I-Plácido Domingo (Plácido Domingo) |
Placido Domingo
UJosé Placido Domingo Embil wazalwa ngoJanuwari 21, 1941 eMadrid emndenini wabahlabeleli. Umama wakhe (Pepita Embil) kanye nobaba (Plácido Domingo Ferer) babengabadlali abaziwayo ohlotsheni lwe-zarzuela, igama lesiSpanishi lamahlaya anokucula, ukudansa kanye nengxoxo ekhulunywayo.
Nakuba umfana wangena emhlabeni womculo kusukela ebuntwaneni, izinto azithandayo zazihlukahlukene. Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, wayesevele edlala phambi komphakathi njengomdlali wopiyano, kamuva waba nesithakazelo ekuculeni. Nokho, uPlacido wayelithanda kakhulu ibhola futhi edlala eqenjini lezemidlalo. Ngo-1950, abazali bathuthela eMexico. Lapha baqhubeka ngempumelelo nemisebenzi yabo yobuciko, behlela iqembu labo eMexico City.
“Lapho ngineminyaka eyishumi nane… abazali bami babebhekene nombuzo wokuthi bangilungiselele yini umsebenzi okhokhelwayo njengomculi,” kubhala uDomingo. “Ekugcineni, banquma ukungithumela eNational Conservatory, lapho abafundi bafundela khona umculo nemfundo evamile. Kwaba nzima kimi ekuqaleni. Ngangimthanda u-Barajas, ngamjwayela futhi ngajwayela uthisha wami omusha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kodwa ngikholelwa ku-la fona del destino, ekuhlinzekeni, konke okwenzeka empilweni yami ngokuvamile kwaba ngcono kakhulu. Ngempela, ukube uthisha wami wayephila, ngabe angizange ngiphelele endaweni yokugcina izingane futhi isiphetho sami sasingeke senzeke ngalolo shintsho olwenzeka ngokushesha kule ndlela entsha yokuphila. Ukube ngahlala noBarajas, cishe ngabe ngifisa ukuba umdlali wopiyano ekhonsathini. Futhi nakuba ukudlala upiyano kwakulula - ngifunde kahle ngokubuka, nginomculo wemvelo - ngiyangabaza ukuthi ngabe ngenza umdlali wopiyano omkhulu. Ekugcineni, ukube bezingekho izimo ezintsha, bengingeke ngiqale ukucula kusenesikhathi.
Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha, uPlacido waqala ukubonakala eqenjini labazali bakhe njengomculi. E-Theater of Zarzuela, wabamba amakhonsathi amaningana nanjengomqhubi.
UDomingo uyabhala: “UManuel Aguilar, indodana yenxusa elidumile laseMexico elalisebenza e-United States, wafunda nami endaweni yokufundela izingane. “Ubehlala ethi ngimoshe isikhathi ngamahlaya omculo. Ngo-1959 wangitholela inhlolokhono kuyiNational Opera. Ngabe sengikhetha ama-arias amabili ku-baritone repertoire: isethulo esivela ku-Pagliacci kanye ne-aria evela ku-André Chénier. Amalungu ekhomishana angizwa athi ayalithanda izwi lami, kodwa, ngokubona kwawo, ngangiyi-tenor, hhayi i-baritone; Ngabuzwa ukuthi ngingakwazi yini ukucula i-tenor aria. Ngangingayazi nhlobo le repertoire, kodwa ngezwa amanye ama-arias futhi ngasikisela ukuthi bacule okuthile okuvela emehlweni. Bangilethele amanothi ka-Loris's aria "Uthando alunqatshelwe" ku-"Fedora" ka-Giordano, futhi, naphezu kokuculwa kwamanga "la" okuphezulu, nganikezwa ukuthi ngenze isivumelwano. Amalungu ekhomishana ayeqiniseka ukuthi ngempela ngangiyi-tenor.
