Komitas (Comitas) |

Komitas

Bengilokhu ngikhangwa umculo weKomitas futhi ngisazowuthanda. A. Khachaturyan

Umqambi ovelele wase-Armenia, i-folklorist, umculi, umqhubi wekhwaya, uthisha, umculi nomphakathi, uKomitas (igama langempela Soghomon Gevorkovich Soghomonyan) wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesikole sikazwelonke sabaqambi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokuhumusha amasiko omculo wochwepheshe baseYurophu kuzwelonke, futhi ikakhulukazi, izinhlelo ezinamazwi amaningi ezingoma zomdabu zase-Armenia ze-monodic (ezinezwi elilodwa) zazibaluleke kakhulu ezizukulwaneni ezalandela zabaqambi base-Armenia. U-Komitas ungumsunguli we-ethnography yomculo wase-Armenia, owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ezinganekwaneni zomculo kazwelonke - waqoqa i-anthology ecebe kakhulu yezingoma zase-Armenia kanye nezingoma zasendulo zikaGusan (ubuciko bababalisi bezindaba). Ubuciko obuhlukahlukene be-Komitas bembulele umhlaba wonke ukunotha kwesiko lengoma yomdabu yase-Armenia. Umculo wakhe uhlaba umxhwele ngobumsulwa obumangalisayo nobumsulwa. Umculo ongenelayo, ukuphindwa okucashile kwezici ze-harmonic kanye nombala wezinganekwane zesizwe, ukuthungwa okucolisisiwe, ukuphelela kwefomu kuyisici sesitayela sakhe.

U-Komitas ungumbhali wemisebenzi embalwa uma kuqhathaniswa, okuhlanganisa i-Liturgy (“Patarag”), ama-piano miniatures, ukuhlelwa okucula yedwa kanye nekwaya yezingoma zasemaphandleni nezasemadolobheni, izigcawu ze-opera ngazinye (“Anush”, “Izisulu zobumnandi”, “Sasun amaqhawe"). Ngenxa yamakhono akhe omculo avelele kanye nezwi elimangalisayo, umfana wokuqala oyintandane ngo-1881 wabhaliswa njengeziqu ze-Etchmiadzin Theological Academy. Lapha ithalente lakhe elivelele lembulwa ngokugcwele: U-Komitas ujwayelana nenkolelo-mbono yaseYurophu yomculo, ubhala phansi izingoma zesonto nezomdabu, wenza ukuhlolwa kokuqala ekucubunguleni izingoma zama-choral (polyphonic) zezingoma zabalimi.

Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo ze-Academy ngo-1893, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yi-hieromonk kanye nokuhlonishwa komqambi wamaculo wase-Armenia ovelele wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. igama likaKomitas. Ngokushesha uKomitas wamiswa lapho njengothisha wokucula; ngokuhambisana, uqondisa ikhwaya, uhlela i-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo wesintu.

Ngo-1894-95. amaculo okuqala e-Komitas ezingoma zomdabu kanye nesihloko esithi “Izingoma zesonto lase-Armenia” zinyatheliswa. Eqaphela ukuntuleka kolwazi lwakhe lomculo kanye nethiyori, ngo-1896 uKomitas waya eBerlin ukuze aqedele imfundo yakhe. Iminyaka emithathu esikhungweni esizimele sika-R. Schmidt, wafunda izifundo zokuqamba, wathatha izifundo zokudlala upiyano, ukucula nokucula amakhwaya. Enyuvesi, uKomitas uhambela izinkulumo zefilosofi, ubuhle, umlando ojwayelekile kanye nomlando womculo. Yiqiniso, kugxilwe ekuphileni okucebile komculo waseBerlin, lapho elalela khona izivivinyo namakhonsathi we-symphony orchestra, kanye nemidlalo ye-opera. Ngesikhathi ehlala eBerlin, unikeza izinkulumo zeningi ngomculo wase-Armenia nomculo wesonto. Igunya lika-Komitas njengomcwaningi we-folklorist liphakeme kangangokuthi i-International Musical Society iyamkhetha njengelungu futhi ishicilele izinsiza zezinkulumo zakhe.

Ngo-1899 uKomitas wabuyela e-Etchmiadzin. Iminyaka yomsebenzi wakhe othela kakhulu waqala emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesiko lomculo kazwelonke - isayensi, i-ethnographic, i-creative, i-performance, i-pedagogical. Usebenzela “iqoqo le-Ethnographic” elikhulu, eliqopha cishe isonto lama-Armenian, isiKurdish, isiPheresiya nesiTurkey nezingoma zezwe ezingaba ngu-4000, echaza i-Armenian khaz (amanothi), efunda imfundiso yezindlela, izingoma zomdabu ngokwazo. Eminyakeni efanayo, wenza izinhlelo zezingoma zekwaya ngaphandle kokuhambisana, eziphawulwe ukunambitheka okubucayi kobuciko, okufakwe umqambi ezinhlelweni zamakhonsathi akhe. Lezi zingoma zihlukile ekuhlotshaneni komfanekiso nohlobo: ezomculo wothando, amahlaya, umdanso (“Intwasahlobo”, “Hamba”, “Okuhanjiwe, okucwebezelayo”). Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-monologues abuhlungu ("I-Crane", "Ingoma Yabantu Abangenakhaya"), abasebenzi ( "I-Lori Orovel", "Ingoma Yendlu"), imidwebo eyisiko ("Sanibonani Ekuseni"), i-epic-heroic. (“Amadoda Anesibindi aseSipan”) kanye nemidwebo yezwe. (“Inyanga ithambile”) imijikelezo.

