Isitayela somculo |

Isitayela somculo yitemu emlandweni wezobuciko elibonisa uhlelo lwezindlela zokukhuluma, ezisebenza ngokuhlanganisa okukodwa noma okunye okuqukethwe okungokwengqondo nokungokomfanekiso. Emculweni, lokhu kuwubuhle bomculo. kanye nomlando womculo. isigaba. Umqondo wesitayela emculweni, okhombisa i-dialectic. ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqukethwe kanye nefomu yinkimbinkimbi futhi inamanani amaningi. Ngokuncika okungenamibandela kokuqukethwe, kuseyingxenye yenkundla yefomu, lapho sisho yonke isethi yezinkulumo zomculo. kusho, okuhlanganisa izici zomculo. ulimi, izimiso zokubunjwa, izingoma. amaqhinga. Umqondo wesitayela usho ukufana kwezici zesitayela emculweni. umkhiqizo, ogxile kumlando wezenhlalo-mlando. izimo, ekubukeni komhlaba kanye nesimo sengqondo samaciko, emsebenzini wabo wokudala. indlela, emaphethini jikelele omlando womculo. inqubo.

Umqondo wesitayela emculweni wavela ekupheleni kweRenaissance (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16), okungukuthi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kokujwayelekile kweminyuziyamu yangempela. ukuqanjwa kukhonjiswe ku-aesthetics kanye nethiyori. Sekunenguquko ende, ekhombise kokubili ukungaqondakali kanye nokuqonda okungacacile kwaleli gama. Ku-musicology yezikhova, yindaba yengxoxo, echazwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezincazelo ezitshalwe kuyo. Kubhekwa kokubili izici zomuntu ngamunye zombhalo womqambi (ngalo mqondo, isondela emcabangweni wokubhala ngesandla sokusungula, imikhuba), kanye nezici zemisebenzi efakwe ku-k.-l. iqembu lohlobo (isitayela sohlobo), nasezicini ezijwayelekile zokubhalwa kweqembu labaqambi elihlanganiswe yinkundla evamile (isitayela sesikole), kanye nezici zomsebenzi wabaqambi bezwe elilodwa (isitayela sezwe) noma umlando. isikhathi ekuthuthukisweni komculo. art-va (isitayela sokuqondisa, isitayela senkathi). Zonke lezi zici zomqondo "wesitayela" zingokwemvelo, kodwa kuzo zonke kukhona ukulinganiselwa okuthile. Zivela ngenxa yomehluko wezinga nezinga lokujwayelekile, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezici zesitayela kanye nemvelo ngayinye yokuqaliswa kwazo emsebenzini womnyango. abaqambi; ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi kulungile kakhulu ukukhuluma hhayi ngesitayela esithile, kodwa ukuqaphela isitayela. ukuthambekela (okuholayo, okuhambisanayo) emculweni we-c.-l. inkathi noma emsebenzini we-Ph.D. Umqambi, izixhumanisi zesitayela noma izici zesitayela esivamile, njll. Inkulumo ethi "umsebenzi ubhalwe ngale ndlela" ivame kakhulu kunesayensi. Lawa, isibonelo, amagama abaqambi ngezinye izikhathi abawanikeza imisebenzi yabo, okuyi-stylizations (umdlalo we-Fp. Myaskovsky "In the Old Style", okungukuthi emoyeni omdala). Ngokuvamile igama elithi “isitayela” lithatha indawo yeminye imiqondo, ngokwesibonelo. indlela noma isiqondiso (isitayela sothando), uhlobo (isitayela se-opera), umculo. i-warehouse (isitayela se-homophonic), uhlobo lokuqukethwe. Umqondo wokugcina (isibonelo, isitayela sobuqhawe) kufanele ubonwe njengongalungile, ngoba. ayicabangeli umlando noma i-nat. izici, kanye nezici ezishiwoyo ezivamile, isb. ukwakheka kwezwi lezwi le-thematism (iphimbo labalandeli kuzindikimba zamaqhawe) akwanele ngokusobala ukulungisa ukufana kwesitayela. Kwezinye izimo, kuyadingeka ukucabangela kokubili ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlangana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwemiqondo yesitayela nendlela, isitayela nohlobo, njll., kanye nomehluko wabo kanye nenkohliso yokuhlonza okuphelele, okubhubhisa ngempela isigaba sesitayela.

