhwela nganoma iyiphi indlela; okufinyeleleka kuye kokubili umculo oqanjwe kakhulu kanye nezingoma zezingoma eziphefumulelwe ngokulinganayo, ”kusho umqambi. Akulula kangako ukuqonda ulimi lwakhe: umqambi wayefisa ukuba umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi futhi agcwalise umculo wakhe, ofana kancane nezingoma ezivamile, neziphimbo zenkulumo yomuntu.

Indlela yempisi empilweni nakwezobuciko yayinzima kakhulu. Iminyaka yokukhuphuka ishintshana nezinkinga ezibuhlungu kakhulu, lapho iminyaka eminingana engakwazi "ukukhipha" inothi elilodwa. (“Impilo yenja ngempela uma ungakwazi ukusebenza.”) Iningi lezingoma zalotshwa umqambi phakathi neminyaka emithathu (1888-91).

Uyise womqambi wayewuthanda kakhulu umculo, futhi ekhaya, emkhayeni, babevame ukudlala umculo. Kwakukhona ngisho ne-orchestra (uHugo wayedlala ivayolini kuyo), umculo othandwayo, izingcaphuno zama-opera. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, uWolf wangena esikhungweni sokuzivocavoca eGraz, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-15 waba umfundi eVienna Conservatory. Lapho, waba umngane nontanga yakhe G. Mahler, esikhathini esizayo umqambi we-symphonic omkhulu nomqhubi. Nokho, maduzane, kwaqala ukudumazeka emfundweni ye-conservatory, futhi ngo-1877 uWolff waxoshwa endaweni yokugcina izinto "ngenxa yokwephulwa kwesiyalo" (isimo sasiyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yemvelo yakhe enokhahlo, eqondile). Iminyaka yokuzifundisa yaqala: U-Wolf wayekwazi ukudlala upiyano futhi wafunda ngokuzimela izincwadi zomculo.

Ngokushesha waba umsekeli oshisekayo womsebenzi kaR. Wagner; Imibono kaWagner mayelana nokusetshenziswa komculo endaweni yeshashalazi, mayelana nokubumbana kwegama nomculo yahunyushwa nguWolf ohlotsheni lwengoma ngendlela yabo. Lo mculi osafufusa wavakashela isithixo sakhe ngesikhathi eseVienna. Isikhathi esithile, ukuqamba umculo kwahlanganiswa nomsebenzi kaWolf njengomqhubi wemidlalo yeshashalazi yedolobha laseSalzburg (1881-82). Isikhathi eside kwaba ukusebenzisana ku-"Viennese Salon Sheet" yamasonto onke (1884-87). Njengomgxeki womculo, uWolf wavikela umsebenzi kaWagner kanye “nobuciko besikhathi esizayo” amenyezelwa nguye (okufanele buhlanganise umculo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini nezinkondlo). Kodwa ukuzwelana kweningi labaculi baseViennese kwakusohlangothini luka-I. Brahms, owabhala umculo wendabuko, owaziwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo (kokubili u-Wagner noBrahms babenendlela yabo ekhethekile "eya ogwini olusha", abasekeli balolu hlobo olukhulu. abaqambi abahlanganiswe “amakamu” alwayo ama-2). Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu, isikhundla Wolf emhlabeni zomculo Vienna kwaba kunalokho nzima; imibhalo yakhe yokuqala yathola ukubuyekezwa okungekuhle kwabezindaba. Kwafinyelela eqophelweni lokuthi ngo-1883, phakathi nokudlalwa kwenkondlo kaWolf ye-symphonic ethi Penthesilea (esekelwe osizini lukaG. Kleist), amalungu e-orchestra adlala ngendlela engcolile ngamabomu, ehlanekezela umculo. Umphumela walokhu kwaba ukwenqaba cishe okuphelele komqambi ukudala imisebenzi ye-orchestra - kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-7 lapho "i-Italian Serenade" (1892) izovela.

