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I-Stretta, i-stretto

ital. i-stretta, i-stretto, esuka ku-stringere - ukucindezela, ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa; I-German eng, gedrängt – kafushane, eduze, Engfuhrung – ukubamba kafushane

1) Ukubamba okulingisayo (1) i-polyphonic. izingqikithi, ezibonakala ngokwethulwa kwezwi elingisayo noma amazwi ngaphambi kokuphela kwendikimba ephimbweni lokuqala; ngomqondo ojwayelekile, isingeniso esilingisayo setimu enebanga elifushane lesethulo kunasekulingiseni sokuqala. S. ingenziwa ngendlela yokulingisa okulula, lapho itimu iqukethe izinguquko ku-melodic. umdwebo noma wenziwa ngokungaphelele (bona u-a, b esibonelweni esingezansi), kanye nangefomu le-canonical. ukulingisa, i-canon (bheka u-c, d esibonelweni esifanayo). Isici sesici sokuvela kwe-S. ubufushane bebanga lokungena, okusobala endlebeni, okunquma ukuqina kokulingisa, ukusheshisa inqubo yokubeka i-polyphonic. amavoti.

JS Bach. I-Prelude ne-Fugue ku-f minor yesitho, i-BWV 534.

PI Tchaikovsky. I-Suite No 1 ye-orchestra. I-Fugue.

P. Hindemith. I-Ludus tonalis. Fuga secunda in G.

YI-Bax. I-Kahle-Tempered Clavier, Umqulu 2. Fugue D-dur.

I-S. iphambene ngokuphelele. izindlela zokujiya nokuhlanganisa umsindo, ukwamukela okunetimu okuyimpumelelo. ukugxilisa ingqondo; lokhu kunquma kusengaphambili ukunotha kwayo okukhethekile kwe-semantic - kuzoveza into esemqoka. ikhwalithi C. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-decomp. amafomu e-polyphonic (kanye nasezigabeni ezine-polyphonic zamafomu e-homophonic), ngokuyinhloko ku-fugue, ricercare. In the fugue S., okokuqala, omunye main. kwakha izici “zesakhiwo” kanye nendikimba, ukuphikiswa, ukuhlangana. Okwesibili, i-S. iyindlela esebenza ukuveza ingqikithi yetimu njengama-muses ahamba phambili. imicabango ohlelweni lokusatshalaliswa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukumaka izikhathi ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza, okungukuthi, ukuba ukushayela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukulungisa isici se-polyphonic. ifomu (njengobunye bokuthi “ukuba” kanye “nokuba”). Ngo fugue, S. uyazikhethela. Ku-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (ngemuva kwalokhu esifushanisiwe ngokuthi “HTK”), kwenzeka cishe engxenyeni yamafugues. U-S. akabikho kaningi lapho kunezidalwa. indima idlalwa noma nge-tonal (isibonelo, ku-e-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu ye-1 ye-"HTK" - kuphela ukufana kwe-S. ngezilinganiso 39-40), noma i-contrapuntal. ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwa ngaphezu kwe-S. (isibonelo, ku-c-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1, lapho kwakhiwa khona uhlelo lwenhlanganisela yokuphuma kokunye kwakheka kuma-interludes kanye nokuqhutshwa kwetimu ngokuphikisana okugciniwe). Ku-fugues, lapho umzuzu wokuthuthukiswa kwethoni ugcizelelwa khona, i-segue, uma ikhona, ivame ukutholakala ezingxenyeni zokuphindaphinda ezinzile futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nomvuthwandaba, igcizelela. Ngakho, ku-f-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 (izingxenye ezintathu ezinobudlelwane be-sonata bezikhiye), i-S. izwakala kuphela esiphethweni. izingxenye; engxenyeni ekhulayo ye-fugue ku-g-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 (ibha 17), i-S. ayibonakali kahle, kuyilapho i-reprise 3-igoli. S. (isilinganiso sama-28) sakha uvuthondaba lwangempela; ku-fugue enezingxenye ezintathu ku-C-dur op. 87 No 1 kaShostakovich nokuvumelana kwayo okungavamile. Ukuthuthukiswa kuka-S. kwethulwe kuphela ngokuphindiwe: eyoku-1 ephikisayo yesibili igciniwe, eyesi-2 ngokugudluka okuvundlile (bona indawo ephikisayo enyakazayo). Ukuthuthukiswa kwethoni akubandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwe-S., nokho, okweqisayo. imvelo ye-S. inquma indima yayo ebaluleke kakhulu kulawo ma-fugues lapho inhloso yomqambi ehilela ukuphikisana okuyinkimbinkimbi. ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto (isibonelo, kumafugues C-dur kanye ne-dis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”, i-c-moll, i-Cis-dur, i-D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2). Kuzo, i-S. ingatholakala kunoma yisiphi isigaba sefomu, ingafaki ukuchayeka (E-dur fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1, No 7 kusukela ku-Bach's Art of Fugue – S. ikhulisiwe futhi isakazwa). Ama-Fugues, ama-expositions to-rykh enziwa ngendlela ye-S., abizwa ngokuthi i-stretta. Izethulo ezihambisana ngambili ku-stretta fugue ezivela ku-Bach's 2nd motet (BWV 226) zisikhumbuza umkhuba wezingcweti ezinolaka abasebenzisa kakhulu isethulo esinjalo (isibonelo, u-Kyrie wase-Palestrina othi “Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La” mass).