Umqondo wesitayela sohlobo uvela emculweni. ukuzijwayeza ekwakhiweni kwesitayela somuntu ngamunye. izici ezinhlotsheni ze-motet, i-mass, i-madrigal, njll. (mayelana nokusetshenziswa kuzo amasu ahlukene okuqamba kanye nobuchwepheshe, izindlela zolimi lomculo), okungukuthi ekuqaleni kokusetshenziswa kwaleli gama. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo mqondo kusemthethweni kakhulu maqondana nalezo zinhlobo zezinhlobo, okuthi, ngokwemibandela yemvelaphi yazo nokuba khona kwazo, azinawo umfanekiso ogqamile wobuntu bomdali noma lapho izici ezijwayelekile ezivezwe ngokucacile zinqoba ngokusobala ezibhalweni zombhali ngamunye. Igama liyasebenza, isibonelo, ezinhlotsheni zika-prof. umculo weNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance (isitayela seNkathi Ephakathi. I-Organum noma isiNtaliyane. Chromatic. Madrigal). Lo mqondo usetshenziswa kakhulu ku-folklore (isibonelo, isitayela sezingoma zomshado waseRussia); iyasebenza nakumculo wansuku zonke womlando othile. izikhathi (isitayela sezothando zansuku zonke zaseRussia zengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1, izitayela ezihlukahlukene ze-pop yesimanje, umculo we-jazz, njll.). Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhanya, ukuphatheka kahle, kanye nokujwayelekile okuzinzile kwezici zohlobo oluthuthuke ku-c.-l. isiqondiso somculo, sivumela ukuthi kube khona izincazelo ezikabili: isibonelo, izinkulumo zingabhekwa njengezisemthethweni ngokulinganayo: "isitayela sesiFulentshi esikhulu. ama-opera othando” kanye “nohlobo olukhulu lwesiFulentshi. imidlalo yothando”. Nokho, umehluko usekhona: umqondo wohlobo lwe-opera uhlanganisa izici zesakhiwo kanye nokuchazwa kwayo, kuyilapho umqondo wesitayela uhlanganisa isamba sezici ezizinzile zesitayela ezithuthuke ngokomlando ohlotsheni oluhambisanayo.

Ukufana kohlobo ngokungangabazeki kuthinta ukuqhubeka kokufana kwezici zesitayela; lokhu kubonakala, isibonelo, encazelweni yesitayela. izici zokukhiqiza., kuhlanganiswe yi-perform. ukwakheka. Kulula ukuveza ukufana kwesitayela semisebenzi. umkhiqizo. F. Chopin kanye no-R. Schumann (okungukuthi, ukufana kwesitayela sabo sokusebenza) kunokufana kwesitayela komsebenzi wabo uwonke. Enye esetshenziswa kakhulu. ukusetshenziswa komqondo "wesitayela" kubhekisela ekulungiseni izici zokusetshenziswa kwe-c.-l. umbhali (noma iqembu labo) wezinto ezidlalwayo (isibonelo, isitayela sepiyano sikaChopin, isitayela sezwi sikaMussorgsky, isitayela se-orchestra sikaWagner, isitayela sama-harpsichordists aseFrance, njll.). Emsebenzini womqambi oyedwa, umehluko wesitayela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zohlobo ngokuvamile ubonakala: isibonelo, isitayela se-FP. umkhiqizo. U-Schumann uhluke kakhulu kusitayela sama-symphonies akhe. Esibonelweni sokukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zembula ukusebenzisana kokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso nezici zesitayela: isibonelo, imininingwane yendawo yendabuko kanye nomculi. Ukwakhiwa komculo we-chamber kudala izimfuneko zokuqukethwe okujulile kwefilosofi nokuqukethwe kwesitayela okuhambisana nalokhu okuqukethwe. izici - iphimbo enemininingwane. isakhiwo, ukuthungwa kwe-polyphonic, njll.

Ukuqhubeka kwesitayela kubonakala ngokucacile ekukhiqizeni. zohlobo olufanayo: umuntu angaveza uchungechunge olulodwa lwezici ezivamile ku-FP. amakhonsathi ka-L. Beethoven, F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, E. Grieg, SV Rachmaninov no-SS Prokofiev; nokho, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-fp. amakhonsathi ababhali abaqanjwe amagama, akusona “isitayela sekhonsathi yepiyano” esembulwa, kodwa kuphela izimfuneko zokuthola ukuqhubeka komsebenzi. uhlobo olulodwa.

Ukuwohloka okunesimo ngokomlando nokuthuthukayo. izinhlobo nazo ziwukuvela kwemiqondo yezitayela eziqinile nezikhululekile, ezisukela ngekhulu le-17. (JB Doni, K. Bernhard nabanye). Ayefana nemiqondo yezitayela zasendulo (ze-antico) nesimanje (zesimanje) futhi asikisela ukuhlukaniswa okufanelekile kwezinhlobo (ama-motet nama-mass, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhonsathi nomculo we-instr.) kanye nezindlela zabo ze-polyphonic eziyisici. izincwadi. Isitayela esiqinile, nokho, sihlelwe kakhulu, kuyilapho incazelo yomqondo "wesitayela samahhala" ingu-Ch. ar. ngokuphambene nokuqina.