Lapho eneminyaka engama-28, uWolf ekugcineni wathola uhlobo lwakhe nendikimba yakhe. NgokukaWolf ngokwakhe, kwaba sengathi “kuvele kuntwele”: manje useguqule wonke amandla akhe ekuqambeni izingoma (ezingaba ngu-300 sezizonke). Futhi kakade ngo-1890-91. ukuqashelwa kuza: amakhonsathi aqhutshwa emadolobheni ahlukahlukene ase-Austria naseJalimane, lapho uWolf ngokwakhe evame ukuhambisana nomculi oyedwa. Emzamweni wokugcizelela ukubaluleka kombhalo wezinkondlo, umqambi uvame ukubiza imisebenzi yakhe hhayi izingoma, kodwa "izinkondlo": "Izinkondlo zika-E. Merike", "Izinkondlo zika-I. Eichendorff", "Izinkondlo zika-JV Goethe". Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ihlanganisa "izincwadi zezingoma" ezimbili: "iSpanishi" kanye "nesiNtaliyane".

Inqubo yokudala yeWolf yayinzima, ishubile – wacabanga ngomsebenzi omusha isikhathi eside, owabe usufakwa ephepheni usuphelile. NjengoF. Schubert noma uM. Mussorgsky, i-Wolf ayikwazanga "ukuhlukanisa" phakathi kokudala kanye nemisebenzi esemthethweni. Ngokungathobeki ngokwemibandela yezinto ezibonakalayo, umqambi wayephila ngemali engenayo evela kumakhonsathi kanye nokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi yakhe. Wayengenayo i-engeli ehlala njalo ngisho nensimbi (waya kubangani ukuyodlala upiyano), futhi kuphela ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe lapho ekwazi khona ukuqasha igumbi elinopiyano. Eminyakeni yamuva, u-Wolf waphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-operatic: wabhala i-opera yamahlaya i-Corregidor ("ngeke sisakwazi ukuhleka ngokusuka enhliziyweni esikhathini sethu") kanye nedrama yomculo engaqediwe u-Manuel Venegas (zombili zisekelwe ezindabeni ze-Spaniard X. Alarcon ). Isifo sengqondo esinzima samvimbela ukuba aqedele i-opera yesibili; ngo-1898 umqambi walaliswa esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. Isiphetho esibuhlungu seWolf sasijwayelekile ngezindlela eziningi. Ezinye zezikhathi zayo (izingxabano zothando, ukugula nokufa) zibonakala encwadini ka-T. Mann ethi “Doctor Faustus” – endabeni yokuphila yomqambi u-Adrian Leverkün.

K. Zenkin

Emculweni wekhulu lesi-XNUMX, indawo enkulu yayithathwe umkhakha wezingoma zezwi. Isithakazelo esikhula njalo empilweni yangaphakathi yomuntu, ekudluliselweni kwama-nuances amahle kakhulu engqondo yakhe, "i-dialectics of the soul" (NG Chernyshevsky) yabangela ukuqhakaza kwengoma nohlobo lwezothando, olwaqhubeka ikakhulukazi ngokujulile. I-Austria (eqala ngoSchubert) neJalimane (eqala ngoSchumann). ). Ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kwalolu hlobo kuhlukene. Kodwa imifudlana emibili ingaphawulwa ekuthuthukisweni kwayo: eyodwa ihlotshaniswa ne-Schubert ingoma isiko, omunye - nge Schumann isimemezelo. Eyokuqala iqhutshwe nguJohannes Brahms, eyesibili yaqhutshwa nguHugo Wolf.

Izikhundla zokuqala zokudala zalaba ongcweti ababili abakhulu bomculo wephimbo, ababehlala eVienna ngesikhathi esifanayo, zazihlukile (nakuba uWolf wayemncane ngeminyaka engama-27 kunoBrahms), futhi isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso nesitayela sezingoma zabo nezothando kwaphawulwa ngokuhlukile. izici ngazinye. Omunye umehluko ubalulekile: ama-Brahms asebenze ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko bomculo (ngaphandle kwe-opera), kanti uWolf wazibonakalisa ngokucacile emkhakheni wezingoma zezwi (ungaphezu kwalokho, umbhali we-opera kanye nengoma encane. inani lokuqanjwa kwezinsimbi).

