Isitayela |

Ukwenza isitayela (I-German Stilisierung, i-French stylisation, kusukela ku-stylus yesiLatini, i-stulos yesi-Greek - induku yokubhala ezibhebheni ezine-wax, ukubhala, uhlamvu) - ukuzilibazisa ngamabomu kokuthile. izici zomculo k.-l. abantu, inkathi yokudala, ubuciko. izikhombisi-ndlela, akuvamile ukuba nesitayela somqambi ngamunye emisebenzini, eyesendlalelo sezwe noma sesikhashana esihlukile, esiyingxenye yokusungula. ubuntu obunye ubuciko. izilungiselelo. I-S. ayifani nokukhanga kwesiko, lapho ubuciko obumisiwe. izinkambiso zidluliselwa ezimweni ezihlobene nemvelo kubo (isibonelo, ukuqhubeka kwamasiko kaBeethoven emsebenzini ka-I. Brahms), kanye nokulingisa, okuwukukopisha okungenawo ikhwalithi entsha (isibonelo, izingoma ku-classical uhlobo lwe-F. Lachner) futhi luguquke kalula lube ukulingisa. Ngokuphambene nabo, u-S. uthatha ukukhishwa kumodeli ekhethiwe kanye nokuguqulwa kwalesi sampula sibe into yesithombe, into yokulingisa (isibonelo, i-suite ngesitayela esidala esithi "From the Times of Holberg" op. 40 Grieg). Umbhali we-S. uvame ukumphatha njengento elele ngaphandle, ekhangayo ngokungavamile kwayo, kodwa ehlala kude - okwesikhashana, izwe, isitayela somuntu ngamunye; I-S. yehluka ekulandeleni isiko hhayi ngokusebenzisa, kodwa ngokukhiqiza kabusha lokho okwatholakala ngaphambili, hhayi ngokwemvelo. ukuxhumana nayo, kodwa ukudalwa kabusha kwayo ngaphandle kwemvelo eyayizala. imvelo; ingqikithi ye-S. isesimweni sayo sesibili (njengoba u-S. engenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqondiswa kwamaphethini akhona kakade). In the inqubo S. stylized phenomena babe unomphela. ngokwezinga elincane elinemibandela, okungukuthi, alibalulekile kangako kubo, kodwa njengabathwali bencazelo engokomfanekiso. Ukuze kuvele lo mphumela wobuciko, isikhashana "sokuhlukana" siyadingeka (igama elithi VB Shklovsky, elisho izimo eziphula "i-automatism of perception" futhi zenze umuntu abone okuthile ngombono ongavamile), okwenza kube sobala ukuthi ukwakha kabusha, imvelo yesibili ka-C.

Isikhathi esibi esinjalo singaba ihaba lezici zoqobo (isibonelo, kuNombolo 4 no-7 kusuka ku-Ravel's Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, kunentelezi yase-Viennese eningi kunase-Viennese yasekuqaleni, kanti i-Debussy's Evening eGrenada idlula iSpanishi sangempela. ekugxileni kombala weSpanishi .umculo), ukwethulwa kwesitayela okungajwayelekile kubo. izakhi (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvumelana kwesimanje okungahambisani ne-aria endala evusayo yengxenye yesi-2 ye-sonata yepiyano kaStravinsky) ngisho nomongo ngokwawo (lapho, ngokwesibonelo, kwembulwa indima ebabazekayo yomdanso wesitayela ku-Minuet kaTaneyev) , futhi ezimeni zokukhiqiza kabusha okunembe kakhulu - isihloko (fp. somdlalo othi "Ngendlela ... Borodin, Chabrier" ka-Ravel, "Tribute to Ravel" ka-Honegger). Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, i-S. ilahlekelwa ukucaciswa kwayo. ikhwalithi futhi - kuncike ekusebenzeni okunekhono - isondela kweyokuqala (ikhiqiza kabusha zonke izinto ezicashile zengoma yomdabu ethi "Chorus of the Villages" esenzweni sesi-4 se-opera ethi "Prince Igor" ka-Borodin; ingoma kaLyubasha evela esenzweni sokuqala se-opera "Umlobokazi weTsar" nguRimsky-Korsakov).

