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Late Lat., iyunithi inombolo neuma, kusukela kusiGreki. I-Pneuma - umoya

I-1) Izimpawu zokubhala komculo ezazisetshenziswa eYurophu ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi. ekuculeni kwamaKatolika (bheka ingoma kaGregory). N. zabekwa ngaphezu kombhalo womlomo futhi zakhumbuza umculi kuphela isiqondiso sokuhamba komculo emaculweni awaziwa nguye. Izimpawu zenothi ezingabophi zazibolekwe kakhulu kwezinye isiGreki. ukuqokwa kwezimpawu zokugcizelela inkulumo - ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa iphimbo lenkulumo, okunquma ukugqama kwayo. E-N., bathola ukubonakaliswa kanye nezimpawu ze-cheironomy - ukulawulwa kwekwaya ngosizo lokunyakaza okunemibandela kwezandla neminwe. N. izinhlelo zazikhona kwabaningi. amasiko asendulo (iGibhithe, iNdiya, iPalestine, iPheresiya, iSiriya, njll.). Uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokubhala ngokulahlekelwa ingqondo olwakhiwe eByzantium; Catholic N. baneByzantium. umsuka. Amasistimu wokuphawula afanayo ngokomgomo nokubhala okungahlali unomphela ayekhona e-Bulgaria, e-Serbia, e-Armenia (bona i-Khazy), e-Russia (i-kondakar notation, ihuku noma ukubhala isibhengezo - bheka ukucula kuka-Kondakar, Kryuki). EZap. IYurophu yahlukahluka ngezindlela eziningi. izinhlobo zendawo ezihlotshaniswa namaKatolika. i-liturgy yokubhala okungaqondakali; I-Benevetian (isikhungo soswebezane kwakuyidolobha laseBenevento eNingizimu ne-Italy), i-Middle Italian, i-North French, i-Aquitaine, i-Anglo-Norman, i-German noma i-St. , njll. Zazihluke kakhulu emibhalweni yezinhlamvu ezingaphoqelekile, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwesinye noma esinye sazo. Uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwe-N. lwasebenza ekuqopheni izingxenye ezicula umculo zamaKatolika. izinkonzo zesonto. Lapha kwakukhona u-N., okusho ukuthi otd. imisindo noma amaqembu emisindo ewela kuhlamvu olulodwa lombhalo (lat. virga kanye ne-punctum), izwi liya phezulu (lat. pes noma i-podatus) naphansi (lat. flexa noma i-clinis), njll. Okuphuma kokunye kuka-N. nakho kwasetshenziswa, okumelela izinhlanganisela eziyisisekelo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-N. zinikezwe ukuqoka izindlela zokusebenza nezomculo. ubucwebe.

Isikhumbuzo esidala kunazo zonke seBandla lamaKhatholika esehlele kithi. ukubhalwa kokuwohloka komqondo kubhekisela ekhulwini lesi-9. (Igcinwe eMunich “Ikhodi 9543”, ebhalwe phansi phakathi kuka-817 no-834).

Ukuvela kwencwadi ehlanekezelwe kwahlangabezana nezidingo zamamyuziyamu. imikhuba. Ukusetshenziswa kwemibhalo efanayo nge-diff. umculo wawudinga ukuthi umculi asheshe akhumbule ukuthi iyiphi iculo okufanele alicule, futhi ukuqoshwa komqondo okuphambene kwamsiza kulokhu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhala ngama-alfabhethi, ukubhala okungekhona okwenziwa ngesandla kube nenzuzo ebalulekile - okuculayo. umugqa uboniswe kuwo ngokucacile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, nayo yayinezihibe ezinkulu - njengoba iphimbo eliqondile lemisindo yayingalungisiwe, kwaba nobunzima ekuchazeni okurekhodiwe kwezingoma, futhi abaculi baphoqeleka ukuba babambe ngekhanda zonke izingoma. Ngakho-ke, kakade ekhulwini lesi-9. iminyuziyamu eminingi. izishoshovu zizwakalise ukungeneliseki ngalolu hlelo. Imizamo yenziwe yokuthuthukisa ukubhala okungabhalwanga ngesandla. Kusukela ngo-9 C. eNtshonalanga, izinhlamvu zaqala ukwengezwa ku-N., ezicacisa ukuphakama kwemisindo noma izikhawu phakathi kwazo. Olunye uhlelo olunjalo lwethulwa yindela uHermann Khromy (Hermannus Contractus - ikhulu le-11). Ihlinzekele ukuqokwa okuqondile kwesikhawu ngasinye somculo. Izinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama zenezelwa ku-N., okubonisa umnyakazo wesikhathi esithile: e – equisonus (unison), s – semitonium (semitone), t – ithoni (ithoni), ts – ithoni cum semitonio (encane yesithathu), tt -ditonus (isithathu esikhulu), d – diatessaron (iquart), D – diapente (yesihlanu), D s – diapente cum semitonio (encane yesithupha), D t – diapente cum tono (enkulu yesithupha).