Isiphetho salo mqambi asivamile, sibonakala ngobunzima bokuphila okunonya, ukuswela izinto ezibonakalayo, nesidingo. Engakayitholi imfundo yomculo ehlelekile, lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili wayengakadali lutho olubalulekile. Kungazelelwe kwaba nokuvuthwa kwezobuciko; phakathi neminyaka emibili, kusukela ngo-1888 kuya ku-1890, uWolf waqamba izingoma ezingaba ngamakhulu amabili. Ukuqina kokushiswa kwakhe ngokomoya kwakumangalisa ngempela! Kodwa ngawo-90s, umthombo wogqozi waphela okwesikhashana; bese kuba nokumiswa okude kokudala - umqambi akakwazanga ukubhala umugqa owodwa womculo. Ngo-1897, ineminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa, impisi yahlaselwa ukusangana okungelapheki. Esibhedlela ngenxa yohlanya, waphila eminye iminyaka emihlanu ebuhlungu.

Ngakho-ke, ishumi leminyaka elilodwa kuphela lathatha isikhathi sokuvuthwa kokudala kweWolf, futhi kule minyaka eyishumi waqamba umculo usuphelele iminyaka emithathu noma emine kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sikhathi esifushane ukwazile ukuziveza ngokugcwele futhi eguquguqukayo kangangokuthi wakwazi ukuthatha indawo yokuqala phakathi kwababhali bezingoma zangaphandle zengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX njengomculi omkhulu.

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Hugo Wolf wazalwa ngo-March 13, 1860 edolobheni elincane Windischgraz, elise Southern Styria (kusukela 1919, waya Yugoslavia). Uyise, umpetha wesikhumba, umthandi womculo oshisekayo, wayedlala ivayolini, isiginci, ihabhu, umtshingo kanye nopiyano. Umndeni omkhulu - phakathi kwezingane eziyisishiyagalombili, u-Hugo wayengowesine - wawuphila ngokuzithoba. Noma kunjalo, kwakudlalwa umculo omningi endlini: amaculo e-Austrian, isiNtaliyane, amaSlavic azwakala (okhokho bomama womqambi wesikhathi esizayo babengabalimi baseSlovenia). Umculo we-quartet nawo wachuma: uyise wahlala ku-violin console yokuqala, no-Hugo omncane kukhonsoli yesibili. Baphinde babamba iqhaza ku-orchestra ye-amateur, eyayidlala ikakhulukazi umculo ojabulisayo, wansuku zonke.

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, izici zobuntu ezingqubuzanayo zeWolf zavela: nabathandekayo bakhe wayethambile, enothando, evulekile, enabantu abangabazi - edangele, ecasuka ngokushesha, exabana. Izimpawu ezinjalo zenza kube nzima ukukhuluma naye, ngenxa yalokho, zenza ukuphila kwakhe kube nzima kakhulu. Lesi kwakuyisizathu esenza ukuthi angakwazi ukuthola imfundo yomculo ehlelekile neyochwepheshe: iminyaka emine kuphela uWolf wafunda e-gymnasium futhi iminyaka emibili kuphela e-Vienna Conservatory, lapho axoshwa khona ngenxa "yokwephula isiyalo."

Uthando lomculo lwavuka kuye kusenesikhathi futhi waqale wakhuthazwa nguyise. Kodwa wesaba lapho intsha enenkani ifuna ukuba umculi okhokhelwayo. Isinqumo, ngokuphambene nokuvinjelwa kukayise, savuthwa ngemva komhlangano noRichard Wagner ngo-1875.