Ngo-1905-07. I-Komitas inikeza amakhonsathi kakhulu, ihola i-choir, futhi imatasa emisebenzini yomculo neyenkulumo-ze. Ngo-1905, kanye neqembu lekwaya alidala e-Etchmiadzin, waya enkabeni yesiko lomculo laseTranscaucasia, iTiflis (Tbilisi), lapho abamba khona amakhonsathi nezinkulumo ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-December 1906, e-Paris, namakhonsathi nezinkulumo zakhe, Komitas wadonsa ukunaka abaculi abadumile, abameleli bezwe zesayensi nezobuciko. Izinkulumo zazinomsindo omkhulu. Inani lobuciko lokushintshwa kanye nezingoma zokuqala ze-Komitas libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi lanikeza u-C. Debussy izizathu zokuthi: "Uma u-Komitas ebhala kuphela "Antuni" ("Ingoma Yabantu Abangenakhaya." - DA), ngabe lokhu kwanele. ukumthatha njengeciko elikhulu.” Izindatshana zikaKomitas “Umculo Wabalimi Base-Armenia” kanye neqoqo lezingoma ezihlelwe nguye “i-Armenian Lyre” kushicilelwa eParis. Kamuva, amakhonsathi akhe senzeka Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Venice.

Ebuyela e-Etchmiadzin (1907), u-Komitas waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu ohlanganisa izinto eziningi iminyaka emithathu. Uhlelo lokudala i-opera ethi "Anush" luyavuthwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubudlelwano phakathi kukaKomitas nethimba lakhe lesonto buya ngokuya buwohloka. Ubutha obusobala ohlangothini lwabefundisi abasabelayo, ukungaqondi kwabo ngokuphelele ukubaluleka komlando wemisebenzi yakhe, kwaphoqa umqambi ukuba ashiye i-Etchmiadzin (1910) ayohlala eConstantinople ngethemba lokudala indawo yokugcina izinto yase-Armenia lapho. Nakuba ehluleka ukuqaphela lolu hlelo, nokho uKomitas wenza imisebenzi yokufundisa nokwenza ngamandla afanayo - ubamba amakhonsathi emadolobheni aseTurkey nase-Egypt, esebenza njengomholi wamakhwaya awahlelayo nanjengomculi ocula yedwa. Ukuqoshwa kwegilamafoni yokucula kukaKomitas, okwenziwe phakathi nale minyaka, kunikeza umbono wezwi lakhe le-baritone timbre ethambile, indlela yokucula, edlulisa isitayela sengoma eyenziwe ngokucashile. Empeleni, wayengumsunguli wesikole sikazwelonke sokucula.

Njengangaphambili, uKomitas umenyiwe ukuthi azonikeza izinkulumo nemibiko ezikhungweni zomculo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu - eBerlin, Leipzig, Paris. Imibiko ngomculo wesintu wase-Armenia, owawungo-June 1914. eParis engqungqutheleni ye-International Musical Society, yenza, ngokusho kwakhe, umbono omkhulu kubahlanganyeli besithangami.

Umsebenzi wokudala we-Komitas waphazanyiswa izenzakalo ezibuhlungu zokuqothulwa kohlanga - ukubulawa kwabantu base-Armenia, okuhlelwe yiziphathimandla zaseTurkey. Ngo-April 11, 1915, ngemva kokuboshwa, yena, kanye neqembu labantu abavelele bezincwadi nezobuciko base-Armenia, badingiselwa eTurkey. Ngesicelo sabantu abanethonya, uKomitas ubuyiselwa eConstantinople. Nokho, akubona kwayithinta kakhulu ingqondo yakhe kangangokuthi ngo-1916 wagcina esesibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. Ngo-1919, uKomitas wayiswa eParis, lapho ashonela khona. Izinsalela zomqambi zangcwatshwa ku-Yerevan pantheon ososayensi nabaculi. Umsebenzi we-Komitas wangena esikhwameni segolide sesiko lomculo wase-Armenia. Imbongi evelele yase-Armenia u-Yeghishe Charents wakhuluma kahle ngokuxhumana kwakhe kwegazi nabantu bakhe:

Umculi, wondliwa ngabantu, uthathe ingoma kuye, uphuphe injabulo, njengaye, ukuhlupheka kwakhe nokukhathazeka kwakhe owabelana ngakho esimisweni sakho - ngoba ukuhlakanipha komuntu, okunikezwe kuwe kusukela ebuntwaneni abantu ulimi oluhlanzekile.

D. Arutyunov