JS Bach. I-Motet.

Ngokuvamile ku-fugue ama-S amaningana akhiwa, athuthuka kokuthile. uhlelo (fugues dis-moll and b-moll from the 1st volume of “HTK”; fugue c-moll Mozart, K.-V. 426; fugue kusukela esethulweni se-opera ethi “Ivan Susanin” kaGlinka). Okujwayelekile kuwukucebisa kancane kancane, inkimbinkimbi ye-stretta conducts. Isibonelo, ku-fugue ku-b-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”, eyoku-1 (ibha 27) kanye neyesi-2 (ibha 33) S. ibhalwe endikimbeni ngokunyakaza okuqondile, eyesi-3 (ibha 67) futhi I-4- I (ibha 73) - endaweni ephikisayo ehlehliswayo egcwele, yesi-5 (ibha 80) kanye neyesi-6 (ibha 89) - endaweni ephikisayo engaphelele ehlehliswayo, eyesi-7 yokugcina (ibha 96) - ekubuyiseleni emuva okungaphelele ngamazwi aphindeka kabili; I-S. yale fugue ithola ukufana ne-polyphonic ehlakazekile. umjikelezo oguquguqukayo (futhi kanjalo nencazelo “yendlela yohlelo lwesi-2”). Kumafugue aqukethe i-S. engaphezu kweyodwa, kungokwemvelo ukucabangela lezi S. njengezinhlanganisela zoqobo neziphuma kokunye (bona i-Complex counterpoint). Kweminye imikhiqizo. i-S. eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke empeleni iyinhlanganisela yasekuqaleni, futhi yonke i-S., njengokungathi, i-derivatives eyenziwe lula, "izinto ezikhishiwe" ezivela koqobo. Isibonelo, ku-fugue C-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-“HTK”, eyokuqala inamagoli angu-4. S. emigoqweni engu-16-19 (indawo yesigaba segolide), okuphuma kuyo - 2-, 3-igoli. S. (bheka imigoqo 7, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24) enezimvume eziqondile nezivundlile; kungacatshangwa ukuthi umqambi waqala ukuqamba le fugue ngokuqondile ngokuklama kwe-fugue eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isikhundla se-fugue, imisebenzi yayo ku-fugue ihlukene futhi ngokuyisisekelo yonke indawo; ngaphezu kwamacala ashiwo, umuntu angakhomba i-S., enquma ngokuphelele ifomu (i-fugue enezingxenye ezimbili ku-c-moll kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2, lapho obala, cishe-3-ikhanda. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-S enezingxenye ezine ze-viscous ezivelele, iqukethe ngokuphelele u-S.), kanye naku-S., enza indima yentuthuko (i-fugue evela ku-Tchaikovsky's 1st orchestral suite) kanye nesilandiso esisebenzayo (Kyrie ku-Mozart's Requiem, imigoqo 2- 14). Amazwi ku-S. angangena kunoma yisiphi isikhawu (bheka isibonelo esingezansi), noma kunjalo, izilinganiso ezilula - ukungena ku-octave, okwesihlanu nokwesine - kuvame kakhulu, ngoba kulezi zimo ithoni yetimu igcinwa.

