U-Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina |

U-Giovanni Pierluigi wasePalestrina

Umqambi ovelele wase-Italy wekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umpetha ongenakuqhathaniswa we-polyphony yamakwaya, u-G. Palestrina, kanye no-O. Lasso, ungomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emculweni weRenaissance engasekho. Encwadini yakhe, ebanzi kakhulu kokubili ngevolumu kanye nokucebile kwezinhlobo, ubuciko be-polyphony yomculo, eyathuthukiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka (ikakhulukazi abaqambi besikole esibizwa ngokuthi i-Franco-Flemish School), yafinyelela ekupheleleni kwayo okuphezulu. Umculo wasePalestrina uzuze ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwekhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zenkulumo yomculo. I-interweaving eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yamazwi endwangu ye-polyphonic noma kunjalo ihlanganisa isithombe esicacile esivumelanayo nesivumelanayo: ubunikazi obunekhono be-polyphony bukwenza ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakali endlebeni. Ngokufa kukaPalestrina, inkathi yonke ekuthuthukisweni komculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu yadlulela phambili: ukuqala kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. silethe izinhlobo ezintsha kanye nombono omusha wezwe.

Ukuphila kukaPalestrina kwachithwa enkonzweni ezolile futhi egxile kwezobuciko bakhe, ngendlela yakhe ehambisana nemibono yakhe yobuciko yokulinganisela nokuvumelana. UPalestrina wazalelwa endaweni engaphansi kweRoma ebizwa ngokuthi iPalestrina (ezikhathini zasendulo le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi iPrenesta). Igama lomqambi livela kuleli gama lendawo.

Cishe yonke impilo yakhe uPalestrina wayehlala eRoma. Umsebenzi wakhe uxhumene eduze namasiko omculo kanye nezinkonzo zamasonto amakhulu aseRoma: iSanta Maria della Maggiore, iSt. John Lateran, iSt. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uPalestrina wacula ekwayeni yesonto. Ngo-1544, esemncane kakhulu, waba i-ogani nothisha esontweni lombhishobhi ledolobha lakubo futhi wakhonza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1551. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe bomsebenzi wokudala wasePalestrina phakathi nalesi sikhathi abukho, kodwa, ngokusobala, kakade ngaleso sikhathi. isikhathi saqala ukuqonda amasiko ohlobo lwe-mass ne-motet, okwakuzothatha indawo eyinhloko emsebenzini wakhe. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye zezixuku zakhe, ezanyatheliswa kamuva, zase zibhaliwe ngalesi sikhathi. Ngo-154250 Umbhishobhi wedolobha lasePalestrina kwakunguKhadinali Giovanni Maria del Monte, kamuva owakhethwa njengopapa. Lona kwaba umvikeli wokuqala onamandla Palestrina, futhi kwaba ngenxa yakhe ukuthi umculi osemusha waqala ukuvela njalo eRoma. Ngo-1554 uPalestrina washicilela incwadi yokuqala yezixuku enikezelwe kumphathi wakhe.

NgoSepthemba 1, 1551, uPalestrina waqokwa njengomholi weGiulia Chapel eRoma. Leli sonto kwakuyisikhungo somculo seSt. Peter's Cathedral. Ngenxa yemizamo kaPapa uJulius II, yahlelwa kabusha ngesikhathi sayo futhi yaphenduka isikhungo esibalulekile sokuqeqeshwa kwabaculi base-Italy, ngokungafani neSistine Chapel, lapho abantu bakwamanye amazwe babegcwele khona. Ngokushesha u-Palestrina uzokhonza e-Sistine Chapel - isonto elisemthethweni lomculo likaPapa. Ngemva kokufa kukaPapa Julius II, uMarcellus II wakhethwa njengopapa omusha. Kungalo muntu lapho omunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yasePalestrina, ebizwa ngokuthi "iMisa likaPapa Marcello", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1567, ixhunyiwe. Ngokwenganekwane, ngo-1555 upapa wabutha amakhwaya akhe ngo-Good Friday futhi wabazisa ngesidingo sokwenza umculo we-Passion Week ufaneleke ngokwengeziwe lesi senzakalo, namagama ahluke kakhudlwana futhi azwakale ngokucacile.