Ngesikhathi sezinguquko eziqine kakhulu zesitayela, inqubo yokuvuthwa emculweni omusha, we-classical. okujwayelekile okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana okujulile kwezimiso ze-polyphonic kanye ne-homophonic-harmonic ekhulayo. umculo, lezi zimiso ngokwazo zazingezona nje ezihlelekile, kodwa futhi zomlando kanye nobuhle. incazelo. Ngokuphathelene nesikhathi somsebenzi ka-JS Bach no-GF Handel (kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-18), umqondo we-polyphonic. futhi izitayela ze-homophonic zisho okuthile okungaphezu kwencazelo yama-muses. inqolobane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo maqondana nezimo zakamuva akulungile neze; umqondo wesitayela se-homophonic ngokuvamile ulahlekelwa yinoma yikuphi ukuphathekayo, futhi isitayela se-polyphonic sidinga ukucaciswa komlando. inkathi noma iphenduka ibe isici sezici zokuthungwa. Okufanayo, ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ethi “polyphonic. Isitayela sikaShostakovich”, sithatha incazelo ehlukile, okungukuthi sibonisa imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwe-polyphonic. amasu emculweni walo mbhali.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu, okufanele sicatshangelwe lapho kunqunywa isitayela, isici sikazwelonke. Idlala indima enkulu ekuqiniseni izici esezishiwo (isitayela sothando lwasekhaya lwaseRussia noma ingoma yomshado yaseRussia). Ngombono kanye ne-aesthetics nat. isici sesitayela sigcizelelwe kakade ngekhulu le-17-18. Kuzwelonke ukucaciswa kwesitayela kubonakaliswa ngokucacile kwezobuciko kusukela ngekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi emculweni walabo okuthiwa. izikole ezincane zikazwelonke, ukwakheka kwazo eYurophu kwenzeka phakathi nekhulu le-19. futhi iqhubeka ekhulwini lama-20, isakazekela nakwamanye amazwekazi.

Kuzwelonke umphakathi ugxile kakhulu kokuqukethwe kwezobuciko, ekuthuthukiseni amasiko angokomoya esizwe futhi uthola inkulumo engaqondile noma engaqondile ngesitayela. Isisekelo sezwe Ukufana kwezici zesitayela ukuthembela emithonjeni yezinganekwane nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwazo. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo zokuqaliswa komlando wezinganekwane, kanye nobuningi bezendlalelo zayo zesikhashana nezohlobo, zihlukahlukene kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima noma akunakwenzeka ukusungula lokhu kufana (ngisho noma kukhona ukuqhubeka), ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zomlando ezahlukene. izigaba: ukuze uqiniseke ngalokhu, kwanele ukuqhathanisa izitayela ze-MI Glinka no-GV Sviridov, uLiszt no-B. Bartok, noma - ngebanga lesikhathi esifushane kakhulu - i-AI Khachaturian nesimanje. ingalo. abaqambi, nase-Azerbaijan. umculo - izitayela zika-U. Gadzhibekov no-KA Karaev.

Kodwa nokho, emculweni womlando othile (kwesinye isikhathi owandisiwe). izigaba, umqondo “wesitayela nat. izikole” (kodwa hhayi nesisodwa isitayela sikazwelonke). Izimpawu zayo ziqiniswa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi kwakheka i-nat. ezakudala, ezakha isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kanye nesitayela. ukuqhubeka, okungase kubonakale isikhathi eside. isikhathi (ngokwesibonelo, amasiko wobuciko bukaGlinka emculweni waseRussia).