IF Stravinsky. Ikhonsathi yamapiyano amabili, ukunyakaza kwesine.

Umsebenzi ka-S. uncike ezimweni eziningi - ngejubane, eliguqukayo. Izinga, inani lezethulo, kodwa kuze kube sezingeni elikhulu kakhulu - kusuka ku-contrapuntal. ubunkimbinkimbi be-S. kanye nebanga lokungena kwamazwi (uma incane, iphumelela kakhulu i-S., zonke ezinye izinto ziyalingana). Ikhanoni enamakhanda amabili endikimbeni enyakazayo - uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-C. Kumagoli angu-3. S. Izwi lesi-3 livame ukungena ngemva kokuphela kwendikimba ezwini lokuqala, futhi u-S. onjalo akhiwa njengochungechunge lwezingoma:

JS Bach. I-Kahle-Tempered Clavier, Umqulu 1. Fugue F-dur.

S. bambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa, lapho indikimba iqhutshwa ngokugcwele kuwo wonke amazwi ngendlela ye-canon (i-risposta yokugcina ingena kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-proposta); I-S. yalolu hlobo ibizwa ngokuthi i-main (stretto maestrale), okungukuthi, eyenziwe ngobuciko (isibonelo, kumafugues C-dur kanye ne-b-moll asuka kuvolumu yoku-1, D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-"HTK"). Abaqambi ngokuzithandela basebenzisa i-S. nge-decomp. izinguquko ze-polyphonic. Izihloko; ukuguqulwa kusetshenziswa kaningi (isibonelo, amafugues ku-d-moll asuka kuvolumu yoku-1, i-Cis-dur esuka kuvolumu yesi-2; ukuguqulwa ku-S. kuvamile kumafugues we-WA ​​Mozart, isibonelo, i-g-moll, i-K .-V. 401, c-moll, K.-V. 426) futhi andise, ngezinye izikhathi kuncipha (E-dur fugue kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-“HTK”), futhi ngokuvamile okuningana kuyahlanganiswa. izindlela zokuguqulwa (i-fugue c-moll isuka kuvolumu yesi-2, imigoqo 14-15 - ekuhambeni okuqondile, ekujikelezeni nasekukhuleni; i-dis-moll isuka kuvolumu yoku-1, emigoqweni engu-77-83 - uhlobo lwe-stretto maestrale: ekuhambeni okuqondile , ekwandeni nangokushintsha kwezilinganiso zesigqi). Umsindo we-S. ugcwaliswa ngama-counterpoints (isibonelo, i-C-dur fugue kusukela ku-volume 1 ngezilinganiso 7-8); ngezinye izikhathi ukungezwa okuphikisayo noma izingcezu zakhona zigcinwa ku-S. (ibha 28 ku-g-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1). I-S. inesisindo esikhethekile, lapho itimu nokuphikiswa okugciniwe noma amatimu e-fugue eyinkimbinkimbi alingisa kanyekanye (ibha 94 nangaphezulu ku-cis-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-CTC; ukuphindaphinda - inombolo 35 - i-fugue evela ku-quintet isiqephu 57 nguShostakovich). Ku-S. ekhonjiwe, uzokwengeza ngezihloko ezimbili. amavoti ayeqiwe (bheka ikhol. 325).