Ngokwethulwa kwemigqa phezu kombhalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nayo, izidalwa ezintsha zenzekile. ukuhlela kabusha lolu hlelo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umugqa womculo wawusetshenziswa ku-con. 10 c. esigodlweni sezindela saseKorbi (irekhodi lokulandelana kwezenzakalo 986). Ekuqaleni, inani layo lephimbo lalingapheli; kamuva, iphimbo f ye-octave encane yabelwa kuyo. Kulandela umugqa wokuqala, kwethulwe owesibili, u-c1. Umugqa f udwetshwe ngokubomvu, umugqa c1 ube ophuzi. Kuthuthukiswe le minyuziyamu yamanothi. isazi semfundiso-nkolo, indela uGuido d'Arezzo (isiNtaliyane: Guido d'Arezzo); wasebenzisa imigqa emine ngokwesilinganiso se-terts; ukuphakama kwawo ngamunye kwakunqunywa ngokufaka umbala noma uphawu oluyisihluthulelo ngendlela yokuqokwa kwezinhlamvu. Umugqa wesine wabekwa nguGuido d'Arezzo, kuye ngesidingo, ngenhla noma ngezansi:

H. waqala ukubekwa emigqeni naphakathi kwabo; bese. ukungaqiniseki kwencazelo yephimbo yezimpawu ezingaphinyisiwe kwanqotshwa. Ngemva kokwethulwa kombhalo womculo, imigqa ngokwayo nayo yashintsha-ikakhulukazi ngesisekelo sesistimu yamanothi kaFranco-Norman, okuthiwa amanothi omculo avela futhi aqala ukukhula ngokushesha. umbhalo wesikwele (nota quadrata). Igama lekhwaya labelwa kulolu hlelo; wawuhluke ekubhalweni komugqa ophelelwe ingqondo kuphela ngesitayela sezimpawu zomculo. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-choral notation - isiRoman nesiJalimane. Umbuzo wesigqi esontweni likaGregory awukacaci ngokugcwele. ukucula kwenkathi yokubhala okungeyona ingqondo. Kunemibono emibili: ngokokuqala, isigqi sezingoma sasinqunywa ukuphimisela kwenkulumo futhi sasifana kakhulu; ngokwesibili - isigqi. umehluko wawusekhona futhi wawuboniswa abanye H. kanye nomphelelisi. izincwadi.

2) Imikhosi yeminyaka - melismatic. imihlobiso ngengoma kaGregory, eyenziwa kuhlamvu olulodwa noma unkamisa, ikakhulukazi. ekugcineni kwe-antiphon, i-haleluya, njll. Njengoba lezi zomusa zezwi ngokuvamile zazenziwa ngomoya owodwa, zazibizwa nangokuthi i-pneuma (kusuka kuLatin pneuma - breath).

3) NgoLwesithathu. amakhulu eminyaka, futhi umsindo ohlukile, oculwa yi-pli eyodwa. kuzwakala uhlamvu lweshuni, kwesinye isikhathi iculo eliphelele.

References: Грубер R. И., История музыкальной культуры, т. 1, uku. 2, M. - Л., 1941; Fleischer О, Neumenstudien, Vol. 1-2, Lpz., 1895-97, Umq. 3, В, 1904, Wagner PJ, Isingeniso seGregorian Melodies, Umq. 2 - Neumenkunde, Lpz., 1905, 1912, Hildesheim - Wiesbaden, 1962; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationkunde, Vol. 1, Lpz., 1913; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; U-Agustioni L, Notation neumatique et interprйtation, «Revue Grйgorienne», 1951, n 30; Huglo M., Les noms des neumes et leur origine, «Etudes Gregoriennes», 1954, No 1; Jammers E., Izinto ezidingekayo kanye nezimfuneko zobuhlakani zokuvela kokubhala kwe-neume, “Ijenali Yekota YaseJalimane Yezesayensi Yezincwadi Nomlando Wobuhlakani”, 1958, unyaka wama-32, H. 4, его же, Izifundo nge-Neumenschnften, imibhalo yesandla ye-neume nomculo we-neumatic, в сб Umtapo Wezincwadi Nesayensi, uMqulu 2, 1965; Cardine E., Neumes et rythme, «Etudes grígoriennes», 1959, No 3; I-Kunz L., izakhi ze-Antiquity kuma-neumes okuqala enkathi ephakathi, «Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch», 1962 (unyaka wama-46); Floros С., Universale Neumenkunde, vols. 1-3, Kassel, 1970; U-Apel W., I-Notation of Polyphonic Music 900-1600, Lpz., 1970.

VA Vakhromeev