Ngamangala futhi ngijabule, ikakhulukazi njengoba inkontileka yayinikeza imali ehloniphekile, futhi ngangineminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuphela ubudala. Kwakunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkathi zonyaka ku-National Opera: kazwelonke, lapho abaculi bendawo bedlala khona, kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe, lapho izingxenye eziphambili zabaculi abadumile abavela emhlabeni wonke bamenywa ukuba bacule, futhi abaculi beshashalazi basetshenziswa kule midlalo ekusekeleni. izindima. Empeleni, ngamenywa ngokuyinhloko ukuba ngidlale izingxenye ezinjalo phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka zamazwe ngamazwe. Imisebenzi yami yayihlanganisa nezingxenye zokufunda nabanye abaculi. Ngike ngaba umphelezeli ngesikhathi ngisebenza kuma-opera amaningi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona i-Orpheus kaFaust noGlukovsky, ngesikhathi sokulungiselela engangikuhambisana nokuphindaphinda komdwebi wama-choreographer u-Anna Sokolova.
Indima yami yokuqala ye-opera kwaba iBorsa eRigoletto. Kulo mkhiqizo, uCornell McNeill udlale indima yesihloko, uFlaviano Labo wacula iDuke, kwathi u-Ernestina Garfias wacula uGilda. Kwakuwusuku olujabulisayo. Abazali bami, njengabanikazi bebhizinisi labo lemidlalo yaseshashalazini, banginike ingubo ewubukhazikhazi. ULabo wamangala ukuthi i-novice tenor yakwazi kanjani ukuthola isudi enhle kangaka. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngenza ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu - ukucula umfundisi emdlalweni wokuqala waseMexico we-Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmelites.
Ngesizini ka-1960/61, ngokokuqala ngqá, ngathola ithuba lokucula kanye nabahlabeleli abavelele uGiuseppe Di Stefano noManuel Ausensi. Phakathi kwezindima zami kwakukhona i-Remendado ku-Carmen, i-Spoletta ku-Tosca, i-Goldfinch ne-Abbe ku-Andre Chenier, u-Goro ku-Madama Butterfly, u-Gaston e-La Traviata kanye noMbusi e-Turandot. Umbusi akaculi neze, kodwa imvunulo yakhe iwubukhazikhazi. UMartha, engangisanda kujwayelana kangcono naye ngaleso sikhathi, ngisho namanje akaliphuthi ithuba lokungikhumbuza indlela engangiziqhenya ngayo ngembatho ewubukhazikhazi, nakuba indima ngokwayo yayiyingcosana. Lapho nginikezwa ukudlala i-Emperor, ngangingayazi nhlobo iTurandot. Angisoze ngakukhohlwa ukuvela kwami kokuqala egumbini lokuzilolongela, lapho ngaleso sikhathi ikhwaya ne-orchestra babefunda inombolo ethi “Oh nyanga, ulibele ngani?”. Mhlawumbe, uma ngibone umsebenzi wabo namuhla, ngingaqaphela ukuthi i-orchestra idlala flat, futhi ikhwaya ayiculi kahle kangako, kodwa ngalezo zikhathi umculo wangithatha ngokuphelele. Kwakungenye yezinto ezigqama kakhulu empilweni yami - angikaze ngiyizwe into enhle kangaka.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kwakhe, u-Domingo wayesevele ehlabelele e-Dallas Opera House, kwathi amasizini amathathu ecula yedwa we-opera e-Tel Aviv, lapho ekwazile ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo nokwandisa ingoma yakhe.
Engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s, ukuthandwa okubanzi kwafika kumculi. Ekwindla ka-1966, waba umculi yedwa ne-New York City Opera House futhi amasizini ambalwa enza esiteji sayo izindima eziholayo njengoRudolf noPinkerton (La Boheme noMadama Butterfly kaG. Puccini), Canio ePagliacci kaR. Leoncavallo, José in “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Hoffmann in “The Tales of Hoffmann” by J. Offenbach.
Ngo-1967, u-Domingo wahlaba abaningi umxhwele ngokuguquguquka kwakhe, edlala kahle e-Lohengrin esiteji sase-Hamburg. Futhi ekupheleni kuka-1968, ngenxa yengozi, wenza i-debut yakhe ku-Metropolitan Opera: isigamu sehora ngaphambi komdlalo, uFranco Corelli odumile wazizwa engathandeki, futhi uDomingo waba umlingani kaRenata Tebaldi e-Adrienne Lecouvreur. Izibuyekezo ezivela kubagxeki bezijabulisa ngazwi linye.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umculi waseSpain uhlonishwe ukucula ngesikhathi kuvulwa isizini eLa Scala, eHernani, futhi kusukela lapho uye wahlala engumhlobiso ongaguquki wale midlalo yaseshashalazini.