UWagner, umaestro odumile, wavakashela eVienna, lapho kwadlalwa khona ama-opera akhe i-Tannhäuser ne-Lohengrin. Osemusha oneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, owayesanda kuqala ukuqamba, wazama ukumjwayela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokuqala kokudala. Yena, engababheki, nokho wamphatha kahle lowo owayemthanda kakhulu. Ephefumulelwe, uWolf uzinikela ngokuphelele emculweni, okudingekile kuye “njengokudla nesiphuzo.” Ngenxa yalokho akuthandayo, kumelwe adele konke, alinganisele izidingo zakhe zomuntu siqu.

Ngemva kokushiya i-conservatory eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, ngaphandle kokusekelwa nguyise, uWolf uhlala emisebenzini eyinqaba, ethola amasenti ukuze abhalele amanothi noma izifundo zangasese (ngaleso sikhathi wayesethuthuke waba umdlali wopiyano omuhle kakhulu!). Akanalo ikhaya elihlala njalo. (Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngoSepthemba 1876 kuya kuMeyi 1879, uWolf waphoqeleka, engakwazi ukukhokha izindleko, ukushintsha amakamelo angaphezu kwamashumi amabili! ..), akakwazi ukudla nsuku zonke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akanayo ngisho nemali yezitembu zokuposa ukuze athumelele abazali bakhe incwadi. Kodwa i-Vienna yomculo, eyabhekana nokuphumelela kwayo kwezobuciko ngeminyaka yama-70s nama-80s, inika umshisekeli osemusha izikhuthazo ezicebile zokuqamba.

Ufunda ngokuzimisela imisebenzi yakudala, uchitha amahora amaningi emitapo yolwazi ukuze athole amaphuzu awo. Ukuze adlale upiyano, kufanele aye kubangani - kuphela ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe emfushane (kusukela ngo-1896) U-Wolf uzokwazi ukuqasha igumbi ngensimbi yakhe.

Umbuthano wabangane mncane, kodwa bangabantu abazinikele ngobuqotho kuye. Ehlonipha uWagner, uWolf usondelana nabaculi abasha - abafundi baka-Anton Bruckner, njengoba wazi, owathanda kakhulu ubuhlakani bombhali we "Ring of the Nibelungen" futhi wakwazi ukugxilisa lokhu kukhulekela kulabo abaseduze kwakhe.

Ngokwemvelo, ngayo yonke intshiseko yemvelo yakhe yonke, ejoyina abalandeli behlelo likaWagner, uWolf waba umphikisi weBrahms, futhi ngaleyo ndlela waba onamandla onke eVienna, uHanslick ohlakaniphile, kanye namanye amaBrahmsians, kuhlanganise nabanegunya, owaziwa kakhulu ngaleyo minyaka, umqhubi uHans Richter, kanye noHans Bülow.

Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokudala, engavumelani futhi ebukhali ekwahluleleni kwakhe, i-Wolf ayizange ithole abangane kuphela, kodwa futhi nezitha.

Isimo sengqondo esinobutha ngakuWolf esivela emibuthanweni yomculo enethonya yaseVienna sashuba nakakhulu ngemva kokuba esebenze njengomgxeki ephephandabeni eliyimfashini iSalon Leaf. Njengoba negama ngokwalo libonisa, okuqukethwe kwakho bekungenalutho, kuyize. Kodwa lokhu kwakungamkhathaleli uWolf - wayedinga inkundla lapho, njengomphrofethi oshiseka ngokweqile, ayengakhazimulisa uGluck, uMozart noBeethoven, uBerlioz, uWagner noBruckner, ngesikhathi eketula uBrahms kanye nabo bonke ababethatha izikhali ngokumelene namaWagnerian. Iminyaka emithathu, kusukela ngo-1884 kuya ku-1887, uWolf wahola lo mzabalazo ongaphumeleli, owamlethela izilingo ezinzima. Kodwa akazange acabange ngemiphumela futhi ekufuneni kwakhe okuqhubekayo wafuna ukuthola ubuntu bakhe bokudala.