Kanye nezikole zikazwelonke, kunezinye izinhlangano zabaqambi ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu. izikole futhi ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izikole. Izinga lokuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “isitayela” ngokuphathelene nezikole ezinjalo lincike ezingeni lokujwayelekile elivela ezinhlanganweni ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, umqondo wesitayela se-polyphonic ungokwemvelo. Izikole zeRenaissance (isiFulentshi-Flemish noma isiDashi, isiRoman, iVenetian, njll.). Ngaleso sikhathi, yayisanda kuqala inqubo yokwenziwa komuntu ngamunye. umbhalo wesandla womqambi ohambisana nomnyango wezomculo njengozimele. izimangalo ezivela emculweni osetshenziswayo futhi zihambisana nokufakwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma, ukunwetshwa kobubanzi bomfanekiso kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwawo. Ukubusa okuphelele kwe-polyphonic. izincwadi eziya ku-prof. umculo ushiya uphawu kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwawo, futhi umqondo wesitayela uvame ukuhlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nezici zokusetshenziswa kwe-polyphonic. amaqhinga. Isici senkathi yokwakhiwa kwe-classic. izinhlobo namaphethini, ukubusa kokujwayelekile kunomuntu ngamunye kusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise umqondo wokuwohloka kwesitayela. izikole zomculo we-opera zekhulu le-17. (Florentine, Roman nezinye izikole) noma instr. umculo wekhulu le-17 nele-18. (ngokwesibonelo, izikole zaseBologna, Mannheim). Ngekhulu le-19, lapho ubuciko bomuntu ngamunye bomculi buzuza ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo, umqondo wesikole ulahlekelwa incazelo yawo "yenhlangano". Imvelo yesikhashana yamaqembu asafufusa (isikole se-Weimar) yenza kube nzima ukulungisa umphakathi wesitayela; kulula ukukusungula lapho kungenxa yethonya likathisha (isikole sikaFrank), nakuba abameleli bamaqembu anjalo kwezinye izimo babengebona abalandeli besiko, kodwa ama-epigones (abameleli abaningi besikole saseLeipzig ngokuphathelene ne umsebenzi kaF. Mendelssohn). Okusemthethweni kakhulu umqondo wesitayela "seRussia entsha. isikole somculo”, noma umbuthano weBalakirev. Inkundla eyodwa yemibono, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kaGlinka kwakha inhlabathi yomphakathi wesitayela, obonakala ngohlobo lwetimu (isiRashiya neMpumalanga), kanye nemigomo yentuthuko nokubunjwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa impahla yezinganekwane. Kodwa uma izici ze-ideological kanye nobuhle, ukukhethwa kwezihloko, iziqephu, izinhlobo ngokuyinhloko zinquma umphakathi wesitayela, azihlali ziveza. Isibonelo, ama-opera ahlobene nengqikithi ethi "Boris Godunov" ka-Mussorgsky kanye ne-"Maid of Pskov" ka-Rimsky-Korsakov ahluke kakhulu ngesitayela. Ubuciko obushiwo. Ubuntu bamalungu wombuthano ngokuqinisekile bukhawulela umqondo wesitayela se-Mighty Handful.

Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 amaqoqo abaqambi avela ngezikhathi ezithile. amashifu esitayela (isiFulentshi "Six", isikole esisha saseViennese). Umqondo wesitayela sesikole nawo uhlobene kakhulu lapha, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuqala. Kusho. umthelela kathisha, ukuncishiswa kohlu olungokomfanekiso kanye nokucaciswa kwalo, kanye nokusesha izindlela ezifanele zokukhuluma kunomthelela ekuqinisweni komqondo “wesitayela sesikole sase-Schoenberg” (isikole esisha sase-Viennese). Kodwa-ke, ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-dodecaphonic akubafihli izidalwa. umehluko wezitayela zika-A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern.