Ngo-September 1555, ukuqiniswa kwezinqubo eziqinile endlini yesonto kwaholela ekuxoshweni kukaPalestrina kanye nabanye abahlabeleli ababili: uPalestrina wayeseshadile ngaleso sikhathi, futhi isifungo sokungashadi sasiyingxenye yomqulu wesonto. Ngo-1555-60. I-Palestrina iqondisa isonto leSonto lika-St. John Lateran. Ngawo-1560 wabuyela eSontweni LaseSanta Maria della Maggiore, lapho ake wafunda khona. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkazimulo yasePalestrina yayisisakazekele ngaphesheya kwemingcele yase-Italy. Lokhu kufakazelwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngo-1568 wenziwa isicelo egameni likaMbusi uMaximilian II sokuthuthela eVienna njengomphathi webhendi yasebukhosini. Phakathi nale minyaka, umsebenzi wasePalestrina ufinyelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu: ngo-1567 incwadi yesibili yabantu bakhe ishicilelwe, ngo-1570 eyesithathu. Imibhalo yakhe enezingxenye ezine nezinhlanu nayo iyashicilelwa. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Palestrina wabuyela esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko ye-Giulia Chapel e-St. Peter's Cathedral. Kwadingeka akhuthazelele ubunzima obuningi bomuntu siqu: ukushona komfowabo, amadodana amabili nomkakhe. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uPalestrina wanquma ukubuyela edolobheni lakubo esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko yekwaya yesonto, lapho ayekhonza khona eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukunamathela kukaPalestrina ezindaweni zakubo kwaqina: amashumi eminyaka akazange ashiye iRoma.

Izinganekwane mayelana nePalestrina zaqala ukwakheka ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe futhi zaqhubeka nokukhula ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Isiphetho sefa lakhe lokudala sajabula - cishe sasingazi ukuthi sikhohlwe. Umculo wePalestrina ugxile ngokuphelele emkhakheni wezinhlobo ezingokomoya: ungumbhali wenqwaba yabantu abangaphezu kwe-100, ama-motets angaphezu kuka-375. 68 offertorias, 65 hymns, litanies, lamentations, etc. Nokho, ubuye wahlonipha uhlobo lwe-madrigal, olwaludume kakhulu e-Italy ngesikhathi seRenaissance engasekho. Umsebenzi kaPalestrina wasala emlandweni womculo njengesibonelo esingenakuqhathaniswa sekhono le-polyphonic: phakathi namakhulu eminyaka alandelayo, umculo wakhe waba imodeli eyisibonelo ekufundiseni abaculi ubuciko be-polyphony.