Ekugcineni, ngo-1970, uDomingo ekugcineni wabanqoba abantu bakubo, waqala ukudlala eLa Gioconda nguPonchielli nase-opera yezwe Imbongi kaF. Torroba, wabe esecula emakhonsathini. Ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ofanayo, uDomingo wadlala okokuqala ku-Verdi's Masquerade Ball, ehlangene nomculi odumile waseSpain uMontserrat Caballe. Kamuva bakha enye yezingoma ezaziwa kakhulu.
Kusukela lapho, umsebenzi osheshayo ka-Placido Domingo awusakwazi ukulandelelwa emuva epeni lombhali wezenzakalo, kunzima ngisho nokubala ukunqoba kwakhe. Inani lezingxenye ze-opera ezifakwe ku-repertoire yakhe ehlala njalo ladlula ishumi nambili, kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlabelela ngokuzithandela ku-zarzuelas, uhlobo oluyintandokazi yomculo wesintu waseSpain. Uhlanganyele nabo bonke abaqhubi abakhulu besikhathi sethu kanye nabaqondisi abaningi bamafilimu abathwebula ama-opera ngokubamba kwakhe iqhaza - uFranco Zeffirelli, uFrancesco Rosi, uJoseph Schlesinger. Ake sengeze ngokuthi kusukela ngo-1972 uDomingo ubesebenza ngendlela ehlelekile njengomqhubi.
Kuwo wonke ama-70s nama-80s, u-Domingo wayecula njalo emidlalweni yetiyetha ehamba phambili emhlabeni: i-Covent Garden yaseLondon, iLa Scala yaseMilan, i-Paris' Grand Opera, i-Hamburg ne-Vienna Opera. Lo mculi usesungule ubudlelwano obuqinile nomkhosi weVerona Arena. Isazi somculo esidumile esiyiNgisi nesazi-mlando seqembu le-opera uG. Rosenthal sabhala: “I-Domingo yayiyisambulo sangempela semidlalo yemikhosi. Ngemuva kuka-Björling, angikakayizwa i-tenor, lapho ukusebenza kwayo bekuyoba khona amazwi amaningi athakathayo, isiko langempela kanye nokunambitha okuthambile.
Ngo-1974, Domingo - eMoscow. Ukudlala okusuka enhliziyweni kwalo mculi kwengxenye kaCavaradossi kwahlala enkumbulweni yabathandi bomculo abaningi isikhathi eside.
UDomingo uyabhala: “Umdlalo wami wokuqala waseRussia waqala ngo-June 8, 1974. - Ukwamukelwa okwanikezwa yiMoscow eqenjini laseLa Scala akunangqondo ngempela. Ngemuva komdlalo, sashayelwa ihlombe, sazwakalisa ukuvunyelwa ngazo zonke izindlela ezikhona imizuzu engamashumi amane nanhlanu. Ukudlala okuphindaphindiwe kwe-“Tosca” ngoJuni 10 no-15 kwabanjwa ngempumelelo efanayo. Abazali bami babekanye nami eSoviet Union, futhi sahamba ngesitimela sasebusuku, esingase sibizwe ngokuthi “isitimela sasebusuku esimhlophe”, njengoba akuzange kube mnyama ngempela, siya eLeningrad. Leli dolobha libe ngelinye lamahle kakhulu engake ngawabona empilweni yami.”
I-Domingo ihlukaniswa ngokusebenza okumangalisayo nokuzinikela. Ukuqoshwa kwamarekhodi, ukusebenza emsakazweni nakumabonakude, ukudlala njengomqhubi nombhali kufakazela ububanzi nethalente eliguquguqukayo lemvelo yobuciko yomculi.