A. Berg. "Wozzek", isenzo sesi-3, isithombe sokuqala (i-fugue).

Njengokubonakaliswa okuthile kokuthambekela okuvamile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-polyphony entsha, kukhona enye inxanxathela yesu le-stretto (okuhlanganisa inhlanganisela ye-counterpoint engaphelele ehlehliswayo nenyakaziswa kabili). Izibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele ziyi-S. ku-fugue kathathu No. 3 kusukela ku-cantata "Ngemva kokufunda iHubo" nguTaneyev, ku-fugue kusukela ku-suite "I-Tomb of Couperin" ka-Ravel, ku-fugue kabili ku-A (imigoqo 58-68 ) kusukela kumjikelezo we-Ludus tonalis we-Hindemith, ku-double fugue e -moll op. 87 No 4 by Shostakovich (uhlelo lokuphindaphinda S. olune-canon kabili ngesilinganiso esingu-111), ku-fugue kusuka ekhonsathini ye-2 fp. Stravinsky. Ekukhiqizeni i-Shostakovich S., njengomthetho, igxile ekubuyiseleni, okuhlukanisa umbhali wabo wemidlalo. indima. Izinga eliphezulu lobuchwephesha lifinyelela ku-S. emikhiqizweni esekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-serial. Isibonelo, i-reprise S. fugue kusukela ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-3 ka-K. Karaev iqukethe ingqikithi ekunyakazeni kwe-rakish; ingoma engumvuthwandaba ku-Prologue evela kuMculo Womngcwabo ka-Lutosławski iwukulingisa amazwi ayishumi neshumi nanye akhulisayo futhi ahlehliselwe emuva; umqondo we-polyphonic stretta ulethwa esiphethweni sawo esinengqondo ezingomeni eziningi zesimanje, lapho amazwi angenayo "ecindezelwa" abe yinqwaba ebalulekile (ngokwesibonelo, i-canon enamazwi amane engapheli yesigaba sesi-2 ekuqaleni Ingxenye yesithathu yequartet yentambo ka-K. Khachaturian).

Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame ukwamukelwa kwe-S. akukho. S., lapho kusetshenziswa isiqalo kuphela sesihloko noma isihloko esinezindlela. izinguquko zomculo ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi aziphelele noma ziyingxenye. Njengoba isisekelo esiyisisekelo se-S. siwuhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. amafomu, okusetshenziswa kwesici se-S. se-osn kuyafaneleka. izincazelo zalawa mafomu. S. ngezihloko ezimbili kungabizwa ngokuthi kabili; esigabeni samafomu “akhethekile” (ngokusho kwamagama e-SI Taneev) yi-S., inqubo edlula uhla lwezimo ze-counterpoint yeselula, okungukuthi, i-S., lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukwanda, ukuncipha, ukunyakaza kwe-raked; ngokufanisa nama-canon, i-S. ihlukaniswa ngokunyakaza okuqondile, ekujikelezeni, kuhlangene, izigaba zoku-1 nezesi-2, njll.

Emafomu e-homophonic, kunezakhiwo ze-polyphonic, ezingezona i-S. ngomqondo ophelele (ngenxa yengqikithi ye-chordal, imvelaphi kusukela esikhathini se-homophonic, isikhundla efomini, njll.), kodwa ngomsindo zifana nayo; izibonelo zezethulo ezinjalo ze-stretta noma izakhiwo ezifana ne-stretta zingasebenza njengokuyinhloko. itimu yokunyakaza kwe-2 ye-symphony yoku-1, ukuqala kwe-trio ye-symphony yesi-3 ye-symphony yesi-5 ka-Beethoven, ucezu lwe-minuet oluvela ku-symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") ka-Mozart (ibha 44 kuya phambili), i-fugato in ukuthuthukiswa kwe-1st movement (bheka inombolo ye-19) ye-symphony ye-5 ye-Shostakovich. Ku-homophonic kanye ne-homophonic-polyphonic exubile. yakha isifaniso esithile sika-S. ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphambene kuyaphetha. ukwakhiwa (i-canon ekuphindaphindweni kwe-cavatina ka-Gorislava kusukela ku-opera ethi Ruslan noLyudmila kaGlinka) kanye nezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindikimba ezake zazwakala ngokwehlukana ngaphambilini (ukuqala kokuphindwaphindwa kwenguqulo ye-opera ethi The Mastersingers of Nuremberg kaWagner, iphetha ingxenye i-coda endaweni yezingxoxo ezivela endaweni yesi-4 ye-opera- i-epic "Sadko" ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, i-coda yesiphetho se-symphony ka-Taneyev ku-c-moll).