Enye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu ku-musicology inkinga yesitayela njengesigaba esifanele somlando, ukuhlobana kwayo nenkathi kanye nobuciko. indlela, isiqondiso. Ezomlando nezobuhle. isici somqondo wesitayela savela ku-con. 19 - cela. Emakhulwini angu-20, lapho umculo. i-aesthetics ibolekwe emlandweni wobuciko obuhlobene nemibhalo amagama athi "baroque", "rococo", "classicism", "romantism", kamuva "impressionism", "expressionism", njll. G. Adler emsebenzini wakhe ngesitayela emculweni (“Der Stil in der Musik”) kakade ngo-1911 waletha inombolo yomlando. ukuqokwa kwesitayela kufika ku-70. Kukhona futhi imiqondo enokuhlukaniswa okukhudlwana: isibonelo, i-S. C. Skrebkov encwadini. "Izimiso zobuciko zezitayela zomculo", kucatshangelwa umlando womculo njengenguquko yesitayela. inkathi, ikhomba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko - iNkathi Ephakathi, i-Early Renaissance, i-High Renaissance, i-Baroque, i-Classic. inkathi nesimanje (ekugcineni okungokoqobo. isimangalo siphikisana nesimanje). Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitayela okunemininingwane eminingi kuholela ekungaqinisekisweni kobubanzi bomqondo, kwesinye isikhathi kunciphe kuze kufike endleleni yokubhala ("imizwa. isitayela” emculweni wekhulu le-18), bese sikhula sibe ubuciko bemibono. indlela noma isiqondiso (isitayela sothando; Yiqiniso, unomehluko. subspecies). Kodwa-ke, umehluko omkhulu ulinganisa ukuhlukahluka kwesitayela. izitayela (ikakhulukazi emculweni wesimanje), kanye nomehluko wendlela nendlela (isib phakathi kwesikole sakudala saseViennese kanye ne-romanticism ngenkathi ye-classicism). Ubunkimbinkimbi benkinga bukhuliswa ukungenakwenzeka kokuhlonza okuphelele kwezenzakalo zama-muses. amacala anezimo ezifanayo kwabanye. art-wah (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isidingo sokubhukha okufanele lapho uboleka amagama), ukuxuba umqondo wesitayela nemiqondo yokusungula. indlela (kuZarub. ayikho into enjalo ku-musicology) kanye nesiqondiso, ukucaciseleka okunganele ezincazelweni nasekuhlukaniseni imiqondo yendlela, isiqondiso, inkambiso, isikole, njll. Imisebenzi yezikhova. izazi zomculo zama-1960s kanye nama-70s (M. KUYA. Mikhailova A. N. Sohor), ethembele kakhulu ku-otd. izincazelo kanye nokubhekwa b. AT. Asafeva, Yu. N. Tulina, L. A. Mazel, kanye nocwaningo emkhakheni weMarxist-Leninist aesthetics kanye nobuhle babanye. amacala kuhloswe ngawo ukucacisa nokwehlukanisa le migomo. Bakhomba imiqondo emithathu esemqoka: indlela, isiqondiso, isitayela (kwesinye isikhathi umqondo wohlelo uyengezwa kubo). Ukuze uzichaze, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo yesitayela nokudala. indlela, isilinganiso esiseduze nesilinganiso sezigaba zefomu nokuqukethwe ku-dialectic yabo. ubudlelwane. Isiqondiso sithathwa njengokhonkolo-mlando. ukubonakaliswa kwendlela. Ngale ndlela, umqondo wesitayela sendlela noma isitayela sokuqondisa ubekwa phambili. Yebo, kwezothando. indlela esho uhlobo oluthile lokubonakaliswa kweqiniso futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo oluthile lwe-ideological-figurative, luhlanganiswa ohlangothini oluthile lomculo. icala ngekhulu le-19. Akadali eyodwa yothando. isitayela, kodwa esihambisana nesimiso sayo semibono nesomfanekiso sizoveza. kusho ukwakha inombolo yezici zesitayela ezizinzile, i-to-rye futhi ichazwa njengezothando. izici zesitayela. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ukwanda kwendima ecacile nenemibala yokuvumelana, yokwenziwa. uhlobo lomculo, ukusetshenziswa kwamafomu amahhala, ukulwela ngokuthuthuka, izinhlobo ezintsha ze-FP yomuntu ngamunye. kanye orc. Ukwakheka kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqaphela ukufana kwabaculi bothando abahluke kakhulu njengo-G. Berlioz kanye no-R. Schumann, F. Schubert kanye F. Uhlu, F.

Ukuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo, lapho umqondo wesitayela, njengokungathi, uthatha indawo yomqondo wendlela (isitayela sothando, isitayela se-impressionistic, njll.), kuncike ngaphakathi. okuqukethwe yile ndlela. Ngakho-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlaka oluncane lwemibono nobuhle (futhi ngokwengxenye lukazwelonke) lwe-impressionism futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, luveza ukuqiniseka okucacile kwesistimu eyakhiwe yilo. kusho ukuvumela ngesizathu esikhulu ukusebenzisa igama elithi “impressionistic. isitayela” kunokuthi “ezothando. isitayela ”(lapha isikhathi esifushane sokuba khona kwesiqondiso sidlala indima). Ubukhona bunothando. indlela ehlotshaniswa nokubusa komuntu ngaphezu kwenguquko evamile, evamile, yesikhathi eside yezothando. izikhombisi-ndlela zenza kube nzima ukuthola umqondo wothando olulodwa. isitayela. Ukuguquguquka okungokoqobo. indlela, isiphakamiso, ikakhulukazi, ngaphandle. izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokukhuluma, ukuhlukahluka kwezitayela, kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi umqondo ungokoqobo. isitayela emculweni empeleni asinanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesiqiniseko; lokhu kufanele futhi kubalulwe endleleni ye-socialist. iqiniso. Ngokuphambene nabo, umqondo wesitayela sakudala (nakho konke ukungaqondakali kwegama elichazayo) ungokwemvelo; ngokuvamile kuqondwa njengesitayela esakhiwe yi-Viennese classic. isikole, futhi umqondo wesikole ukhuphuka lapha encazelweni yokuqondisa. Lokhu kwenziwa lula umlando oshiwo kanye nendawo, isiqiniseko sokuba khona kwalesi siqondiso njengendlela esesigabeni esiphezulu sokuthuthuka kwayo, kanye nokujwayelekile kwendlela ngokwayo kanye nokuvezwa kwayo ezimweni zokuphela. ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zomculo ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke, ezinzile kanye nezindlela zomculo. amacala aveze ngokucacile ukucaciswa kwawo. Ukukhanya kwezitayela ezingazodwana zika-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart kanye no-Beethoven akubhubhisi ukufana kwesitayela komculo wakudala wase-Viennese. Kodwa-ke, ngesibonelo sesiteji somlando, ukuhlanganiswa komqondo obanzi - isitayela senkathi siyabonakala. Lesi sitayela esijwayelekile sibonakala ngokucace kakhulu ezikhathini zomlando oqinile. isiphithiphithi, lapho ushintsho olubukhali emphakathini. ubudlelwane bubangela izinguquko kwezobuciko, ezibonakala ezicini zabo zesitayela. Umculo, njengesimangalo sesikhashana, usabela ngendlela ezwelayo “kukuqhuma” okunjalo. IsiFulentshi esikhulu. uguquko luka-1789-94 lwazala "isichazamazwi se-intonation senkathi" (le ncazelo yasungulwa ngu-BV Asafiev ngokunembile maqondana nale ngxenye yenqubo yomlando), eyahlanganiswa emsebenzini kaBeethoven. Umngcele wesikhathi esisha udlule enkathini yama-Viennese yakudala. uhlelo lwephimbo, imvelo yomsindo womculo ka-Beethoven ngezinye izikhathi iwusondeza kumamashi ka-FJ Gossec, i-Marseillaise, amaculo ka-I. Pleyel no-A. Gretry, kunama-symphonies ka-Haydn no-Mozart, ngazo zonke izindlela zabo ezingangabazeki zesitayela. . ukufana kanye nendlela enamandla yokuqhubeka ezwakaliswayo.

Uma maqondana neqembu lemikhiqizo. abaqambi abahlukene noma umsebenzi weqembu labaqambi, umqondo wesitayela udinga ukucaciswa nokucaciswa, khona-ke maqondana nomsebenzi weqembu labaqambi. abaqambi libonakala ngobukhonkolo obukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yobunye bezobuciko. ubuntu nokulandelana kwezenzakalo. incazelo yobubanzi bemisebenzi yayo. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, akudingekile ukuba nencazelo engacacile, kodwa ukuveza inqwaba yezimpawu zesitayela nezici eziveza indawo yomqambi emlandweni. inqubo kanye nobuntu bokusetshenziswa kwesitayela. izitayela isici senkathi, isiqondiso, nat. izikole, njll. Ngakho, isikhathi esanele span of lokusungula. indlela, ikakhulukazi izindlela ezihambisanayo. izenzakalo zomlando, izinguquko ezibalulekile emphakathini. ukwazi nokuthuthukiswa kobuciko, kungaholela ekushintsheni izici zesitayela; isibonelo, isitayela sesikhathi sekwephuzile sikaBeethoven sibonakala ngezidalwa. izinguquko olimini lomculo, izimiso zokubunjwa, okuthi ekupheleni kwe-sonatas kanye nama-quartets womqambi ahlangane nezici ze-romanticism ezazivela ngaleso sikhathi (ama-10-20s wekhulu le-19). Ku-symphony yesi-9 (1824) nasezintweni eziningi. ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa ngokwemvelo. ukuhlanganiswa kwezici zesitayela zezikhathi ezivuthiwe nezakamuva zomsebenzi ka-Beethoven, okufakazela kokubili ukuba khona kwesitayela esihlangene somqambi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo. Esibonelweni se-symphony yesi-9 noma i-op. i-sonata No. 32, kucace ikakhulukazi ukuthi okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso nokungokomfanekiso kuthonya kanjani izici zesitayela (isibonelo, izithombe zomzabalazo wamaqhawe engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony, esondelene kakhulu nomsebenzi wenkathi evuthiwe, nakuba icebile. enezici ezintsha, nokucabangisisa ngefilosofi, isosha esihlatshelelwayo, egxilisa izici zesitayela senkathi yakamuva engxenyeni yesi-1). Izibonelo zezinguquko ezicacile zesitayela zinikezwa ngobuciko. ukuvela kwe-G. Verdi - kusukela kuma-opera afana nephosta yama-3s nama-30s. encwadini enemininingwane ethi “Othello”. Lokhu kubuye kuchazwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela kwezothando. ama-opera ukuya kumaqiniso. idrama yomculo (okungukuthi, ukuvela kwendlela), kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. amakhono e-orc. izinhlamvu, kanye nokubonisa okungaguquguquki okwengeziwe kwesitayela esithile esijwayelekile. izitayela zenkathi (ukuthuthukiswa kokuphela kokuphela). Umongo owodwa wesitayela somqambi uhlala uncike ezimisweni zesiNtaliyane. ithiyetha yomculo (isici kazwelonke), ukugqama komculo. impumuzo (nazo zonke izinguquko ezethulwe ubudlelwano bayo obusha namafomu okusebenza).