A. Pilgun

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (Italian) umqambi, inhloko ye-polyphony yaseRoma. izikole. Ngo-1537-42 wahlabelela ekwayeni yabafana esontweni likaSanta Maria Maggiore, lapho athola khona imfundo ngomoya we-polyphony. amasiko esikoleni Dutch. Ngo-1544-51 i-organist kanye nebhendi yesonto elikhulu laseSt. Palestrina. Kusukela ngo-1551 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe wasebenza eRoma - wahola izindlu zesonto zeCathedral yaseSt. Peter (1551-55 no-1571-94, uJulius Chapel), amasonto aseSan Giovanni eLaterano (1555-60) naseSanta Maria Maggiore (1561-66). Waba nengxenye emihlanganweni yenkolo yompristi waseRoma uF. UNeri (ubhale u-op. kubo), ephethe ibandla (umphakathi) labaculi, engumqondisi wesikole sokucula esontweni likaSanta Maria Maggiore, futhi ephethe indlu yesonto yasekhaya kaKhadinali d'Este. Wahola amakhwaya, abaculi abaqeqeshiwe, wabhala uquqaba, ama-motets, ama-madrigals angavamile. Isisekelo se-P. - umculo wamakhwaya ongcwele i-cappella. Ama-madrigal akhe ezwe awehlukile neze emculweni wesonto. EseRoma, eduze njalo neVatican, uP. Njengomqambi nomculi, ngalizwa ngokuqondile ithonya lomkhathi we-Counter-Reformation. UMkhandlu WaseTrent (1545-63), owasungula imibono yamaKatolika. ukusabela, wacabangela ngokukhethekile imibuzo yesonto. umculo ovela ezikhundleni eziphikisana ne-Renaissance humanism. Ubukhazikhazi besonto obafinyelelwa ngaleso sikhathi. art-va, inkimbinkimbi engavamile ye-polyphonic. ukuthuthukiswa (ngokuvamile ngokubamba iqhaza kwamathuluzi) kuhlangatshezwane nokunquma. ukumelana nabamele i-Counter-Reformation. Emzamweni wokuqinisa ithonya leBandla kubantu abaningi, bafuna ukucaciswa kwezinkolelo-ze. umbhalo wenkonzo, ababekulungele ukuxosha imigomo eminingi. umculo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono owedlulele awuzange uthole ukusekelwa okuvumelanayo: isifiso "sokucacisa" isitayela se-polyphony, ukwenqaba amathonya asobala wezwe, ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile amagama ku-polyphony, cishe wawina. sebenzisa i-cappella. Kwavela uhlobo lwenganekwane ethi "umsindisi" we-polyphony kumaKhatholika. isonto kwakunguP., owadala izibonelo ezigqama kakhulu zokubeka izinto obala, engasithezi amagama e-polyphony ku-harmonic. isisekelo (isibonelo esidume kakhulu "IMisa likaPapa Marcello", 1555, elinikezelwe kulo baba). Eqinisweni, lokhu kwakuwumlando ngokungaqondile. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphonic art-va, ukuya ekucaciseni, ipulasitiki, ubuntu bobuciko. isithombe, futhi P. ngokuvuthwa kwakudala kuzwakalise lokhu ngaphakathi kwendawo elinganiselwe yekhwaya. umculo wokomoya. Ku-Op yakhe eminingi. izinga lokucaca kwe-polyphony kanye nokuqondakala kwegama akufani neze. Kodwa uP. ngokungangabazeki idonseleke ekulinganeni kwe-polyphonic. kanye ne-harmonic. okujwayelekile, “okuvundlile” kanye “nokuma mpo” emculweni. ishede, ekuvumelaneni okuzolile kwawo wonke. Isimangalo sika-P. ehlotshaniswa nezindikimba ezingokomoya, kodwa uyihumusha ngendlela entsha, njengesiNtaliyane esikhulu kunazo zonke. abadwebi be-High Renaissance. Ukuzithoba okuthuthukisiwe kwe-AP, idrama, ukugqama okucijile kuyinto engajwayelekile (okuyinto evamile kubantu abaningi besikhathi sakhe). Umculo wakhe unokuthula, unomusa, uyacabangisisa, usizi lwakhe lumsulwa futhi luyabambezeleka, ubukhulu bakhe buhle futhi buqinile, amazwi akhe ayangena futhi azolile, iphimbo elivamile linomgomo futhi liphakeme. I-AP ikhetha ukwakheka okunesizotha kwekhwaya (amazwi angu-4-6 ahamba ngokushelela okumangalisayo ebangeni elincane). Ngokuvamile isihloko-okusanhlamvu op ezingokomoya. iba yihubo lekhwaya, ingoma edumile, ngezinye izikhathi i-hexachord, ezwakala nge-polyphony. isethulo silinganayo futhi sivinjelwe. Umculo P. ngokuqinile i-diatonic, ukwakheka kwayo kunqunywa ngongwaqa (ama-dissonant consonances alungiswa njalo). Ukuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke (ingxenye yenqwaba, i-motet) kufezwa ngokulingisa noma njenge-canonical. ukunyakaza, okunezici ze-vnutr. ukushintshashintsha (“ukuhluma” kwezingoma ezifanayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezingoma zezwi). Lokhu kungenxa. ubuqotho bokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso nomculo. i-warehouse ngaphakathi kokwakheka. Engxenyeni yesi-2. 16 ku. kwezobuciko ezahlukene. Izikole ze-Zap E-Europe, bekunokusesha okukhulu okusha - emkhakheni wedrama. ukuvezwa komculo, i-virtuoso instrumentalism, ukubhala okumibalabala kwamakhwaya amaningi, i-harmonic chromatization. ulimi, njll. I-AP imelene nalezi zindlela. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokwandisa, kodwa ngaphandle kokunciphisa ububanzi bezindlela zakhe zobuciko, wazuza ukuvezwa kwepulasitiki okucacile nokungaphezulu, ukufana okuvumelanayo kwemizwelo, futhi wathola imibala ehlanzekile ku-polyphony. umculo. Ukuze enze lokhu, washintsha uhlamvu lwe-wok. i-polyphony, eveza ama-harmonics kuwo. Qala. Ngakho, uP., ezihambela ngendlela yakhe, wasondela endaweni yokugcina izimpahla kanye nesiqondiso neNtaliyane. Izingoma zomoya nezansuku zonke (lauda) futhi, ekugcineni, kanye nezinye. abaqambi benkathi balungiselela ukuguqulwa kwesitayela okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17. uma kwenzeka i-monody ehambisanayo. Ukuzola, ukulinganisela, ubuciko obuvumelanayo bukaP. eligcwele ukungqubuzana okungokomlando. Ukuhlanganisa ubuciko. imibono ye-Renaissance esimweni se-Counter-Reformation, ikhawulelwe ngokwemvelo endabeni, ezinhlotsheni nasezindleleni zokukhuluma. I-AP ayilahli imibono ye-humanism, kodwa ngendlela yakhe, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhlobo zomoya, ithwala enkathini enzima egcwele idrama. U-AP wayengumsunguli wezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, umphumela we-P. kanye ne-polyphony yakhe yakudala yokubhala okuqinile kwabaphila ngesikhathi nabalandeli yayiphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Italy naseSpain. UmKatolika. isonto, nokho, lopha futhi lavala amagciwane indlela yasePalestrian, layishintsha isuka ekubeni yimodeli ephilayo yaba isiko eliqandisiwe lokucula. umculo we-cappella. Abalandeli abaseduze bakaP. kwakungu-J. UM. noJ. B. Nanino, F. noJ.