Ekuqaleni, i-Wolf yakhangwa imiqondo emikhulu - i-opera, i-symphony, ikhonsathi ye-violin, i-sonata yepiyano, kanye nezingoma zomculo wezinsimbi. Iningi lazo lilondolozwe ngendlela yezingcezu ezingaqediwe, eziveza ukungavuthwa kobuchwepheshe bombhali. Ngendlela, futhi wadala amakhwaya nezingoma ezizimele: okokuqala walandela amasampula wansuku zonke we "leadertafel", kanti eyesibili wabhala ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla likaSchumann.

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kuqala Isikhathi sokudala sikaWolf, esamakwa ngothando, kwakuyinkondlo ye-symphonic Penthesilea (1883-1885, esekelwe enhlekeleleni yegama elifanayo lika-G. Kleist) kanye ne-Italian Serenade ye-string quartet (1887, ngo-1892 eyahunyushwa ngumlobi we i-orchestra).

Kubonakala sengathi bahlanganisa izinhlangothi ezimbili zomphefumulo womqambi ongaphumuli: enkondlweni, ngokuhambisana nomthombo wezincwadi okhuluma ngomkhankaso oyinganekwane wama-Amazons ngokumelene neTroy yasendulo, imibala emnyama, imizwa enobudlova, umoya ongalawuleki ubusa, kuyilapho umculo we- “ I-Serenade” isobala, ikhanyiswa ukukhanya okucacile.

Phakathi nale minyaka, uWolf wayesondela emgomweni wakhe ayewuthanda kakhulu. Naphezu kwesidingo, ukuhlaselwa kwezitha, ukwehluleka okuyihlazo kokusebenza kwe "Pentesileia" (I-Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra ngo-1885 yavuma ukukhombisa iPenthesilea ngesikhathi sokuprakthiza okuvaliwe. Ngaphambi kwalokho, uWolf wayaziwa eVienna kuphela njengomgxeki weSalon Leaflet, owacasula womabili amalungu e-orchestra kanye noHans Richter, owaqhuba ukuphindaphinda, no. U-Conductor, ephazamisa ukucula, wakhuluma ne-orchestra ngala mazwi: “Madoda, ngeke siyidlale le ngoma kuze kube sekugcineni – bengifuna nje ukubheka umuntu ozivumelayo ukuthi abhale ngoMaestro Brahms kanjalo. …”), ekugcineni wazithola esengumqambi. Iyaqala yesibili - isikhathi sokuvuthwa komsebenzi wakhe. Ngokuphana okungakaze kube khona kuze kube manje, ithalente lokuqala likaWolf lavezwa. “Ebusika bango-1888,” evuma kumngane wakhe, “ngemva kokuzulazula isikhathi eside, kwavela imibono emisha phambi kwami.” Lawa ma-horizons avuleke phambi kwakhe endimeni yomculo wephimbo. Lapha uWolf usevele evula indlela yokuba ngokoqobo.

Utshela unina: “Kwakuwunyaka okhiqiza kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho unyaka ojabulisa kakhulu ekuphileni kwami.” Izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, Wolf wadala izingoma eziyikhulu neshumi, futhi kwenzeka ukuthi ngosuku olulodwa waqamba ezimbili, ngisho izingcezu ezintathu. Yiciko kuphela elizinikele emsebenzini wokudala ngokuzikhohlwa obengabhala kanjalo.

Lo msebenzi, nokho, wawungelula kuWolf. Engenandaba nezibusiso zokuphila, impumelelo nokuqashelwa emphakathini, kodwa eqiniseka ngokufaneleka kwalokho akwenza, wathi: “Ngiyajabula lapho ngibhala.” Lapho umthombo wogqozi woma, uWolf wakhononda ngokudabuka: “Yeka ukuthi sinzima kanjani isiphetho somculi uma engakwazi ukusho okuthile okusha! Kungcono izikhathi eziyinkulungwane ukuba alale ethuneni…”.