2) Ukusheshisa okusheshayo kokunyakaza, ukwanda kwejubane Ch. ar. ekuphetheni. ingxenye yomculo omkhulu. umkhiqizo. (embhalweni womculo kubonisiwe ukuthi i-piъ stretto; ngezinye izikhathi kuboniswa kuphela ushintsho ku-tempo: piъ mosso, prestissimo, njll.). S. - elula futhi kwezobuciko. relation iyithuluzi elisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu elisetshenziselwa ukudala ashukumisayo. umvuthwandaba wemikhiqizo, evame ukuhambisana nokusebenza kwesigqi. qala. Ezokuqala zazo zonke, zanda futhi zaba uhlobo lohlobo oluyimpoqo ngesiNtaliyane. i-opera (akuvamile kakhulu ku-cantata, i-oratorio) yesikhathi sika-G. Paisiello no-D. Cimarosa njengengxenye yokugcina yeqoqo (noma ngokubamba iqhaza kwekhwaya) isiphetho (isibonelo, iqoqo lokugcina ngemva kwe-aria ka-Paolino ku-Cimarosa's Umshado Oyimfihlo). Izibonelo ezivelele ngezika-WA Mozart (ngokwesibonelo, i-prestissimo ekugcineni kwesenzo sesi-2 se-opera Le nozze di Figaro njengesiqephu esingumvuthwandaba ekuthuthukisweni kwesimo samahlaya; esiphethweni sesenzo sokuqala se-opera ethi Don Giovanni, I-piъ stretto ithuthukiswa ngokulingisa i-stretta). I-S. ekugcineni nayo ijwayelekile kumkhiqizo. ital. abaqambi bekhulu le-1 - G. Rossini, B. Bellini, G. Verdi (ngokwesibonelo, i-piъ mosso ekugcineni kwesenzo se-19 se-opera ethi "Aida"; esigabeni esikhethekile, umqambi uqoka u-C. ukwethulwa kwe-opera "La Traviata"). I-S. yayivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-arias amahlaya kanye nama-duets (isibonelo, i-accelerando ku-aria edumile ka-Basilio mayelana nokunyundelwa okuvela ku-opera ethi The Barber of Seville kaRossini), kanye nokushiseka okunamandla (ngokwesibonelo, i-vivacissimo ku-duet ye-Gilda kanye ne- U-Duke ku-opera yesigcawu sesi-2 ethi “Rigoletto” ka-Verdi) noma idrama. umlingisi (ngokwesibonelo, ku-duet ka-Amneris no-Radames kusukela esenzweni sesi-2 se-opera Aida ka-Verdi). I-aria encane noma i-duet yomlingisi wengoma ene-melodic-rhythmic ephindaphindayo. ukujika, lapho i-S. isetshenziswa khona, ibizwa nge-cabaletta. S. njengendlela ekhethekile yokukhuluma ayisetshenziswanga isiNtaliyane kuphela. abaqambi, kodwa futhi amakhosi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ikakhulukazi, i-S. ku-Op. MI Glinka (bheka, isibonelo, prestissimo futhi piъ stretto in Isingeniso, piъ mosso e rondo Farlaf kusukela opera Ruslan futhi Lyudmila).