Phakathi kwe-Op. P. - izixuku ezingaphezu kwe-100, cishe. 180 motets, litanies, amahubo, amahubo, offertorias, magnificats, madrigals zomoya kanye nezezwe. Sobr. op. P. ed. eLeipzig (“Pierluigi da Palestrinas Werke”, Bd 1-33, Lpz., 1862-1903) naseRoma (“Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Le Opere Complete”, v. 1-29, Roma, 1939-62, ed. iyaqhubeka).

References: Ivanov-Boretsky MV, Palestrina, M., 1909; eyakhe, Musical-Historical Reader, vol. 1, M., 1933; Livanova T., Umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuze kube ngu-1789, M., 1940; Gruber RI, Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 2, ingxenye 1, M., 1953; I-Protopopov Vl., Umlando we-polyphony ezenzakalweni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu, (incwadi yesi-2), ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu lama-1965-2th, uM., 1972; I-Dubravskaya T., i-madrigal yase-Italy yekhulu le-1, ku: Imibuzo yefomu lomculo, no. 2, M., 1828; Baini G., Memorie storico-critiche delila vita e delle opera di Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, v. 1906-1918, Roma, 1925; Brenet M., Palestrina, P., 1925; Casimiri R., Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Nuovi documenti biografici, Roma, 1; Jeppesen K., Der Pa-lestrinastil und die Dissonanz, Lpz., 1926; Cametti A., Palestrina, Mil., 1927; eyakhe, Bibliografia palestriniana, “Bollettino bibliografico musicale”, t. 1958, 1960; Terry RR, G. da Palestrina, L., 3; Kat GMM, Palestrina, Haarlem, (1969); Ferraci E., Il Palestrina, Roma, 1970; Rasag-nella E., La formazione del linguaggio musicale, pt. 1971 - La parola ePalestrina. Inkinga, i-tecnici, estetici e storici, Firenze, 1; UsukuTh. C., Palestrina emlandweni. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwesithunzi kanye nomthelela kaPalestrina kusukela ekufeni kwakhe, NY, 1975 (Diss.); Bianchi L., Fellerer KG, GP da Palestrina, Turin, 11; Güke P., Ein “konservatives” Genie?, “Musik und Gesellschaft”, XNUMX, No XNUMX.

TH Solovieva