Kusukela ngo-1888 kuya ku-1891, uWolf wakhuluma ngokuphelela okungavamile: waqeda imijikelezo emine emikhulu yezingoma - emavesini kaMörike, Eichendorff, Goethe kanye "neNcwadi Yezingoma ZaseSpain" - ingqikithi yezingoma eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili futhi waqala ingoma. "Incwadi Yezingoma Yase-Italian" (imisebenzi engamashumi amabili nambili) (Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala izingoma eziningana ezisekelwe ezinkondlweni zezinye izimbongi.).

Igama lakhe liqala ukuduma: "i-Wagner Society" eVienna iqala ukufaka izingoma zakhe ngokuhlelekile kumakhonsathi abo; abashicileli baziphrinte; I-Wolf ihamba namakhonsathi ombhali ngaphandle kwase-Austria - ukuya eJalimane; umbuthano wabangane bakhe nabamthakaselayo uyakhula.

Kungazelelwe, isiphethu sokudala sayeka ukushaya, futhi ukuphelelwa ithemba kwabamba iWolf. Izincwadi zakhe zigcwele izinkulumo ezinjalo: “Akukho mbuzo wokuqamba. UNkulunkulu uyazi ukuthi kuzophela kanjani ... ". “Sekunesikhathi eside ngafa … ngiphila njengesilwane esiyisithulu nesiphukuphuku …”. “Uma ngingasakwazi ukwenza umculo, asikho isidingo sokuthi unginakekele – kufanele ungilahle kudoti …”.

Kwathula kwathi cwaka iminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa ngoMashi 1895, impisi yaphinde yaphila - ezinyangeni ezintathu wabhala i-clavier ye-opera Corregidor esekelwe esakhiweni somlobi odumile waseSpain uPedro d'Alarcon. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uqedela "Incwadi Yezingoma ZaseNtaliyane" (eminye imisebenzi engamashumi amabili nane) futhi wenza imidwebo ye-opera entsha "Manuel Venegas" (ngokusekelwe esimisweni se-d'Alarcon efanayo).

Iphupho likaWolf lifezeka – yonke impilo yakhe yomuntu omdala wayefuna ukuzama isandla sakhe ohlotsheni lwe-opera. Imisebenzi yezwi yamsiza njengesivivinyo ohlotsheni olumangalisayo lomculo, eminye yayo, ngokuvuma komqambi, kwakuyizigcawu zokucula. I-Opera ne-opera kuphela! wababaza encwadini ayibhalela umngane wakhe ngo-1891. “Ukuqashelwa okuthophayo kwami ​​njengomqambi wezingoma kungicasula ekujuleni komphefumulo wami. Lokhu kungasho ukuthini, uma kungesona isihlamba engihlala ngiqamba izingoma kuphela, engikwazile ukucula kuphela uhlobo oluncane futhi olungaphelele, njengoba luqukethe kuphela ukusikisela kwesitayela esimangalisayo ... ". Ukukhangwa okunjalo kwasetiyetha kungena kuyo yonke impilo yomqambi.

Kusukela ebusheni bakhe, uWolf wayephikelela efuna amacebo emibono yakhe yokusebenza. Kodwa ukuba nokunambitheka okuvelele kwemibhalo, okukhuliswe kumamodeli aphezulu wezinkondlo, okwamkhuthaza lapho edala izingoma zezwi, akakwazanga ukuthola i-libretto eyanelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uWolf wayefuna ukubhala i-comic opera nabantu bangempela kanye nemvelo ethile yansuku zonke - "ngaphandle kwefilosofi kaSchopenhauer," wanezela, ebhekisela kusithixo sakhe u-Wagner.

“Ubukhulu beqiniso bengcweti,” kusho uWolf, “butholakala ekutheni angakujabulela yini ukuphila.” Kwakulolu hlobo lwamahlaya omculo amnandi, acwebezelayo uWolf aphupha ngokuwubhala. Lo msebenzi, nokho, awuzange uphumelele ngokuphelele kuye.