I-S. ithatha indawo ebalulekile ohlelweni lulonke lomculo. izimali. Ucebisa ubuciko besikhathi sakhe kanye nezwe lakhe ngamamyuziyamu. okutholakele kwezinye izinkathi nezizwe. Imvelo yokubuka emuva kwe-semantics kanye nokuntuleka kokusha kwasekuqaleni kunxeshezelwa ngama-semantics amisiwe anothe ngokuhlangana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-S. idinga isiko eliphakeme kokubili kubadali bayo (ngaphandle kwalokho i-S. ayikhuphuki ngaphezu kwezinga le-eclecticism) kanye nomlaleli, okufanele alungele ukwazisa “umculo ophathelene nomculo.” Ukuncika ekuqongeleleni kwamasiko kokubili kunamandla kanye nobuthakathaka be-S.: okubhekiswe ekuhlakanipheni nasekunambithekeni okuthuthukisiwe, i-S. njalo ivela olwazini, kodwa ngaleyo ndlela nakanjani idela ukushesha kwemizwelo kanye nezingozi zokuba okunengqondo.

Inhloso ye-S. ingaba cishe noma iyiphi ingxenye yomculo. Imvamisa izici eziphawuleka kakhulu zawo wonke umculo-zomlando zenziwe ngesitayela. inkathi noma isiko lomculo kazwelonke (umsindo olinganiselayo ngendlela enenjongo kumlingisi we-polyphony yekhwaya yokubhala okuqinile ku-Wagner's Parsifal; Ikhonsathi kaLalo yesiRashiya yevayolini ne-orchestra). Ama-muses adlule esikhathini esidlule nawo avamise ukwenziwa isitayela. izinhlobo (i-Gavotte kanye ne-Rigaudon evela ku-Prokofiev's Ten Pieces for upiano, op. 12; I-madrigals ka-Hindemith yekwaya i-cappella), ngezinye izikhathi yakha (ifomu elicishe libe yi-Haydnian sonata ku-Prokofiev's Classical Symphony) kanye nezingoma. amasu (isici sezindikimba ze-polyphonic zenkathi ye-Baroque, indikimba yezihloko, ukuthuthukisa ngokulandelana kanye nezingxenye eziphetha endikimbeni yoku-1 ye-fugue evela ku-Symphony of Psalms ka-Stravinsky). Izici zesitayela somqambi ngamunye zikhiqizwa kancane kancane (ukuthuthukiswa kukaMozart ku-opera i-Mozart ne-Salieri ka-Rimsky-Korsakov; "i-pizzicato ka-Paganini" enguqulweni ye-19 kusukela ku-Rhapsody ka-Rachmaninov ethi Theme of Paganini; umlingisi we-Bantasich sekwandile emculweni we-elekthronikhi). Ezimweni eziningi, k.-l. yenziwe isitayela. isici somculo. ulimi: fret harmonic. izinkambiso (okukhumbuza ingoma ye-diatonic ye-modal ethi "Ronsard - to his soul" ka-Ravel), enesigqi. kanye nemininingwane yedizayini ebhaliwe (ukuhambahamba okunamachashazi emoyeni wezingoma zika-JB Lully ze-“24 Violins of the King” esanduleleni sika-Apollo Musagete kaStravinsky; ukuphelezelwa “zothando” okuhambisanayo ku-duet ka-Natasha no-Sonya kusukela endaweni yokuqala ye- I-opera ethi "War and the World" kaProkofiev), abasebenzi abadlalayo (izinsimbi zasendulo kumaphuzu we-ballet "Agon" kaStravinsky) kanye nesitayela sokudlala ("Ingoma ye-ashug" ngesitayela se-mugham esithuthukisiwe esivela ku-opera "Almast ” nguSpendiarov), i-timbre yensimbi (umsindo wehabhu ophinde wakhiqizwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwehabhu nopiyano ekwethulweni kwe-opera ethi "Ruslan noLyudmila", iziginci - ngokuhlanganisa ihabhu namaviyolini okuqala ngokuyinhloko. ingxenye ye-Glinka ethi “Jota of Aragon”). Ekugcineni, u-S. unqotshwa okuthile okujwayelekile kakhulu - umbala noma isimo somqondo esikhona kakhulu ekumeleleni okunothando kunokuba nama-prototypes angempela (isitayela esinemibandela sasempumalanga ngemidanso yamaShayina nama-Arabhu kusukela ku-ballet I-Nutcracker ka-Tchaikovsky; Inqaba Edala" kusukela "Izithombe Embukisweni" ka-Mussorgsky; ukucabangisisa okujabulisayo kwemvelo yeNkathi Ephakathi ekhululekile "ku-Epic Song" kusukela "Izingoma Ezintathu zikaDon Quixote kuya ku-Dulcinea" ngezwi elinopiyano i-Ravel). Ngakho, igama elithi “S.” ine-shades eminingi, futhi ububanzi bayo be-semantic bubanzi kangangokuthi imingcele eqondile yomqondo we-S. iyasuswa: ekubonakalisweni kwayo okwedlulele, i-S. ingaba yinto engabonakali kusukela kwesitayela, noma imisebenzi yayo ingabonakali emisebenzini yanoma yimuphi umculo.

