Giovanni Paisiello |

Giovanni Paisiello

U-G. Paisiello ungowalabo baqambi base-Italy abathalenta labo lembulwa ngokucace kakhulu ohlotsheni lwe-opera-buffa. Ngomsebenzi kaPaisiello kanye nabantu besikhathi sakhe - B. Galuppi, N. Piccinni, D. Cimarosa - isikhathi sokuqhakaza okukhazimulayo kwalolu hlobo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-1754 ixhunyiwe. Imfundo yamabanga aphansi kanye namakhono okuqala omculo uPaisiello awathola ekolishi lamaJesuit. Iningi lempilo yakhe wayichitha eNaples, lapho afunda khona eSan Onofrio Conservatory noF. Durante, umqambi we-opera odumile, umeluleki kaG. Pergolesi noPiccinni (63-XNUMX).

Ngemva kokuthola isihloko somsizi kathisha, uPaisiello wafundisa endaweni yokugcina izinto, futhi wanikela ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala ekubhaleni. Ekupheleni kwawo-1760. UPaisiello usengumqambi odume kakhulu e-Italy; ama-opera akhe (ikakhulukazi i-buffa) adlalwa ngempumelelo ezinkundleni zeshashalazi zaseMilan, eRoma, eVenice, eBologna, njll.

Ngakho, umbhali odumile womculo wesiNgisi uC. Burney (umbhali wencwadi edumile ethi "Uhambo Lomculo") wakhuluma kahle nge-buffa opera ethi "Intrigues of Love" ezwakala eNaples: "... Ngangiwuthanda kakhulu umculo; kwakugcwele umlilo nemicabango, ama-ritornellos ayegcwele iziqephu ezintsha, nezingxenye zezwi ezinezingoma ezimnandi nezilula ezikhunjulwa futhi zithathwe nawe ngemva kokulalela kokuqala noma ezingenziwa embuthanweni wasekhaya yi-orchestra encane futhi ngisho, lapho ingekho enye insimbi, nge-harpsichord “.

Ngo-1776, uPaisiello waya eSt. Petersburg, lapho akhonza khona njengomqambi wezinkantolo iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-10. (Umkhuba wokumema abaqambi baseNtaliyane wawusunesikhathi eside usungulwa esigodlweni sobukhosi; abanduleli bakaPaisiello eSt. Petersburg kwakungumgadli odumile uB. Galuppi noT. Traetta.) Phakathi kwenqwaba yama-opera enkathi “yePetersburg” kukhona ethi The Servant-Mistress. (1781), incazelo entsha yesakhiwo, isigamu sekhulu leminyaka emuva esisetshenziswe ku-opera edumile yasePergolesi - ukhokho wohlobo lwe-buffa; kanye nethi The Barber of Seville esekelwe emdlalweni wamahlaya ka-P. Beaumarchais (1782), owajabulela impumelelo enkulu nomphakathi waseYurophu amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. (Lapho uG. Rossini osemusha ngo-1816 ephinda ephendukela kule ndaba, abaningi bayibheka njengesibindi esikhulu kunazo zonke.)

Ama-opera ka-Paisiello adlalwa enkantolo nasezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi ukuze athamele intando yeningi eyengeziwe - i-Bolshoi (Stone) e-Kolomna, i-Maly (i-Volny) e-Tsaritsyn Meadow (manje eyi-Field of Mars). Imisebenzi yomqambi wenkantolo iphinde yahlanganisa nokwakhiwa komculo wezinsimbi emikhosini yasenkantolo namakhonsathi: kumagugu okudala ePaisiello kunezinhlobonhlobo ezingu-24 zezinsimbi zomculo (abanye banamagama ohlelo - "Diana", "Noon", "Sunset", "Sunset", njll.), izingcezu ze-clavier, ama-chamber ensembles. Emakhonsathini enkolo aseSt. Petersburg, kwadlalwa ingoma kaPaisiello ethi The Passion of Christ (1783).

Ebuyela e-Italy (1784), uPaisiello wathola isikhundla njengomqambi kanye nomphathi weqembu enkantolo yeNkosi yaseNaples. Ngo-1799, lapho amasosha kaNapoleon, esekelwa amaNtaliyane avukela umbuso, egumbuqela ubukhosi baseBourbon eNaples futhi ememezela iRiphabhulikhi yaseParthenopean, uPaisiello wathatha isikhundla sokuba umqondisi womculo wesizwe. Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, umqambi wasuswa esikhundleni sakhe. (I-republic yawa, inkosi yabuyela emandleni, umphathi weqembu wabekwa icala lokuvukela umbuso - esikhundleni sokulandela inkosi eSicily phakathi nezinxushunxushu, waya ohlangothini lwabavukeli.)

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isimemo esilingayo savela eParis - sokuhola isonto lenkantolo yaseNapoleon. Ngo-1802 uPaisiello wafika eParis. Nokho, ukuhlala kwakhe eFrance akuzange kube isikhathi eside. Wamukelwa ngokunganaki umphakathi waseFrance (i-opera seria Proserpina ebhalwe eParis kanye ne-interlude Camillette ayiphumelelanga), wabuyela ezweni lakubo kakade ngo-1803. abangani abaseduze.

Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ye-career kaPaisiello yayigcwele imisebenzi enzima kakhulu nehlukahlukene - washiya ama-operas angaphezu kwe-100, ama-oratorio, ama-cantatas, izixuku, imisebenzi eminingi ye-orchestra (isibonelo, ama-symphonies angu-12 - 1784) nama-ensembles e-chamber. Umpetha omkhulu we-opera-buffa, uPaisiello waphakamisa lolu hlobo esigabeni esisha sokuthuthuka, wacebisa amasu amahlaya (ngokuvamile anesici sokubhuqa okubukhali) ukulingiswa komculo wabalingiswa, waqinisa indima ye-orchestra.

Ama-opera aphuzile ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganisa - kusukela "kokuvuma kwemvume" elula kuya kumanqamu amakhulu, lapho umculo ubonisa khona konke ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesenzo sasesiteji. Inkululeko ekukhetheni iziza nemithombo yemibhalo ihlukanisa umsebenzi kaPaisiello kwabaningi besikhathi sakhe ababesebenza ohlotsheni lwe-buffa. Ngakho, edumile "The Miller" (1788-89) - omunye the best yamahlaya opera ekhulwini XVIII. - izici zobufundisi, ama-idyll ahlanganiswe ne-parody ehlakaniphile nokubhuqa. (Izindikimba ezisuka kule opera zakha isisekelo sokuhluka kopiyano luka-L. Beethoven.) Izindlela zendabuko ze-opera yasenganekwaneni engathi sína zihlekwa usulu ku-Imaginary Philosopher. Ingcweti engenakuqhathaniswa yezici ezihlekisayo, uPaisiello akazange azibe ngisho ne-Orpheus kaGluck (i-buffa opera ethi Isihlahla Esikhohlisayo nethi The Imaginary Socrates). Umqambi uphinde wakhangwa izihloko ezingavamile zaseMpumalanga ezazinemfashini ngaleso sikhathi (“Polite Arab”, “Chinese Idol”), kanye nethi “Nina, or Mad with Love” inomlingisi wedrama yothando. Izimiso zokudala ze-Paisiello zamukelwa kakhulu ngu-WA ​​Mozart futhi zaba nethonya elinamandla ku-G. Rossini. Ngo-1868, kakade eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo, umbhali odumile wencwadi ethi The Barber of Seville wabhala: “Eshashalazini yaseParis, kwake kwethulwa ingoma kaPaisiello ethi The Barber: ipharele lezingoma ezingenabuciko nemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Kube yimpumelelo enkulu futhi obekufanele.”

I. Okhalova

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera – Chatterbox (Il сiarlone 1764, Bologna), Chinese idol (L'idolo cinese, 1766, post. 1767, tr “Nuovo”, Naples), Don Quixote (Don Chisciotte della Mancia, 1769, tr “Fiorentini”), Naples Artaxerxes (1771, Modena), Alexander in India (Alessandro nelle Indie, 1773, ibid.), Andromeda (1774, Milan), Demophon (1775, Venice), Imaginary Socrates (Socrates immaginario, 1775, Naples), Nitteti, 1777 St. Petersburg), Achilles on Skyros (Achille in Sciro, 1778, ibid.), Alcides at the crossroads (Alcide al bivio, 1780, ibid.), Maid-mistress (La serva padrona, 1781, Tsarskoye Selo), Seville barber , noma i-Vain precaution (Il barbiere di Siviglia ovvero La precauzione inutile, 1782, St. Petersburg), umhlaba wamaLunar (Il mondo della luna, 1783, Kamenny tr, St. Petersburg), iNkosi uTheodore eVenice (Il re Teodoro eVenezia, 1784 , Vienna), Antigonus (Antigono, 1785, Naples), Trophonia's Cave (La grotta di Trofonio, 1785, ibid.), Phaedra (1788, ibid.), Miller's Woman (La molinara, 1789, ibid., original ed. — Uthandonezithiyo zami, noma i-Little Miller's Woman, L'arnor oppositeato o sia La molinara, 1788), Gypsies at the Fair (I zingari in fiera, 1789, ibid.), Nina, noma Mad with Love (Nina o sia La pazza) per amore, 1789, Caserta), Abandoned Dido (Di-done abbandonata, 1794, Naples), Andromache (1797, ibid.), Proserpina (1803, Paris), Pythagoreans (I pittagorici, 1808, Naples) nabanye; ama-oratorio, ama-cantata, izixuku, i-Te Deum; ye-orchestra - ama-symphonies angu-12 (12 sinfonie concertante, 1784) namanye; ama-ensembles wezinsimbi zegumbi, в т.ч. посв. великой кн. Марии Фёдоровне Amaqoqo ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Rondeau nama-capricios ahambisana ne-Violin ye-p. fte, eqanjwe ngokuqondile i-SAI The Grand Duchess of all the Russias, и др.