Kukhona futhi izitayela zomqambi ezinjalo, i-to-rye kulo lonke ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zibonakala ngokuguquguquka okukhulu; lokhu kusebenza ku-ch. ar. enkantolo yomculo 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-19-20 Ngakho-ke, emsebenzini ka-I. Brahms, kukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwezici zesitayela zomculo wesikhathi sika-Bach, ama-Viennese classics, i-romanticism yokuqala, evuthiwe kanye neyokugcina. Isibonelo esimangalisa nakakhulu umsebenzi kaDD Shostakovich, lapho izixhumanisi zisungulwa ngobuciko bukaJS Bach, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, SI Taneyev, G. Mahler nabanye; emculweni wakhe umuntu angabona ukuqaliswa kwezici ezithile zesitayela zokukhuluma, i-neoclassicism, ngisho ne-impressionism, engaphikisani nomsebenzi owodwa wokudala. indlela yomqambi—indlela yesocialist. iqiniso. Izidalwa ezinjalo zivela emsebenzini kaShostakovich. izimfanelo zesitayela, njengemvelo yokusebenzisana kwezici zesitayela, imvelo kanye nobuntu bokusetshenziswa kwazo. Lezi zimfanelo zisivumela ukuthi sidwebe umugqa phakathi kwengcebo yesitayela. ukuxhumana kanye ne-eclecticism.

I-stylization nayo ihlukile kusitayela sokuhlanganiswa komuntu ngamunye - ukwazi. ukusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela yezindlela ezivezwayo isici sesitayela se-k.-l. umqambi, inkathi noma isiqondiso (isibonelo, ukuhlangana komfundisi okuvela ku-Queen of Spades, okubhalwe “ngomoya kaMozart”). Izibonelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-decomp yokumodela. izitayela zezinkathi ezedlule, imvamisa ngenkathi kugcinwa izimpawu zesitayela zesikhathi sokudala, zinikeza imisebenzi ebhalwe ngokuhambisana ne-neoclassicism (kaPulcinella kanye nekaStravinsky ethi The Rake's Adventures). Emsebenzini wesimanje, kuhl. ISoviet, abaqambi, ungahlangabezana nesenzakalo se-polystylistics - inhlanganisela eqaphelayo kumkhiqizo owodwa. Dec. izici zesitayela ngokusebenzisa inguquko ebukhali, ukuhlangana kokugqama okucijile, kwesinye isikhathi okuphikisanayo "kwesitayela. izingcezwana.”

Umqondo womphakathi wesitayela uhlobene eduze nomqondo wesiko. Isitayela somuntu ngamunye somqambi sisekelwe “kubuciko obusha. okutholakele ”(igama elithi LA Mazel) esikalini sika-otd. umkhiqizo. noma konke ubuciko futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuhlanganisa izici zezitayela zezinkathi zangaphambilini. Ngezinye izikhathi zihlotshaniswa namagama abaqambi ababambe iqhaza elijwayelekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko noma babikezela izindlela zabo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukulungisa ukufana kwesitayela, hhayi ukuncishiswa kumakhenikha. uhlu lwezitayela, lusiza ukuthola umlando. ubunjalo bokuxhumana kwesitayela, kuveza amaphethini omlando. inqubo, imininingwane ye-nat yayo. ukubonakaliswa nokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwegama elithi "isitayela" nomqondo wesiko kufakazela umlando walo buhle bomculo. isigaba, mayelana nokuncika kwayo esicini se-ideological ne-substantive kanye nobudlelwano obujulile nokubola kwayo. ubuso. Lokhu akubandakanyi umsebenzi futhi kuhlobene. ukuzimela kwesitayela, tk. okuqukethwe komculo okungokwengqondo nengokomfanekiso. i-claim-va ingavezwa kuphela ngohlelo oluzoveza. kusho, ipharadesi futhi ingumthwali wesitayela. izici. Izindlela zokukhuluma, eseziphenduke izici zesitayela, zithola emlandweni. inqubo futhi zizimele. okusho ukuthi, “izimpawu ezikhombayo” zohlobo oluthile lokuqukethwe: lapho lezi zimpawu zembulwa ngokugqama, yilapho okuvezwa ngokucacile nangokucace ngokwengeziwe okuqukethwe. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokuhlaziywa kwesitayela okusungula i-dialectic. ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimo zomlando zenkathi, ubuciko. indlela, ubuntu bomculi futhi okhethwe nguye uzoveza. izindlela zokuveza ukulandelana. ukuxhumana kanye nokujwayelekile kwesitayela, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kanye nokuqanjwa okusha. Ukuhlaziywa kwesitayela kuyindawo ebalulekile futhi ethuthukisiwe yezikhova. musicology, ehlanganisa ngempumelelo impumelelo yomlando wayo. kanye nezimboni zethiyori.