I-S. inesimo ngokomlando. Kwakungenjalo futhi kwakungeke kube ku-preclassic. inkathi yomlando womculo: abaculi beNkathi Ephakathi, futhi ingxenye yeRenaissance, babengazi noma babazisa ubuntu bombhali, behlanganisa ukubaluleka okuyinhloko ekhonweni lokucula kanye nokuxhumana komculo nenkonzo yawo yokukhulekela. ukuqokwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umculo jikelele. isisekelo salamasiko, akhuphuka eCh. ar. eculweni likaGregory, yakhipha ithuba lokubonakala “kwesitayela. amaconsi.” Ngisho nasemsebenzini ka-JS Bach, ophawulwe ubuntu obunamandla, ama-fugues aseduze nomculo wesitayela esiqinile, isibonelo. ukucushwa kwamakhwaya kwe-“Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt”, hhayi i-S., kodwa inhlonipho yesiko lakudala, kodwa elingasilo elifile (ingoma yamaProthestani). Ama-Viennese classics, aqinisa kakhulu indima yesitayela somuntu ngamunye. ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi esifanayo matasa lokusungula asebenzayo kakhulu. isikhundla sokuvalelwa ku-C: akwenziwanga isitayela, kodwa kucatshangelwe kabusha ngobuciko uNar. uhlobo motifs by J. Haydn, amasu Italian. I-bel canto ka-WA ​​Mozart, izingoma zomculo we-Great French. inguquko ka L. Beethoven. On the share of S. kumele baphinde badale okwangaphandle. Izimfanelo zaseMpumalanga. umculo (mhlawumbe ngenxa yentshisekelo eMpumalanga ngaphansi kwethonya lezehlakalo zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi), uvame ukudlala (“isigubhu saseTurkey” ku-rondo alla turca kusukela kusonata sepiyano A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart ; “Ama-Chorus Janissaries” avela ku-opera ka-Mozart ethi “The Abduction from the Seraglio”; abantu abahlekisayo “bezivakashi ezivela eConstantinople” kuyi-opera ethi “Pharmacist” ka-Haydn, njll.). Akuvamile ukubonakala eYurophu. umculo ngaphambi ("Gallant India" kaRameau), empumalanga. exotic eside yahlala yendabuko. into ye-S. enemibandela emculweni we-opera (CM Weber, J. Wiese, G. Verdi, L. Delibes, G. Puccini). I-Romanticism, nokunaka kwayo okwengeziwe isitayela somuntu ngamunye, umbala wendawo, nesimo sezulu sangaleso sikhathi, kwavula indlela yokusabalala kwe-S., nokho, abaqambi bothando, abaphendukela ezinkingeni zomuntu siqu, bashiya izibonelo ezimbalwa, nakuba zihlakaniphile ze-S. . (ngokwesibonelo, Chopin) , “Paganini”, “German Waltz” kusukela ku-“Carnival” ye-pianoforte Schumann). Thin S. zitholakala Russian. ababhali (isibonelo, i-duet kaLisa noPolina, i-interlode ethi "Sincerity of the Shepherdess" evela ku-opera ethi "Queen of Spades" kaTchaikovsky; izingoma zezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ezivela ku-opera "Sadko" kaRimsky-Korsakov: ezingomeni yesivakashi seVedenets, ngokusho kuka-VA Tsukkerman, i-polyphony ye-S. yesitayela esiqinile ibonisa isikhathi, kanye nohlobo lwe-barcarolle - indawo yesenzo). IsiRashiya. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, umculo wasempumalanga awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi S., ngakho-ke ukuqonda kwaseRussia kwakujule kakhulu umoya weMpumalanga eseduze ngokwendawo nangokomlando (nakuba wawuqondwa ngokwejwayelekile, ungenayo i-ethnography, ukunemba). Kodwa-ke, kugcizelelwe ngokuxakayo, amakhasi "asempumalanga ngokweqile" ku-opera ethi The Golden Cockerel kaRimsky-Korsakov angabalwa njengo-S.