I-Placido Domingo inqoba izilaleli ngokuzenzakalelayo nangobuqotho, kubhala u-I. Ryabova. - Ukusebenza kwakhe kunomculo kakhulu, akukho ukuthinteka kwemizwa, ukudlalela izethameli. Indlela yobuciko kaDomingo ihlukaniswa nesiko lezwi eliphakeme, ukunotha kwama-timbre nuances, ukuphelela kwemisho, ukukhanga okungavamile kwesiteji.
Umculi oguquguqukayo futhi ocashile, ucula izingoma ze-tenor ezinezingoma ezimangalisayo ngempumelelo elinganayo, i-repertoire yakhe inkulu - cishe izindima eziyikhulu. Izingxenye eziningi ziqoshwa nguye kumarekhodi. I-discography yomculi ihlanganisa nezingoma ezidumile - isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi, iMelika. Impumelelo engangabazeki kwaba ukwenza kuka-Domingo izindima eziholayo ekuguqulelweni kwe-opera okubaluleke kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva - i-La Traviata ne-Otello ka-F. Zeffirelli, uCarmen ka-F. Rosi.
U-Alexey Parin uyabhala: “Abantu baseMelika bayakuthanda ukuqopha amarekhodi. Ngokuwa kuka-1987, uDomingo wayesevule isizini yeMetropolitan Opera izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili. Wadlulwa uCaruso kuphela. U-Domingo uthole ukuphakanyiswa okude kunawo wonke emhlabeni we-opera, ungumnikazi wenani elikhulu leminsalo ngemva kokudlala. “Akazange avele acule emgodini omkhulu we-Etna, wahlanganyela emsakazweni bukhoma emkhathini, futhi akazange acule ekhonsathini yokusiza abantulayo phambi kwamaphengwini ase-Antarctica,” kubhala umngane oseduze kaDomingo, umqhubi nomgxeki uHarvey. Sachs. Amandla omuntu kanye namathuba obuciko e-Domingo mahle kakhulu - okwamanje, vele, ayikho neyodwa i-tenor ene-tenor ebanzi ne-tessitura ehlukahlukene njenge-Domingo. Ukuthi ikusasa lizomfaka yini emgqeni ofanayo noCaruso noCallas, isikhathi siyonquma. Kodwa-ke, kunento eyodwa esesivele iqinisekile: kumuntu kaDomingo, sisebenzelana nommeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wesiko lokudlala lase-Italy lengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, futhi ubufakazi bakhe bomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko onezigigaba buyathakazelisa kakhulu. ”
UDomingo useqophelweni eliphezulu lamandla akhe okudala. Abaculi nabathandi bomculo bambona njengoqhubekisela phambili amasiko amangalisayo abaculi abavelele besikhathi esidlule, iciko elicebisa ngobuciko ifa labanduleli bakhe, ummeleli ogqamile wesiko lezwi lesikhathi sethu.
Nali ingcaphuno evela ekubuyekezweni okunesihloko esithi "Othello futhi e-La Scala" (Umagazini we-Musical Life, Ephreli 2002): umfutho namandla, okwakuyisici somculi eminyakeni yakhe ehamba phambili. Nokho, kwenzeka isimangaliso: UDomingo, nakuba ayenenkinga enkulumweni ephezulu, wanikeza incazelo evuthiwe, ebabayo kakhudlwana, isithelo sokucabanga okude komdwebi omkhulu, u-Othello odumile wengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX. kusanda kuphela.
“I-opera iwubuciko obungafi, ibilokhu ikhona,” kusho uDomingo. - Futhi uzophila inqobo nje uma abantu bekhathazekile ngemizwa eqotho, ezothando ...
Umculo uyakwazi ukusiphakamisa cishe sifinyelele ekupheleleni, uyakwazi ukusiphilisa. Enye yezinto ezingijabulisa kakhulu ekuphileni kwami iwukuthola izincwadi ezivela kubantu ubuciko bami obuye basiza ekubuyiseleni impilo. Usuku nosuku oludlulayo, ngiya ngokuya ngiqiniseka ukuthi umculo uyasiza, usiza ekuxhumaneni nabantu. Umculo usifundisa ukuzwana, uletha ukuthula. Ngikholwa ukuthi lolu wubizo lwakhe olukhulu.