Ukwenza ubuciko nakho kuyisici esikhethekile sokubonakaliswa kwesitayela. Izici zakhe zesitayela zinzima kakhulu ukunquma, ngoba. enza. ukuhumusha akusekelwe kuphela kudatha yenhloso yombhalo womculo oqoshiwe unomphela. Ngisho nokuhlolwa kokurekhodwa kokusebenza komshini okutholakalayo njengamanje, kuphuma ezimeni zokunquma ezingafaneleki nezizimele. Nokho, izincazelo ezinjalo zikhona, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kucishe kuhambisane nokuyinhloko. izikhombisi-ndlela kubuciko bomqambi. Ekudlaleni. i-art-ve futhi ihlanganisa isitayela somculi ngamunye kanye nezitayela ezikhona zale nkathi; incazelo yomkhiqizo owodwa noma omunye. kuncike ebuhleni. imibono, umbono kanye nesimo sengqondo somculi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici ezinjengokuthi "zothando." isitayela noma "yakudala." isitayela sokusebenza, sihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nemibala engokomzwelo yokuhumusha - mahhala, enokugqama okuqondile noma okuqinile, okulinganiselayo. Isitayela sokusebenza se-“Impressionistic” sivame ukubizwa ngesitayela lapho ukuncoma izithunzi ezimibalabala zomsindo kuvame ukudlula indlela enengqondo yefomu. Ngakho, izincazelo zizogcwaliseka. isitayela, esiqondana namagama amathrendi ahambisanayo noma amathrendi kubuciko bomqambi, ngokuvamile obusekelwe ku-k.-l. izimpawu zobuhle bomuntu ngamunye.

References: I-Asafiev BV, Umhlahlandlela wamakhonsathi, vol. 1. Isichazamazwi sombhalo odingekayo kakhulu womculo-wethiyori, P., 1919; Livanova TN, Endleleni esuka kuRenaissance eya ekukhanyeni kwekhulu le-18. (Ezinye izinkinga zesitayela somculo), ngoSat: From the Renaissance to the twentieth century, M., 1963; wakhe, Inkinga yesitayela emculweni wekhulu le-17, encwadini: Renaissance. I-Baroque. I-Classicism, M., 1966; Kremlev Yu. A., Isitayela nesitayela, ku: Imibuzo yethiyori kanye nobuhle bomculo, vol. 4, L., 1965; Mikhailov MK, Emcabangweni wesitayela emculweni, ibid.; eyakhe, Isitayela somculo mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kokuqukethwe kanye nesimo, kuSat: Criticism and Musicology, L., 1975; eyakhe, Enkingeni yokuhlaziywa kwesitayela, ngo-Sat.: Imibuzo yesimanje ye-musicology, M., 1976; I-Raaben LN, Amathrendi e-Aesthetic kanye nesitayela ekusebenzeni komculo wezinsuku zethu, kokuthi: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 4, L., 1965; eyakhe, System, style, method, in Sat: Criticism and Musicology, L., 1975; I-Sohor AH, Isitayela, Indlela, Isiqondiso, ku-: Imibuzo Yetiyori kanye Nobuhle Bomculo, vol. 4, L., 1965; yakhe, Imvelo yobuhle bohlobo lomculo, M., 1968; Ifomu lomculo, M., 1965, p. 12, 1974; I-Konen VD, Endabeni yesitayela emculweni we-Renaissance, encwadini yakhe ethi: Etudes emculweni wangaphandle, M., 1968, 1976; Keldysh Yu.V., Inkinga yezitayela emculweni waseRussia wekhulu le-17-18, "SM", 1973, No 3; I-Skrebkov SS, Izimiso Zobuciko zezitayela zomculo, M., 1973; I-Druskin MS, Imibuzo ye-Historyography yomculo, eqoqweni: Imibuzo yesimanje ye-musicology, M., 1976.

EM Tsareva