Kukho konke ukufaneleka kwawo, umculo weCorregidor uyashoda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhanya, ubuhle - amaphuzu awo, ngendlela ye-Wagner's "Meistersingers", anzima ngandlela-thile, kanti ngakolunye, awunakho "ukuthintwa okukhulu" , ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo okunenjongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezibalo eziningi ezingezinhle ku-libretto enwetshiwe, ehlanganiswe ngokunganele, kanye nesakhiwo sendaba emfushane ka-d'Alarcon ethi "The Three-Cornered Hat" (Indaba emfushane isitshela ukuthi umshini wokugaya i-humpbacked nomkakhe omuhle, abathandana ngentshiseko, bamkhohlisa kanjani i-old womanizer corregidor (ijaji ledolobha eliphakeme kunawo wonke, okwathi, ngokuvumelana nesikhundla sakhe, egqoke isigqoko esikhulu esingunxantathu), owayefuna ukubuyisana kwakhe) . Itulo elifanayo lakha isisekelo se-ballet ka-Manuel de Falla ethi The Three-Cornered Hat (1919).) kubonakale kunesisindo esinganele kumdlalo we-opera onezigigaba ezine. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nzima ukuthi umsebenzi kaWolf womculo kuphela noweshashalazi ungene esiteji, nakuba umdlalo wokuqala we-opera wawusenzeka ngo-1896 eMannheim. Nokho, izinsuku zokuphila komqambi zazivele zibaliwe.

Kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, uWolf esebenza ethukuthele, “njengenjini yesitimu.” Ngokuphazima kweso ingqondo yakhe yavele yanyamalala. Ngo-September 1897, abangani bayisa umqambi esibhedlela. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ingqondo yakhe yabuyela kuye okwesikhashana, kodwa amandla akhe okusebenza awabange esabuyiselwa. Ukuhlasela okusha kokusangana kwafika ngo-1898 - kulokhu ukwelashwa akuzange kusize: ukukhubazeka okuqhubekayo kwagadla uWolf. Waqhubeka ehlupheka iminyaka engaphezu kwemine futhi wafa ngoFebhuwari 22, 1903.

M. Druskin

• Umsebenzi wezwi we-Wolf →

Ukwakhiwa:

Izingoma zezwi nepiyano (ingqikithi mayelana nama-275) "Izinkondlo zikaMörike" (izingoma ezingu-53, 1888) "Izinkondlo zika-Eichendorff" (izingoma ezingu-20, 1880-1888) "Izinkondlo zikaGoethe" (izingoma ezingu-51, 1888-1889) "Incwadi Yezingoma ZaseSpain" (imidlalo engu-44, 1888-1889 ) "Incwadi Yezingoma ZaseNtaliyane" (ingxenye yokuqala - izingoma ezingama-1, 22-1890; ingxenye yesibili - izingoma ezingama-1891, 2) Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingoma ngabanye ezinkondlweni zikaGoethe, Shakespeare, Byron, Michelangelo nabanye.

Izingoma zeCantata “Ubusuku BakaKhisimusi” bekhwaya exubile ne-orchestra (1886-1889) Ingoma Yama-Elves (esho amazwi kaShakespeare) yekwaya yabesifazane ne-orchestra (1889-1891) “To the Fatherland” (ngamazwi kaMörike) yekwaya yabesilisa. kanye ne-orchestra (1890-1898)

Imisebenzi yezinsimbi I-String quartet ku-d-moll (1879-1884) "Pentesileia", inkondlo ye-symphonic esekelwe enhlekeleleni ka-H. Kleist (1883-1885) "i-Italian Serenade" ye-string quartet (1887, ilungiselelo le-orchestra encane - 1892)

Opera Corregidor, libretto Maireder after d'Alarcón (1895) “Manuel Venegas”, libretto by Gurnes after d'Alarcón (1897, unfinished) Umculo wedrama ethi “Feast in Solhaug” by G. Ibsen (1890-1891)