I-S. ithole intuthuko ebanzi ikakhulukazi ngekhulu lama-20 ebangelwa ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kwe-nek-ry yesimanje. umculo. Enye yezimfanelo zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu (futhi ngokujwayelekile izimfanelo zobuciko besimanje) i-universalism, okungukuthi isithakazelo kumasiko omculo cishe kuzo zonke izinkathi nabantu. Intshisekelo ekutholweni okungokomoya kweNkathi Ephakathi ayibonakali kuphela ekusebenzeni kwe-Play ka-Robin no-Marion ka-G. de Machaux, kodwa nasekudalweni kwe-Respighi's Gregorian Violin Concerto; kuhlanzwe inhlamba yokuhweba. I-Jazz imele u-C. Negro. umculo ku-fp. I-Debussy Preludes, i-Op. M. Ravel. Ngendlela efanayo, umculo wesimanje we-intellectualism uyisizinda sokuzalela sokuthuthukiswa kwezitayela zesitayela, ezibaluleke kakhulu emculweni we-neoclassicism. I-Neoclassicism ifuna ukusekelwa phakathi kokungaqini okuvamile kwesimanje. impilo ekukhiqizeni izindaba, amafomu, amasu amile isikhathi eside, okwenza i-S. (kuzo zonke izigaba zayo) ibe yimfanelo yalobu buciko obunenhloso ebandayo. Ekugcineni, ukwanda okubukhali kwenani lamahlaya esimanje. ubuciko budala isidingo esikhulu sika-S., ngokwemvelo esinikezwe ikhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu yamahlaya - ikhono lokumela izici zento eyenziwe ngesitayela ngendlela eyihaba. Ngakho-ke, ngendlela yamahlaya, ububanzi buzoveza. amathuba omculo. I-S. ibanzi kakhulu: amahlaya acashile ku-sultry kancane ethi "In Elingisa u-Albeniz" ye-FP. Shchedrin, i-FP enobuqili. eyandulelwa yiCuban A. Taño (“For Impressionist Composers”, “National Composers”, “Expressionist Composers”, “Pointillist Composers”), umdlalo ojabulisayo wezifanekiso ze-opera ku-Prokofiev ethi The Love for Three Oranges, enobuntu obuncane, kodwa ngesitayela esihle "i-Mavra" ka-Stravinsky, ngandlela thize "iGrace Ezintathu" ngu-Slonimsky wepiyano. ("I-Botticelli" ingqikithi emelwe "umculo womdanso we-Renaissance", "u-Rodin" ukuhluka kwe-2nd kwesitayela se-Ravel, "i-Picasso" inguqulo yesi-2 "ngaphansi kwe-Stravinsky"). Emculweni wesimanje S. uyaqhubeka nokuba umsebenzi obalulekile wokudala. ukwamukela. Ngakho-ke, i-S. (imvamisa kuyimvelo yekhonsathi grossi yasendulo) ifakiwe kumakholaji (isibonelo, itimu eyenziwe isitayela "ngemuva kwe-Vivaldi" ekuhambeni kokuqala kwe-symphony ka-A. Schnittke ithwala umthwalo we-semantic ofanayo nezingcaphuno ezifakwe emculweni) . Ngama-1s. inkambiso yesitayela "ye-retro" ithathe isimo, okuthi, ngokungafani ne-serial overcomplexity yangaphambilini, ibukeka njengokubuyela emaphethini alula; S. lapha ihlakazeka ibe isikhalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zeminyuziyamu. Ulimi - kuya "ku-pure tonality", unxantathu.

References: Troitsky V. Yu., Stylization, encwadini: Word and Image, M., 1964; Savenko S., Embuzweni wobunye besitayela sikaStravinsky, ekuqoqweni: IF Stravinsky, M., 1973; Kon Yu., Cishe amafugue amabili ka-I. Stravinsky, eqoqweni: Polyphony, M., 1975.

TS Kyuregyan