Kancane kancane S. shayela ukusheshisa esiphethweni. instr. umkhiqizo obhalwe ngesivinini esisheshayo. Izibonelo ezicacile zitholakala ku-Op. L. Beethoven (isibonelo, presto complicated by the canon in the coda of the final of the symphony 5th, "multi-stage" S. ku-coda yesiphetho se-symphony yesi-9), fp. umculo ka-R. Schumann (isb., ukuphawula kuka-schneller, noch schneller ngaphambi kwe-coda kanye ne-coda yengxenye yokuqala ye-piano sonata g-moll op. 1 noma i-prestissimo kanye ne-immer schneller und schneller esiphethweni se-sonata efanayo; ingxenye yokuqala neyokugcina yeCarnival, ukwethulwa kwezindikimba ezintsha kuhambisana nokusheshisa ukunyakaza kuze kufike ku-piъ stretto yokugcina), Op. P. Liszt (inkondlo ye-symphonic "Hungary"), njll. Umbono owandile wokuthi enkathini emva kokuba u-G. Verdi S. enyamalala kumkhuba womqambi awulona iqiniso ngokuphelele; emculweni con. Ikhulu le-22 kanye nasekukhiqizweni kwekhulu lama-1 Amakhasi asetshenziswa ngokuhlukahluka kakhulu; Kodwa-ke, inqubo ishintshiwe kakhulu kangangokuthi abaqambi, basebenzisa kakhulu isimiso sika-S., bacishe bayeka ukusebenzisa leli gama ngokwalo. Phakathi kwezibonelo eziningi kungabhekisela ekugcineni kwengxenye yokuqala neyesibili ye-opera "Oresteia" kaTaneyev, lapho umqambi eqondiswa ngokucacile yi-classical. isiko. Isibonelo esicacile sokusetshenziswa kwe-S. emculweni sijulile ngokwengqondo. ipulani - indawo ka-Inol noGolo (ukuphela kwesenzo sesi-19) ku-opera ethi Pelléas et Mélisande kaDebussy; igama elithi "S". kwenzeka kumphumela we-Berg's Wozzeck (20nd act, interlude, number 1). Emculweni wekhulu lama-2 S., ngokwesiko, ngokuvamile usebenza njengendlela yokudlulisa amahlaya. izimo (isb. No 3 “In taberna guando sumus” (“Lapho sihleli endaweni yokucima ukoma”) evela ku-Orff ethi “Carmina burana”, lapho ukusheshisa, kuhlanganiswe ne-crescendo engapheli, kukhiqiza umphumela ocishe ube namandla kakhulu ngokuzenzakalelayo). Ngokubhuqa okujabulisayo, usebenzisa okwakudala. ukwamukelwa ngu-SS Prokofiev ku-monologue ka-Chelia kusukela ekuqaleni kwesenzo se-2 se-opera ethi "Uthando lwamawolintshi amathathu" (egameni elilodwa elithi "Farfarello"), ku-"Champagne Scene" kaDon Jerome noMendoza (ukuphela kwesenzo sesi-160). i-opera ethi “Betrothal in a Monastery”). Njengokubonakaliswa okuthile kwesitayela se-neoclassical kufanele kubhekwe njenge-quasi stretto (isilinganiso esingu-20) ku-ballet "Agon", i-cabaletta ka-Anne ekupheleni kwesenzo sokuqala se-opera "Inqubekelaphambili Ye-Rake" kaStravinsky.

I-3) Ukulingisa ekunciphiseni (isiNtaliyane: Imitazione alla stretta); leli gama alivamile ukusetshenziswa kulo mqondo.

References: Zolotarev VA Fugue. Isiqondiso sesifundo esingokoqobo, M., 1932, 1965; I-Skrebkov SS, ukuhlaziywa kwe-Polyphonic, M.-L., 1940; eyakhe, Incwadi ye-polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; I-Mazel LA, Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, M., 1960; I-Dmitriev AN, i-Polyphony njengesici sokubunjwa, L., 1962; I-Protopopov VV, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umculo waseRussia wakudala nowamaSoviet, M., 1962; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Imibhalo yakudala yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-18-19, uM., 1965; I-Dolzhansky AN, izandulela nama-fugues angu-24 ka-D. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Yuzhak K., Ezinye izici zesakhiwo se-fugue ngu-JS Bach, M., 1965; I-Chugaev AG, Izici zesakhiwo se-Bach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Fuge, Lpz., 1859, 1921 (inguqulo yesiRashiya - Richter E., Fugue Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1873); Buss1er L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien Tonsatz…, V., 1878, 1912 (Ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya – Bussler L., Isitayela esiqinile. Incwadi ye-counterpoint and fugue, M., 1885); UProut E., Fugue, L., 1891 (ukuhumusha kwesiRashiya - Prout E., Fugue, M., 1922); bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. I-Polyphony.

VP Frayonov